Live Longer, but How? Nutrition and Aging

Öz

The elderly population increases and more prolonged life expectancy and increased worldwide, and with this increase, healthy aging gained importance. The increased expectancy of a longer and healthier life has created curiosity about how nutrition can be. Nutrition is one of the critical factors for healthy aging. Some diet models and diet applications (for example, calorie restriction) extend the quality and span of life. Life expectancy is longer in some places globally (Blue Zones, Hunza, Abkhazia, Vilcabamba), which is mainly linked to nutrition. Peoples who live longer eat natural foods, primarily vegetables and fruits, fish, yogurt, and drink pure water. In addition to nutritional behavior, lifestyle is essential. In the world's healthy elderly's have social, mental, and physically active life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• aging
• nutrition
• longevity
• Blue Zones
• Mediterranean Diet

Uzun Yaşayalım ama Nasıl? Beslenme ve Yaşlanma

Öz

Yaşlı nüfus ve daha uzun yaşam beklentisi dünya çapında artmaktadır. Bu artışla birlikte sağlıklı yaşlanma önem kazanmaktadır. Daha uzun ve sağlıklı bir yaşam beklentisinin artması, beslenmenin nasıl olabileceği konusunda merak uyandırmıştır. Beslenme, sağlıklı yaşlanmanın temel faktörlerinden biridir. Yaşam kalitesi ve süresini uzatmak için bazı diyet modelleri ve diyet uygulamaları (kalori kısıtlaması) bulunmaktadır. Dünyanın bazı yerlerinde (Mavi Bölgeler, Hunza, Abhazya, Vilcabamba) yaşam beklentisi daha uzundur ve bu çoğunlukla beslenme ile bağlantılıdır. Daha uzun yaşayan insanlar, genelde sebzeler, meyveler, balık ve yoğurt gibi doğal yiyecekler yerler. Beslenme davranışına ek olarak yaşam tarzı çok önemlidir. Dünyadaki sağlıklı yaşlılar sosyal, zihinsel ve fiziksel olarak aktif yaşama sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• akdeniz diyeti
• beslenme
• uzun yaşam
• mavi bölgeler
• yaşlanma

Kaynakça

1. 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health Who. 2017. 1–56 http://apps.who.int/bookorders.%0Ahttp://www.who.int/ageing/WHO-GSAP-2017.pdf?ua=1. Date of access: 23.08.2021
2. 2. Navaratnarajah A, Jackson SHD. The physiology of ageing. Medicine in Older Adults. 2013; 41 (1): 1-6.
3. 3. Sowa A, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Topór-Mądry R, et al. Predictors of healthy ageing: Public health policy targets. BMC Health Serv Res 2016;16.
4. 4. Assmann KE, Ruhunuhewa I, Adjibade M, et al. The mediating role of overweight and obesity in the prospective association between overall dietary quality and healthy aging. Nutrients 2018;10:1–15.
5. 5. Leslie W, Hankey C. Aging, Nutritional Status and Health. Healthcare 2015;3:648–58.
6. 6. Capurso C, Bellanti F, Buglio A Lo, et al. The mediterranean diet slows down the progression of aging and helps to prevent the onset of frailty: A narrative review. Nutrients 2020;12.
7. 7. Karan M, Tufan F. Yaşlanma Mekanizmaları. Ege Tıp Derg 2010;49:11–7.
8. 8. Pirlich M, Lochs H. Nutrition in the elderly. Bailliere’s Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15:869–84.

