Covid-19 ve Nörolojik Bozukluklar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 313 - 320, 20.09.2021

Melike Işık Süeda Yılmaz Cihat Özgüncü Furkan Topbaş Duran Özkan Ömer Ildız Sevde Tekneci Ayşenur Ersoy Seda Özaltın Buket Kuruçay Şerefnur Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.981023

Öz

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından 11 Mart 2019’da pandemi olarak kabul edilen COVID-19 hastalığının pandeminin ilk döneminde öncelikle solunum yollarını etkileyen ve ciddi akut solunum yetmezliğine (SARS) neden olan bir viral enfeksiyon olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Zaman içinde vasküler sistemler başta olmak üzere diğer organ sistemlerini ve en önemlisi de diğer sistemlerle beraber nörolojik sistemleri ve hatta bazen sadece nörolojik sistemleri etkilediği ortaya konmuştur.

Ciddi semptomu olmayan hastalarda bile koku alma kaybı sık olarak görülmekte olup bazı hastalarda ilk veya tek belirti olabilmektedir. Viral enfeksiyonun iyileşmesine rağmen koku alma fonksiyonunun aynı hızla kazanılamaması yaşam kalitesini etkileyen önemli bir nörolojik tutulumdur.

Dünyada pandemi sürecinde vaka bildirimleri ve klinik verilerin analizleri ile hızlı bilgi akışı devam etmektedir. Bu yazıda literatür incelemesi ile dünyada bildirilen nörolojik tutulumlar ışığında kranial sinir tutulumları, serebrovasküler hastalıklar ve inme, ansefalit, epilepsi, Guillain Barré sendromu, psikiyatrik bozukluklar ile ilgili güncel bilgilerin paylaşılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Nöroloji, Serebrovasküler hastalıklar, Epilepsi, Pandemi

Covid-19 and Neurologıcal Disorders

Öz

COVID-19 disease was accepted as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 11 March 2019. At the earlier period of the pandemic, it was first recognized as a viral infection that affects the respiratory tract and causes severe acute respiratory failure (SARS). Over time, it has been demonstrated that it affects other organ systems, primarily vascular systems, and most importantly, neurological systems together with other systems, and sometimes even only neurological systems.

Loss of smell is common even in patients without serious symptoms, and may be the first or only symptom in some patients. Failure to regain the olfactory function as rapidly despite the recovery of viral infection is an important neurological involvement affecting the quality of life.

During the pandemic process in the world, fast information flow continues with case reports and analysis of clinical data. In this article, it is aimed to share current information about cranial nerve involvement, cerebrovascular diseases and stroke, encephalitis, epilepsy, Guillain Barré syndrome, and psychiatric disorders in the light of neurological involvement reported in the world with a literature review.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Neurology, Cerebrovascular diseases, Epilepsy, Pandemic

