EVRİMLEŞEN FENOMEN:THE FATF

Öz

Mali Eylem Görev Gücü'nün (FATF) yolculuğu, 1980'lerin sonlarında uyuşturucu ticaretinin uluslararası finans sistemi için yıkıcı hâle gelmesiyle başlamıştır. G7; uluslararası iş birliğini teşvik etme kapasitesi sayesinde yıllar süren bu yolculukta, FATF'ın gündeminin belirlenmesinde belirleyici bir rol oynamış ve FATF'ın rolünün revize edilmesinde katalizör görevi görmüştür. Bu çalışma, FATF'ın misyonundaki evrimin tarihsel bir analizini sunarak 1989'da G7 tarafından FATF'a biçilen rolün bugüne kadarki gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla FATF'ın bugüne kadarki tüm yıllık raporları ile internet sitesindeki diğer dokümanlar ve G7/20 Zirve Bildirileri incelenmiştir. FATF'ın 36 yıllık evrimini ortaya koyması itibarıyla çalışmanın literatüre özgün bir katkı sağladığı değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma, G7 tarafından Temmuz 1989'da uyuşturucuyla ilgili sorunlara önlem olarak oluşturulan FATF'ın kuruluşundan bu yana büyük ilerleme kaydettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bugün FATF, karapara aklamanın önlenmesi ile terörizmin ve nükleer silahların yayılmasının finansmanı ile mücadele (AML/CFT/CPF) konularında standart belirleyen, bu standartlara uyumu denetleyen reformist bir örgüt olarak bilinmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca FATF'ın esnekliği, uyarlanabilirliği ve küresel ağı sayesinde standartları belirlemede her zaman başarılı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Ancak görev alanı küresel güvenliğe doğru genişledikçe FATF’ın, yasa dışı finansmanla mücadelenin temel yapı taşlarını gözden kaçırma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalması muhtemeldir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• FATF
• G7/20
• Karapara Aklamanın Önlenmesi
• Terörizmin Finansmanıyla Mücadele
• Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının Finansmanıyla Mücadele

EVOLVING PHENOMENON: THE FATF

Öz

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF)’s journey commenced when the drug trade became destructive for the international financial system in the late 1980s. Over the years, thanks in part to its capability to promote cooperation amongst nations, the G7 has played a determining role in setting the FATF’s agenda and acting as a catalyst for revising the FATF’s role. This study aims to examine the evolution of the FATF’s role created by the Group of Seven (G7) in 1989 through to the present day by providing a historical analysis of the evolution of the FATF’s mission. For this purpose, all the FATF’s annual reports and associated documents on its website plus the G7/20 Summit Declarations have been examined up to the present. The study is assessed to make a unique contribution to the literature as it puts forward the 36-year evolution of the FATF. The study reveals that the FATF, created as a measure to address drug related issues by the G7 in July 1989, has made tremendous progress since its establishment. Today the FATF is known as reformist organisation that sets international standards and monitors the compliance with those standards in the fields of anti-money laundering, counter financing of terrorism and proliferation financing (AML/CFT/CPF). The study also argues that the FATF has always been successful in setting standards, owing to its flexibility, adaptability and global network. However, as its mandate expands to global security, the FATF is likely to be in danger of losing sight of the basic building blocks of combating the illicit finance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• FATF
• G7/20
• Anti-Money Laundering
• Counter Terrorism Financing
• Counter Proliferation Financing

Kaynakça

1. Bayne N., (1997, June 19), History of the G7 Summit: The Importance of American Leadership. Keynote Address Delivered at a Conference on Explaining Summit Success: Prospects for the Denver Summit of the Eight, Denver, Colorado. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/annual/bayne1997/document.html#global
2. Bayne, N. (2002), Reforming the International Financial Architecture: The G7 Summit’s Successes and Shortcomings, In Governing Global Finance: New Challenges, G7 and IMF Contributions. M. Fratianni, P. Savona and J. J. Kirton, (eds.). Ashgate, 27-43.
3. De Koker L. (2022), Editorial: Regulatory Impact Assessment: Towards a Better Approach for the FATF, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 25(2), 265-267. doi:10.1108/JMLC-05-2022-149
4. De Koker L. (2023), Editorial: Towards Meaningful Action Against Proliferation Financing, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 26(2), 213-214. doi:10.1108/JMLC-03-2023-172
5. De Oliveira I. S. (2018), The Governance of the Financial Action Task Force: An Analysis of Power and Influence Throughout the Years, Crime Law Social Change, 69, 153–172 doi:10.1007/s10611-017-9749-4
6. De Vido S. (2018), Soft Organizations, Hard Powers: The FATF and the FSB as Standard-Setting Bodies, Global Jurist, 20180030, 1-13, doi:10.1515/gj-2018-0030
7. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1990), Report 1990. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1990%20ENG.pdf
8. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1991, May 13), Annual Report 1990-1991. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1990%201991%20ENG.pdf

9. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1992, June 25), Annual Report 1991-1992. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1991%201992%20ENG.pdf
10. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1993, June 29), Annual Report 1992-1993. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1992%201993%20ENG.pdf
11. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1994, June 16), Annual Report 1993-1994. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1993%201994%20ENG.pdf
12. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1996, June 28), Annual Report 1995-1996. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1995%201996%20ENG.pdf
13. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, (1997, June), Annual Report 1996-1997. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1996%201997%20ENG.pdf
14. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1998, June), Annual Report 1997-1998. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1997%201998%20ENG.pdf
15. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1999, July 2), Annual Report 1998-1999. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1998%201999%20ENG.pdf
16. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2000a, February 14), Report on Non-Cooperatıve Countries or Territories. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/Initial%20Report%20on%20NCCTs%2002_2000.pdf
17. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2000b, June 22), Annual Report 1999-2000. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1999%202000%20ENG.pdf
18. Financial Action Task Force (2000b, June 22), Report on FATF Review to Identify Non-Cooperatıve Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures. (Attached to the FATF’s Annual Report 1999-2000, 2000, 22 June) Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/1999%202000%20ENG.pdf
19. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2001, June 22), Annual Report 2000-2001. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2000%202001%20ENG.pdf
20. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2002, June 21), Annual Report 2001-2002. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2001%202002%20ENG.pdf
21. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2003, June 20), Annual Report 2002-2003, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2002%202003%20ENG.pdf
22. Financial Action Task Force (2004a, May 14), Mandate for the Future of the FATF (September 2004-December 2012), PAC/COM/NEWS (2004)29, OECD, Paris. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://one.oecd.org/document/PAC/COM/NEWS(2004)29/En/pdf
23. Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (2004b, July 2), Annual Report 2003-2004. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2003%202004%20ENG.pdf
24. Financial Action Task Force (2005, June 10), Annual Report 2004-2005. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2004%202005%20ENG.pdf
25. Financial Action Task Force (2006, June 23), Annual Report 2005-2006. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2005%202006%20ENG.pdf
26. Financial Action Task Force (2007, June 29), Annual Report 2006-2007 Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2006%202007%20ENG.pdf
27. Financial Action Task Force (2008a, April 12), FATF Revised Mandate 2008-2012. Retrieved March 18, 2025 from https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/2/2019/04/Revised_Mandate.pdf
28. Financial Action Task Force (2008b, June 18), Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/fatf-gafi/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Typologiesreportonproliferationfinancing.html
29. Financial Action Task Force (2008c, June 30) Annual Report 2007-2008. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2007-2008%20ENG.pdf
30. Financial Action Task Force (2009), Annual Report 2008-2009. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2008%202009%20ENG.pdf
31. Financial Action Task Force (2010a), Annual Report 2009-2010. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/2009%202010%20ENG.pdf
32. Financial Action Task Force (2010b), a Reference Guide and Information Note on the Use of the FATF Recommendations to Support the Fight against Corruption. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/brochures/reference%20guide%20and%20information%20note%20on%20fight%20against%20corruption.pdf.coredownload.pdf
33. Financial Action Task Force (2010c), 20 Years of the FATF Recommendations, 1990-2010. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.cbr.ru/content/document/file/123954/20_years.pdf
34. Financial Action Task Force (2011a), Annual Report 2010-2011. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/FORMATTED%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%20FOR%20PRINTING.pdf.coredownload.pdf
35. Financial Action Task Force (2011b, July), Report on Laundering the Proceeds of Corruption. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Laundering%20the%20Proceeds%20of%20Corruption.pdf.coredownload.pdf