9. 9. Tierney AJ. Undernutrition and elderly hospital patients: A review. J Adv Nurs . 1996;23:228–36.
10. 10. Wells JL, Dumbrell AC. Nutrition and aging: assessment and treatment of compromised nutritional status in frail elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1:67–79.
11. 11. Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, et al. Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:5–15.
12. 12. Perry L. Assessing nutritional status. Nursing times. 1997. 51 p.
13. 13. Koldaş ZL. What is aging and cardiovascular aging? Turk Kardiyol Dern Arsivi-Archives Turkish Soc Cardiol. 2017;1–4.
14. 14. Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757–72.
15. 15. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World economic and social survey, development in an ageing world. Choice Reviews Online. 2007. https://www.un.org/development/desa/ageing/publications/2008/08/world-economic-and-social-survey-2007-development-in-an-ageing-world/. Date of access: 23.08.2021
16. 16. Milman S, Barzilai N. Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying Unusually Successful Human Health Span and Life Span. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2016;6(1):1-11.
17. 17. World Health Organization (WHO). World Report On Ageing And Health. 2015. Available from: https://www.who.int/ageing/WHO-GSAP-2017.pdf. Date of access: 23.08.2021
18. 18. Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G. The blue zones: Areas of exceptional longevity around the world. Vienna Yearb Popul Res. 2013;11:87–108.
19. 19. Healthways BZP by. Blue Zones - Food Guidelines. 2014. https://www.bchd.org/docs/bzp/blue_zones_food_guidelines.pdf. Date of access: 23.08.2021
20. 20. Medvedev ZA. An attempt at a rational classification of theories of ageing. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1990;65:375–98.
21. 21. Ekmekcioglu C. Nutrition and longevity–From mechanisms to uncertainties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;0:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1676698
22. 22. Höhn A, Weber D, Jung T, et al. Happily (n)ever after: Aging in the context of oxidative stress, proteostasis loss and cellular senescence. Redox Biol. 2017;11:482–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.001
23. 23. Harasym J, Oledzki R. Effect of fruit and vegetable antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma. Nutrition. 2014;30:511–7.
24. 24. Yanar K, Simsek B, Çakatay U. Integration of Melatonin Related Redox Homeostasis, Aging, and Circadian Rhythm. Rejuvenation Res. 2019;22:409–19.
25. 25. Dong Z, Sinha R, Richie JP. Disease prevention and delayed aging by dietary sulfur amino acid restriction: Translational implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1418:44–55.
26. 26. Blackburn EH. Structure and fuction of telomeres. Nature 1991;350:569–72.
27. 27. Davinelli S, Trichopoulou A, Corbi G, et al. The potential nutrigeroprotective role of Mediterranean diet and its function. Ageing Research Reviews, 2019;49:1-10.
28. 28. Rafie N, Golpour Hamedani S, Barak F, et al. Dietary patterns, food groups and telomere length: A systematic review of current studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71:151–8.
29. 29. Todendi PF, Martínez JA, Reuter CP, et al. Biochemical profile, eating habits, and telomere length among Brazilian children and adolescents. Nutrition. 2020;71:1-6.
30. 30. Freitas-Simoes TM, Ros E, Sala-Vila A. Nutrients, foods, dietary patterns and telomere length: Update of epidemiological studies and randomized trials. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2016;65(4):406-415.
31. 31. Moskalev AA, Aliper AM, Smit-McBride Z, et al. Genetics and epigenetics of aging and longevity. Cell Cycle. 2014;13:1063–77.
32. 32. Farhan M, Ullah M, Faisal M, et al.Differential Methylation and Acetylation as the Epigenetic Basis of Resveratrol’s Anticancer Activity. Medicines. 2019;6:24.
33. 33. Guarasci F, D’Aquila P, Mandalà M, et al. Aging and nutrition induce tissue-specific changes on global DNA methylation status in rats. Mech Ageing Dev. 2018;174:47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2018.02.001
34. 34. Hay N, Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Genes Dev. 2004;18:1926–45.
35. 35. Lushchak O, Strilbytska OM, Yurkevych I, et al. Implications of amino acid sensing and dietary protein to the aging process. Exp Gerontol. 2019;115:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.021
36. 36. Milman S, Atzmon G, Huffman DM, et al. Low insulin-like growth factor-1 level predicts survival in humans with exceptional longevity. Aging Cell. 2014;13:769–71.
37. 37. Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9.
38. 38. Maggio M, De Vita FD, Lauretani F, et al. IGF-1, the cross road of the nutritional, inflammatory and hormonal pathways to frailty. Nutrients. 2013;5:4184–205.
39. 39. Hwangbo D-S, Lee H-Y, Abozaid LS, et al. Mechanisms of Lifespan Regulation by Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting in Model Organisms. Nutrients. 2020;12:24.
40. 40. Stamatovic SM, Martinez-Revollar G, Hu A, et al. Decline in Sirtuin-1 expression and activity plays a critical role in blood-brain barrier permeability in aging. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;126:105–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.006
41. 41. Li YR, Li S, Lin CC. Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on aging and longevity. BioFactors. 2018;44:69–82.
42. 42. Templeman NM, Murphy CT. Regulation of reproduction and longevity by nutrient-sensing pathways. J Cell Biol. 2018;217:93–106.
43. 43. Mizushima N, Klionsky DJ. Protein Turnover Via Autophagy: Implications for Metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:19–40.
44. 44. Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, et al. Spermidine in health and disease. Science. 2018;80:359.
45. 45. Fulop T, Witkowski JM, Olivieri F, et al. The integration of inflammaging in age-related diseases. Semin Immunol 2018;40:17–35.
46. 46. Tortosa-Caparrós E, Navas-Carrillo D, Marín F, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57:3421–9.
47. 47. Nikitenko LL, Fox SB, Kehoe S, et al. Adrenomedullin and tumour angiogenesis. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:1–7.
48. 48. Patel P, Mishra A, Sheikh AA, et al. Adrenomedullin : A novel peptide hormone : A review. 2017;6:2068–73.
49. 49. Kalman S. Adrenomedullin : Yeni Bir Renal Düzenleyici Peptid. Türk Nefroloji ve Transplant Derg. 2002;11:198–201.
