Konglomeralarda malzeme ve kütle özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve kaya taşıma gücü kapasitesi açısından değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, , 2193 - 2210, 28.02.2022

İbrahim Çobanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.854452

Öz

Genellikle kaya malzemesi olarak kabul edilen kolüvyal çökeller, dağlık alanlardan taşınan ve daha düşük kotlarda biriken ve çeşitli çimento malzemeleriyle bağlanan jeolojik oluşumlardır. Bu çalışmada Denizli'de yaygın olarak görülen ve inşaat temel zemini olarak yayılım gösteren kolüvyal çökellere ait konglomera biriminin mühendislik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Numune alma, bu tür birimlerin mühendislik jeolojisi özelliklerinin karakterizasyonundaki en önemli sorundur ve çoğunlukla standart test numunelerinin hazırlanması mümkün olmamaktadır. İnşaat tasarımı için konglomera biriminin taşıma kapasitesi değerleri, hem kaya malzemesi hem de kaya kütlesi özelliklerini dikkate alan yöntemlerle belirlenmektedir. Yüksek içsel sürtünme açısı değerleri nedeniyle kaya malzeme özelliklerini temel alan teorik taşıma gücü yaklaşımları çok yüksek taşıma kapasitesi değerleri vermektedir. İnşaat tasarımı açısından da büyük önem taşıyan taşıma kapasitesi kavramı, zeminlerin yanı sıra kayalar için de karmaşık bir konu olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, inşaat kazılarından blok örneklemeler yapılmış ve karot numuneler dikkatlice hazırlanmıştır. Örneklerin temel fiziksel özellikleri belirlenmiş ardından tek eksenli, üç eksenli sıkışma dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. İnceleme sahasında ayrıca jeofizik ölçümlerden elde edilen sismik hız değerleri elde edilmiş ve tüm parametreler taşıma gücü hesaplamalarında kullanılmıştır. Konglomera birimi gibi zayıf kayalar için kaya kütlesi özelliklerinin kullanıldığı kaya taşıma kapasitesi yaklaşımları incelenmiş ve kaya kütle özelliklerinin kullanıldığı hesaplama yaklaşımlarının tercih edilmesinin daha tutarlı sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kolüvyon, Konglomera, Kaya kütle özellikleri, Denizli, Kaya taşıma gücü