36. Financial Action Task Force (2012a, April 20), Declaration of the Ministers of the FATF, Washington, DC. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/Ministersrenewthemandateofthefinancialactiontaskforceuntil2020.html
37. Financial Action Task Force (2012b), Annual Report 2011-2012. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/FATF%20annual%20report%202011%202012%20website.pdf.coredownload.pdf
38. Financial Action Task Force (2019a), Annual Report 2018-2019. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/FATF-annual-report-2018-2019.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf
39. Financial Action Task Force (2019b, April 12), Declaration of the Ministers of the FATF and Mandate of the FATF, Washington, DC. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/images/brochures-other/FATF-Ministerial-Declaration-Mandate.pdf.coredownload.pdf
40. Financial Action Task Force (2019c), 30 Years, 1989//2019, Paris, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/annual-reports/FATF30-(1989-2019).pdf.coredownload.pdf
41. Financial Action Task Force (2022, April 21), Declaration of the Ministers of the Financial Action Task Force, Washington, DC, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/FATF/FATF-Ministerial-Declaration-April-2022.pdf.coredownload.pdf
42. Financial Action Task Force (2023), Annual Report 2022-2023. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/fatf-gafi/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/FATF-Annual-report-2022-2023.html
43. Financial Action Task Force (2024a, April 18), Declaration of the Ministers of the Financial Action Task Force, Washington, DC, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/FATF/FATF-Ministerial-Declaration-2024.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf
44. Financial Action Task Force (2024b, April), Private Sector Consultative Forum (PSCF), Vienna. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/private-sector-consultative-forum-April-2024.html
45. Gardner K.L. (2007), “Fighting Terrorism the FATF Way”, Global Governance, 13(3), 325-345. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27800665
46. G7 Summit (1988, June 20), Political Declaration: Securing Democracy, Toronto. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1988toronto/political.html
47. G7 Summit (1989, July 16), Economic Declaration, Paris. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1989paris/communique/index.html#drugs
48. G7 Summit (1990, July 10), Economic Declaration, Houston. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1990houston/declaration.html#drug
49. G7 Summit (1991a, July 17), Economic Declaration, London. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1991london/communique/index.html
50. G7 Summit (1991b, July 17), Prime Minister (John Mayer)'s Statement on the Economic Declaration, London. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1991london/statement.html
51. G7 Summit (1992, July 7), Chairman’s Statement, Munich. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1992munich/chairman.html
52. G7 Summit (1994, July 9), Summit Communique, Naples. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1994naples/communique/index.html#crime
53. G7 Summit (1996, June 29), Chairman’s Statement: Toward Greater Security and Stability in a More Cooperative World, Lyon. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1996lyon/chair.html
54. G8 Summit (1997, June 21), Confronting Global Economic and Financial Challenges: Denver Summit Statement by Seven, Denver. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1997denver/confront.htm
55. G8 Summit (1998a, May 9), Conclusions of G7 Finance Ministers, London. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm980509.htm
56. G8 Summit (1998b, May 9), G7 Initiative on Harmful Tax Competition, Birmingham. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1998birmingham/harmfultax.html
57. G8 Summit (1998c, May 17), Communique, Birmingham. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1998birmingham/finalcom.htm
58. G8 Summit (1999a, June 18), G7 Statement, Cologne. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/summit/1999koln/g7statement_june18.htm
59. G7 Finance Ministers’ Meeting (1999b, June 18-20), Report of G7 Finance Ministers to the Cologne Economic Summit, Cologne. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm061999.htm
60. G7 Finance Ministers’ Meetings (2000, January 22), Statement of G-7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Tokyo. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm002201.htm
61. G8 Finance Ministers’ Meetings (2001, October 6), Statement of the G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Washington DC. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm100601.htm#action
62. G8 Finance Ministers' Meetings (2002, September 27), G7 Combating the Financing of Terrorism: First Year Report, Press Release. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm092702pr1.htm
63. G8 Finance Ministers’ Meetings (2008a, February 9), Statement of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Tokyo, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm080209.htm