50. 50. Fischer NM, Pallazola VA, Xun H, et al. The evolution of the heart-healthy diet for vascular health: A walk through time. Vasc Med. 2020;25(2):184-193
51. 51. Crous-Bou M, Fung TT, Prescott J, et al.Mediterranean diet and telomere length in Nurses’ Health study: Population based cohort study. BMJ. 2014;349:1–11.http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.g6674
52. 52. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi 2015 (TÜBER). 2016.
53. 53. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: Results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;294:2455–64.
54. 54. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1–14.
55. 55. Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J, Jet al. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intenational Med. 2013;173:1230–8.
56. 56. Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:2274–84.
57. 57. Speakman JR, Mitchell SE, Mazidi M. Calories or protein? The effect of dietary restriction on lifespan in rodents is explained by calories alone. Exp Gerontol. 2016;86:28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.011
58. 58. Fontana L, Cummings NE, Arriola Apelo SI, et al. Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health. Cell Rep. 2016;16:520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.092
59. 59. Mirzaei H, Suarez JA, Longo VD. Protein and amino acid restriction, aging and disease: From yeast to humans. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25:558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002
60. 60. Mirzaei H. The Conserved Role for Protein Restriction During Aging and Disease. 2016;22:134–9.
61. 61. Mitchell SJ, Madrigal-Matute J, Scheibye-Knudsen M, et al. Effects of Sex, Strain, and Energy Intake on Hallmarks of Aging in Mice. Cell Metab. 2016;23:1093–112.
62. 62. Flanagan EW, Most J, Mey JT, et al. Caloric restriction and aging in humans. Annu Rev Nutr. 2020;13:1–29.
63. 63. Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG, Raubenheimer D, et al. Dietary protein, aging and nutritional geometry. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;39:78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.001
64. 64. Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, et al. A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan. Cell Metab. 2015;22:86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012
65. 65. Mccarrison R. The Hunza Health Secrets. 1921-1927;1-5. http://www.globaldialoguefoundation.org/files/41.pdf. Date of Access: 23.08.2021.
66. 66. Legrand R, Nuemi G, Poulain M, et al. Description of lifestyle, including social life, diet and physical activity, of people =90 years living in Ikaria, a longevity blue zone. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12): 1-11.
67. 67. Pes GM, Poulain M, Errigo A, et al. Evolution of the dietary patterns across nutrition transition in the sardinian longevity blue zone and association with health indicators in the oldest old. Nutrients. 2021;13:1–13.
68. 68. Stanhope KL. Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2016;53:52–67.
69. 69. Ettington MK. Diets and Lifestyles of the World ’ s Oldest Peoples. 2011;1–64. http://mkettingtonbooks.com/plpdownloads/ebooks/diets-oldest-people.pdf. Date of access:23.08.2021
70. 70. Ried K. Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review. J Nutr. 2016;146:389-396.
71. 71. Dinu M, Pagliai G, Casini A, et al. Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72:30–43.
72. 72. Grosso G, Marventano S, Yang J, et al. A comprehensive meta-analysis on evidence of Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: Are individual components equal? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57:3218–32.
73. 73. Ballesteros JM, Struijk EA, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. Mediterranean diet and risk of falling in community-dwelling older adults. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:276–81.
74. 74. Eleftheriou D, Benetou V, Trichopoulou A,et al. Mediterranean diet and its components in relation to all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2018;120:1081–97.
75. 75. Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, et al. Mediterranean diet and mortality in the elderly: A prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2018;120:841–54.
76. 76. Willet WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. 1995;61:1402-1406.
77. 77. Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, et al. Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:411–22.
78. 78. Tiainen AM, Männistö S, Blomstedt PA, et al. Leukocyte telomere length and its relation to food and nutrient intake in an elderly population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66:1290–1294.
79. 79. Liu JJ, Crous-Bou M, Giovannucci E, et al. Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses’ Health Study. J Nutr. 2016;146:1373–1378. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/146/7/1373/4616108
80. 80. García-Calzón S, Zalba G, Ruiz-Canela M, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and telomere length in subjects with a high cardiovascular disease risk from the PREDIMED-NAVARRA study: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses over 5 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:897–904.
81. 81. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, et al.. Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1029–1035.
82. 82. Nettleton JA, Diez-roux A, Jenny NS, et al. Dietary patterns, food groups, and telomere length in the Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;88:1405–1412.
83. 83. Leung CW, Laraia BA, Needham BL, et al. Soda and cell aging: Associations between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and leukocyte telomere length in healthy adults from the national health and nutrition examination surveys. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:2425–2431.
84. 84. Fretts AM, Howard B V, Siscovick DS, et al. Processed Meat, but Not Unprocessed Red Meat, Is Inversely Associated with Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Strong Heart Family Study. J Nutr. 2016;146:2013–2018.
85. 85. Cai W, Gao Q Di, Zhu L, et al. Oxidative stress-inducing carbonyl compounds from common foods: Novel mediators of cellular dysfunction. Mol Med. 2002;8:337–346.
86. 86. Vlassara H, Cai W, Crandall J, et al. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2002;99:15596–15601.