Kaynakça

• GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18: 439–58.
• Carroll WM. The global burden of neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2019;18(5):418-419.
• Sellner J, Taba P, Öztürk S, Helbok R. The need for neurologists in the care of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Apr 23:10.1111/ene.14257.
• Román GC, Spencer PS, Reis J, Buguet A, Faris MEA, Katrak SM, et al. WFN Environmental Neurology Specialty Group. The neurology of COVID-19 revisited: A proposal from the Environmental Neurology Specialty Group of the World Federation of Neurology to implement international neurological registries. J Neurol Sci. 2020 May 7;414:116884.
• Öztürk Ş. COVID-19 ve Nöroloji. Turk J Neurol 2020;26:109-111
• Román GC, Reis J, Spencer PS, Buguet A, Öztürk S, Wasay M; World Federation of Neurology Environmental Neurology Specialty Group. COVID-19 international neurological registries. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Jun;19(6):484-485. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30148-4. Epub 2020 May 26. PMID: 32470417; PMCID: PMC7250559.
• Moro E, Priori A, Beghi E, Helbok R, Campiglio L, Bassetti CL, et al. EAN core COVID-19 Task Force. The international EAN survey on neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19 infection. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jun 17:10.1111
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395:507–13.
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; Mar 17;323(11):1061-1069.
• Behzad S, Aghaghazvini L, Radmard AR, Gholamrezanezhad A. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19: Radiologic and clinical overview. Clin Imaging. 2020 Oct;66:35-41.
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China [published correction appears in Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7803):E7]. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-269. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3).
• https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Accessed 1 Temmuz 2020.)
• Liu Z, Xiao X, Wei X, et al. Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):595-601.
• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574.
• Chowell G, Abdirizak F, Lee S, et al. Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: a comparative study. BMC Med. 2015;13:210. Published 2015 Sep 3. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0450-0
• Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Covid 19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu . http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/Covid-19%20Raporu-Final+.pdf Accessed: Ağustos 2020)
• Acar T, Acıman Demirel E, Afşar N, Akçalı A, Akman Demir G, Alagöz AN, et al. Nörolojik bakış açısından COVID 19. Turk J Neurol 2020;26:56-106
• https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIyrOW5pb_6gIVDO7tCh29-AO_EAAYASAAEgJJpfD_BwE Accessed: 1 Ağustos 2020)
• www.who.int Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard/WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed 25 Eylül 2020
• Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020;10.1001/jama.2020.12839.
• Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105955.
• Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):1-9.
• Cunha P, Herlin B, Vassilev K, et al. Movement disorders as a new neurological clinical picture in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 12]. Eur J Neurol. 2020;10.1111/ene.14474.
• Kirschenbaum D, Imbach LL, Ulrich S, et al. Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;396(10245):166.
• Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, et al. Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?. Viruses. 2019;12(1):14.
• Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:18-22.
• Montalvan V, Lee J, Bueso T, De Toledo J, Rivas K. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 194, 105921.
• Abboud H, Abboud FZ, Kharbouch H, Arkha Y, El Abbadi N, El Ouahabi A. COVID-19 and SARS-Cov-2 Infection: Pathophysiology and Clinical Effects on the Nervous System. World Neurosurg. 2020 Aug;140:49-53.
• Karadaş Ö, Öztürk B, Sonkaya AR. A prospective clinical study of detailed neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Neurol Sci. 2020 Aug;41(8):1991-1995.
• Giorgianni A, Vinacci G, Agosti E, Cariddi LP, Mauri M, Baruzzi F, et al. Transient acute-onset tetraparesis in a COVID-19 patient. Spinal Cord. 2020 Sep;58(9):1042-1044.
• Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11:995–8.
• Zhao K, Huang J, Dai D, Feng Y, Liu L, Nie S. Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Medrivx. 2020. 10.1101/2020.03.16.20035105.
• Sedaghat AR, Gengler I, Speth MM. Olfactory Dysfunction: A Highly Prevalent Symptom of COVID-19 With Public Health Significance. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jul;163(1):12-15
• Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N. Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology. 2020;58(3):295-298.
• Moein ST, Hashemian SM, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL. Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020;10(8):944-950.
• Torabi A, Mohammadbagheri E, Akbari Dilmaghani N, Bayat AH, Fathi M, Vakili K et al. Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Olfactory Mucosa Result in COVID-19 Induced Anosmia. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Jul 1;11(13):1909-1913.
• Dalakas MC. Guillain-Barré syndrome: The first documented COVID-19-triggered autoimmune neurologic disease: More to come with myositis in the offing. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(5):e781.
• Markus HS, Brainin M. COVID-19 and stroke-A global World Stroke Organization perspective. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(4):361-364.
• Hess DC, Eldahshan W, Rutkowski E. COVID-19-Related Stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 2020;11(3):322-325.
• Porfidia A, Pola R. Venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jun;18(6):1516-1517.
• Ma RCW, Holt RIG. COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabet Med. 2020;37(5):723-725.
• Dafer RM, Osteraas ND, Biller J. Acute Stroke Care in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(7):104881.
• Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q, Liu H, Liu X, Liu Z, Zhang Z. D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jun;18(6):1324-1329.
• Topçuoğlu MA, Arsava EM, Özdemir AÖ. COVID-19 pandemisinde akut iskemik inme tedavisi: Uzman görüşü.Türk Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Dergisi 2020; 26(1): 91-94 Turkish Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2020; 26(1): 91-94
• Ellul M, Solomon T. Acute encephalitis - diagnosis and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2018;18(2):155-159. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-155.
• Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, et al. UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) Aetiology of Encephalitis Study Group. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;10(12):835-44.
• Kumar R: Encephalitis & Encephalopathies in Medical Emergencies in Children. Ed Singh M,. Sagar Publications 2018. New Delhi. 2012; 324–32.
• Montalvan V, Lee J, Bueso T, De Toledo J, Rivas K. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;194:105921.
• Carod-Artal FJ. Neurological complications of coronavirus and COVID-19. Rev Neurol. 2020;70(9):311-322.
• Lau KK, Yu WC, Chu CM, Lau ST, Sheng B, Yuen KY. Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):342-344.
• Huang YH, Jiang D, Huang JT. SARS-CoV-2 Detected in Cerebrospinal Fluid by PCR in a Case of COVID-19 Encephalitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Jul;87:149
• Asadi-Pooya AA, Simani L. Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review. J of Neurological Sci. 2020;413:116832.
• Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T, et al; UCL Queen Square National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery COVID-19 Study Group. The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain. 2020 Jul 8:awaa240.
• Munz M, Wessendorf S, Koretsis G, Tewald F, Baegi R, Krämer S, Geissler M, Reinhard M. Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 pneumonia. J Neurol. 2020 Aug;267(8):2196-2197.
• Delorme C, Paccoud O, Kas A, Hesters A, Bombois S, Shambrook P. et al. (2020), Covid‐19‐related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG‐PET/CT findings. Eur J Neurol 2020 Aug 15:10.1111/ene.14478.
• Koyuncu OO, Hogue IB, Enquist LW. Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13(4):379-393.
• Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-58.
• Efe IE, Aydin OU, Alabulut A, Celik O, Aydin K. COVID-19-Associated Encephalitis Mimicking Glial Tumor. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:46-48.
• von Weyhern CH, Kaufmann I, Neff F, Kremer M. Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes. Lancet. 2020;395(10241):e109.
• Robinson CP, Busl KM. Meningitis and encephalitis management in the ICU. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019;25(5):423-429
• Yasri S, Wiwanikit V. COVID-19 and Epilepsy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(Suppl 1):S43.
• Karimi N, SharifiRazavi A (2020) Rouhani NJIRCMJ. Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J (InPress). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.102828
• Lu L, Xiong W, Liu D, et al. New onset acute symptomatic seizure and risk factors in coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia. 2020;61(6):e49-e53.
• Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Neurotropic viral infections leading to epilepsy: focus on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Future Virol. 2011;6(11):1339-1350.
• Singhi P. Infectious causes of seizures and epilepsy in the developing world. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(7):600-609.
• Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 May;94:55-58.
• Filatov A, Sharma P, Hindi F, Espinosa PS. Neurological Complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy. Cureus. 2020 Mar 21;12(3):e7352.
• Ying W, Qian Y, Kun Z. Drugs supply and pharmaceutical care management practices at a designated hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020 Apr 6:S1551-7411(20)30325-9.
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513.
• Malek E, Salameh J. Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Semin Neurol 2019 Oct;39(5):589-595. 7
• Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2016 Aug 13;388(10045):717-27.
• Velayos Galán A, Del Saz Saucedo P, Peinado Postigo F, Botia Paniagua E. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurologia. 2020 May;35(4):268-269.
• Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol. 2020 May;19(5):383-384.
• Camdessanche JP, Morel J, Pozzetto B, Paul S, Tholance Y, Botelho-Nevers E. COVID-19 may induce Guillain-Barré syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020 Jun;176(6):516-518.
• El Otmani H, El Moutawakil B, Rafai MA, El Benna N, El Kettani C, Soussi M, El Mdaghri N, Barrou H, Afif H. Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: More than a coincidence! Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020 Jun;176(6):518-519.
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020:1239-1242.
• Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:1545-1549.
• Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirüs disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 2020;368:m1091
• Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:1545-1549
• Jin H, Hong C, Chen S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Mao L, Li Y, He Q, Li M, Su Y, Wang D, Wang L, Hu B. Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020 Jun;5(2):146-151.
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020:1239-1242).
• Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 9]. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603-605. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603).
• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395(10227):912-920.
• Wu P, Liu X, Fang Y, et al. Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43(6):706-712.
• Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after healthrelated disasters. Disaster Medicine & Public Health Preparedness 2013; 7(1): 105–10.
• Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e21.
• Seminog OO, Goldacre MJ. Risk of pneumonia and pneumococcal disease in people with severe mental illness: English record linkage studies. Thorax. 2013;68(2):171-176.