Kaynakça

• [1] Hoek E, ve Brown E.T., Underground excavations in rock, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1980.
• [2] Van Burkalow A,. Angle of repose and angle of sliding friction: An experimental study, Geol Soc Am Bull, 56, 669–707, 1945.
• [3] Dvorak A, Peter P., Field tests on soils and rocks, In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, Vol, 1:453-460, 1961.
• [4] Savely J.P., Determination of shear strength of conglomerates using a caterpillar D9 ripper and comparison with alternative methods, Geotech Geol Eng, 8(3), 203-225, 1990.
• [5] Karzulovic L, Diaz A.J., Comprehensive approach to rock mechanics applied - Integral approach to applied mechanics rocks, Assessment of geomechanical properties Gap in El Teniente mine Braden, 2v, 1994.
• [6] Hoek E., Practical rock engineering: RocScience, (Available from the publisher at http://www.rocscience.com/hoek/PracticalRockEngineering.asp), 2007.
• [7] Santi P.M., Field Methods for Characterizing Weak Rock for Engineering, The Geological Society of America, XII(1):1–11, 2006.
• [8] Shafiei A., Dusseault M.B., Geomechanical properties of a conglomerates from Iran, 42th US Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco, ARMA 08-053, 2008.
• [9] Tsiambaos G., Engineering geological behavior of heterogeneous and chaotic rock masses, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece , 43(1), 183 – 195, 2010.
• [10] Khanlari G.R., Heidari M., Noori M., Momeni A., The Effect of petrographic characteristics on engineering properties of conglomerates from Famenin region, Northest of Hamedan Iran, Rock Mech Rock Eng, 49, 2609 – 2621, 2016.
• [11] Bonetto S., Comina C., Colombero C., Pierre F.D., Ferrero A.M., Giordano N., Rispoli A., Vagnon F., Study of the mechanical properties of conglomerate, Procedia Engineering, 158, 248–253, 2016.
• [12] Pradhananga S.S., Tamrakar N.K., Evaluation of aggregates from conglomerates beds of the upper siwalik subgroup, chure khole area, central Nepal sub-himalaya, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 19, 1 – 14, 2016.
• [13] Berkman D.A., Field Geologist Manuel, 4th Edition, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy No, 9, Victoria, 2001.
• [14] Santi P.M., Doyle B.C., The locations and engineering characteristics of weak rock in the U,S, In Santi PM and Shakoor A (Editors), Characterization of Weak and Weathered Rock Masses, Association of Engineering Geologists Special Publication #9: Association of Engineering Geologists, Denver, CO, 1–22, 1997.
• [15] Afrouz A., Practical handbook of rock mass classification systems and modes of ground failure, London, CRC Press, 208 p,, 1992.
• [16] ISSMFE, Undisturbed sampling and laboratory testing of soft rocks and indurated soils, Technical Committee Report, International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1985.
• [17] Caterpillar, Caterpillar Performance Handbook, A CAT Publication, 11th Edition, Caterpillar Tractor Co,, Peoria, Illinois, 1980.
• [18] ASTM D4644-87, Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998.
• [19] Santi P.M., Classification and testing of weak and weathered rock materials: A model based on Colorado shales, Golden, Colorado, Ph,D, thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 1995.
• [20] Bieniawski Z.T., Rock mass classification in rock engineering, In Bieniawski, Z,T,, ed,, Proceedings of the Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering: Johannesburg, South Africa, Vol:1, 97–106, 1976.
• [21] Ercan T., Dinçel A., Günay E., Türkecan A., Geology and petrology of volcanics of Uşak region, MTA Report No: 6354, Ankara, 1977 (In Turkish).
• [22] Topal S., Özkul M., Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in the Kolankaya formation, Denizli basin (SW Turkey), The Scientific World Journal, Article ID: 352654, 13p, 2014.
• [23] Hoek E., Brown E.T., Practical estimates of rock mass strength, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 34(8), 1165-1186, 1997.
• [24] ISRM, The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974–2006, In: Ulusay, R,, Hudson, J,A, (Eds,), Suggested methods prepared by the commission on testing methods, ISRM, Compilation Arranged by the ISRM Turkish National Group, Kozan Ofset, Ankara, 2007.
• [25] Deere D.U., Miller R.P., Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock, Tech, Report No AFWL-TR-65-116, New Mexico, 1966.
• [26] Hoek E., Brown E.T., Empirical strength criterion for rock masses, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 106 (GT9), 1013-1035, 1980.
• [27] Hoek E., Kaiser P.K., Bawden W,F,, Support of underground excavations in hard rock, A,A, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995.
• [28] Hoek E., Marinos P., Benissi M., Applicability of the Geological Strength Index (GSI) classification for very weak and sheared rock masses, The case of the Athens schist formation, Bull Eng Geol Environ, 57(2), 151-160, 1998.
• [29] Marinos P., Hoek E., Estimating the geotechnical properties of heterogeneous rock masses such as flysch, Bull Eng Geol Environ, 60(2), 85-92, 2001.
• [30] Hoek E., Carranza-Torres C., Corkum B., Mining and tunnelling innovation and opportunity, Proceedings of the 5th North American rock mechanics symposium and 17th tunnelling association of Canada conference, University of Toronto, 267-273, 2002.
• [31] Sönmez H., Ulusay R., A discussion on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and suggested modifications to the criterion verified by slope stability case studies, Yerbilimleri, 26, 77–99, 2002.
• [32] Hoek E., Diederichs M.S., Empirical estimation of rock mass modulus, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 43(2), 203-215, 2006.
• [33] Hoek E., Reliability of Hoek–Brown estimates of rock mass properties and their impact on design, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 35(1), 63–68, 1998.
• [34] Marinos P., Marinos V., Hoek E., The Geological Strength Index: Applications and limitations, Bull Eng Geol Environ, 64(1): 55-65, 2005.
• [35] TBDY, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 30364, 417 s,, Ankara, 2018.
• [36] Terzaghi K., Peck R.B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,, London, 566, 1948.
• [37] Hansen J.A., Revised and extended formula for bearing capacity, Danish Geotechnical Institute Copenhagen, Bulletin no, 28, 5-11, 1970.
• [38] Goodman R.E., Introduction to rock mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd,, New York, 1989.
• [39] Peck R.B., Hanson W.E., Thornburn T.H., Foundation Engineering, 2nd ed,, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1974.
• [40] Kulhawy F., Carter J.P., Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Rock Masses, Cornell University, Sydney, 230-245, 1988.
• [41] Bell F., Engineering in rock masses, London, Heinemann, 359 p,, 1992.
• [42] Bell F.G., Engineering in Rock Masses, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 580 p,, 1994.
• [43] Wyllie D.C., Foundations on Rock, E&FN Spon, 333 p, 1992.
• [44] Kulhawy F.H., Goodman R,E,, Design of foundations on discontinuous rock, In Proc, Intl, Conf, Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, 209-220, 1980.
• [45] Wyllie D.C., Foundations on Rock, 2nd Edn, E&FN Spon, London and New York, 400pp, 1999.
• [46] Imai T., Yoshimura M., The relation of mechanical properties of soils to P- and S-waves velocities for soil in Japan, Urana Research Institute, OYO Corporation, Tokyo, 1976.
• [47] Soubra A.H., Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footıngs in seismic conditions, Proceedings of the ICE - Geotechnical Engineering, Thomas Telford, 125(4): 230 – 241, 1997.
• [48] Ambassa Z., Chills A.J., A new calculation method for the bearing capacity of shallow foundations from the shear waves velocity, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 83–94, 2018.
• [49] Türker E., Computation of ground bearing capacity from shear wave velocity, In: Bergman, D, and İnan, E, (Ed,), Proceedings, Tenth International Symposium on Continuous Models and Discrete Systems 10, Kluwer, Netherlands, 173-180, 2004.
• [50] Tezcan S.S., Özdemir Z., Keçeli A., Allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations based on shear wave velocity, J Geotech Geol Eng, 24, 203-218, 2006.
• [51] Tezcan S.S., Özdemir Z., Keçeli A., Seismic technique to determine the allowable bearing pressure for shallow foundations in soils and rocks, Acta Geophysica, 57(2), 400-412, 2009.