64. G7/8 Finance Ministers’ Meetings (2008b, April 11), Statement by U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson Following Meeting of G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Washington. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/fm080411_paulson.htm
65. G20 Summit (2009a, April 2), G20 Leaders Statement, Global Plan Annex: Declaration on Strengthening the Financial System, London. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2009/2009ifi.html
66. G20 Summit (2009b, September 24-45), G20 Leaders Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit, Pittsburgh, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2009/2009communique0925.html
67. G7 Information Centre (2016), What are the G7 and G8?. Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g7.utoronto.ca/what_is_g8.html
68. G20 Information Centre, The Group of Twenty: A History, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/docs/g20history.pdf
69. Hülsse, R. (2007), Creating Demand for Global Governance: The Making of a Global Money-laundering Problem, Global Society, 21(2), 155-178. doi:10.1080/13600820701201731
70. Hülsse R., Kerwer D. (2007), Global Standards in Action: Insights from Anti-Money Laundering Regulation, the Journal of Organization Articles, 14(5), 625-642. doi: 10.1177/1350508407080311
71. Jakobi A. P. (2018), Governing Illicit Finance in Transnational Security Spaces: the FATF and Anti-Money Laundering, Crime Law Social Change, 69, 173–190. doi:10.1007/s10611-017-9750-y
72. Jakobi A. P. (2015), Global Networks Against Crime: Using the Financial Action Task Force as a Model?, International Journal, 70(3), 391-407. doi:10.1177/002070201SS87662
73. Kirton J. J., Daniels J. (1999), The Role of the G8 in the New Millennium. Marquette University, Economics Faculty Research and Publications, 91, 3-17 Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://epublications.marquette.edu/econ_fac/91
74. Nance M. T., Cottrell M. P. (2014), A Turn Toward Experimentalism? Rethinking Security and Governance in the twenty-first Century, Review of International Studies, 40(2), 277-301. doi: 10.1017/S026021051300017X
75. Nance, M. T. (2018a), The regime that FATF Built: An Introduction to the Financial Action Task Force, Crime Law Social Change, 69, 109-129. doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9747-6
76. Nance M. T., (2018b), “Re-thinking FATF: An Experimentalist Interpretation of the Financial Action Task Force”, Crime Law Social Change, 69, 131–152. doi:10.1007/s10611-017-9748-5
77. Nanyun N. M., Nasiri A. (2021), Role of FATF on Financial Systems of Countries: Successes and Challenges, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24(2), 234-245. doi:10.1108/JMLC-06-2020-0070
78. Nixon R. (1969, July 14), Special Message to the Congress on Control of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, The American Presidency Project, Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-control-narcotics-and-dangerous-drugs
79. Nixon R. (1971, July 17): Remarks about an Intensified Program for Drug Abuse Prevention and Control, The American Presidency Project, Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-about-intensified-program-for-drug-abuse-prevention-and-control
80. Rudich, D.V. (2005). Performing the Twelve Labors: The G8’s Role in the Fight against Money Laundering, G8 Governance, 12, 1-33. Retrieved from March 18, 2024 http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/rudich_g8g.pdf
81. Saad N. K., Ann Png C. and Thony J. (2008), Recent Developments in International Monetary Fund Involvement in Anti– Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Matters, Chapter 16, 527-536. Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/pdf/cdmfl_v4.pdf
82. Sharman J. C. (2008), Power and Discourse in Policy Diffusion: Anti-Money Laundering in Developing States, International Studies Quarterly, 52(3), 635-656 Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734254?seq=4
83. Stewart D. P. (1990), Internationalizing the War on Drugs: The UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 18(3), 387–404. Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1886&context=djilp
84. United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Vienna Convention) Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/illicit-trafficking.html
85. United Nations Security Council (UNSC) (2019, March 28), UNSC Resolution 2462 (S/RES/2462(2019). Retrieved January 7, 2025 from https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n19/090/16/pdf/n1909016.pdf
86. Williams P. and Baudin-O’Hayon G. (2002, October), Global Governance, Transnational Organized Crime and Money Laundering, in David Held and Anthony Mc Grew (eds.), Governing Globalization: Power, Authority and Global Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 127–144.
87. Winer J. M. (2002), Illicit Finance and Global Conflict; Economies of Conflict: Private Sector Activity in Armed Conflict, Fafo-Report 380, Fafo Institute for Applied Social Science, 1-60. Retrieved March 18, 2024 from https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2002/380.pdf