EFFECT OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS ON EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM ORANGE PEEL

Öz

This study was planned to create an alternative use for orange peel, which is one of the most important fruit wastes within the scope of waste utilization. In the study, firstly, orange peel extracts were prepared by ultrasonic assisted extraction using different types of deep eutectic solvents in the green solvent category that can be alternative to organic solvents and the bioactive compound contents of these extracts were evaluated. As a result, it was determined that deep eutectic solvents were statistically effective in providing the highest total flavonoid compound and antioxidant activity values. In addition, when the individual phenolic compound profile was examined, the most dominant component was hesperidin and the highest value was reached with choline chloride:glycerol (1:2) combination. In conclusion, it was determined that deep eutectic solvents can be an alternative to organic solvents in the extraction of phytochemical compounds from orange peel.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orange peel
• ultrasonic extraction
• green solvent
• phenolic profile

DERİN ÖTEKTİK ÇÖZÜCÜLERİN PORTAKAL KABUĞUNDAN BİYOAKTİF BİLEŞİKLERİN EKSTRAKSİYONUNA ETKİSİ

Öz

Atık değerlendirme kapsamında en önemli meyve atıklarından biri olan portakal kabuğuna alternatif kullanım alanı oluşturmak adına bu çalışma planlanmıştır. Çalışmada, öncelikle organik çözücülerin (etanol, metanol ve su) yerine alternatif olabilecek farklı tipte derin ötektik çözücüler kullanılarak ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi eşliğinde portakal kabuğu ekstraktları hazırlanmış olup bu ekstraktların biyoaktif bileşik içerikleri (toplam fenolik bileşik, toplam flavonoit bileşik, antioksidan aktivite ve bireysel fenolik bileşik profili) değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, derin ötektik çözücülerin en yüksek toplam flavonoit madde ve antioksidan aktivite değerlerinin sağlanmasında istatistiksel olarak etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bireysel fenolik bileşik profili incelendiğinde en baskın bileşenin hesperidin olduğu görülmüş ve en yüksek değere kolin klorür:gliserol (1:2) kombinasyonu ile ulaşılmıştır. Sonuçta derin ötektik çözücülerin portakal kabuğundan fitokimyasal bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunda organik çözücülere alternatif olabildikleri saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Portakal kabuğu
• ultrasonik ekstraksiyon
• yeşil çözücü
• fenolik profil

Kaynakça

1. Aggarwal, V., Tuli, H. S., Thakral, F., Singhal, P., Aggarwal, D., Srivastava, S., Pandey, A., Sak, K., Varol, M., Khan, A., Sethi, G. (2020). Molecular mechanisms of action of hesperidin in cancer: Recent trends and advancements. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 245(5):486-497.
2. Anonim, 2023. Ürün Raporu Turunçgiller 2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/ Erişim tarihi: 20.05.2023.
3. Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., Karademir, S.E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26):7970-7981.
4. Awad, T.S., Moharram, H.A., Shaltout, O. E., Asker, D.Y.M.M., Youssef, M.M. (2012). Applications of ultrasound in analysis, processing and quality control of food: A review. Food Research International, 48(2):410-427.
5. Caldeira, C., De Laurentiis, V., Corrado, S., van Holsteijn, F., Sala, S. (2019). Quantification of food waste per product group along the food supply chain in the European Union: A mass flow analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149:479-488.
6. Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.G., Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.S., Abert-Vian, M. (2017). Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 34:540-560.
7. Chen, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., Liu, W. (2019). Application of deep eutectic solvents in food analysis: A review. Molecules, 24(24):4594.
8. Corrado, S., Caldeira, C., Eriksson, M., Hanssen, O.J., Hauser, H.E., van Holsteijn, F., Liu, G., Östergren, K., Parry, A., Secondi, L., Stenmarck, A., Sala, S. (2019). Food waste accounting methodologies: Challenges, opportunities, and further advancements. Global Food Security, 20:93-100.

9. Çelik, S., Kutlu, N., Gerçek, Y. C., Bayram, S., Pandiselvam, R., Bayram, N. E. (2022). Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds from bee pollen with deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology. Foods, 11(22):3652.
10. Dai, Y., van Spronsen, J., Witkamp, G.J., Verpoorte, R. Choi, Y.H. (2013a). Natural deep eutectic solvents as new potential media for green technology. Analytica Chimica Acta, 766:61-68.
11. Dai, Y., Witkamp, G.J., Verpoorte, R., Choi, Y.H. (2013b). Natural deep eutectic solvents as a new extraction media for phenolic metabolites in Carthamus tinctorius L. Analytical Chemistry, 85(13):6272-6278.
12. Dumitraşcu, L., Enachi, E., Stănciuc, N., Aprodu, I. (2019). Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from cornelian cherry fruits using response surface methodology. CyTA-Journal of Food, 17(1):814-823.
13. Ecem Bayram, N., Canli, D., Gercek, Y.C., Bayram, S., Celik, S., Güzel, F., Morgil, H., Oz, G. C. (2020). Macronutrient and micronutrient levels and phenolic compound characteristics of monofloral honey samples. J. Food Nutr. Res., 59:311-322
14. Ecem Bayram, N., Gercek, Y.C., Çelik, S., Mayda, N., Kostić, A.Ž., Dramićanin, A.M., Özkök, A. (2021). Phenolic and free amino acid profiles of bee bread and bee pollen with the same botanical origin–similarities and differences. Arab. J. Chem., 14(3):103004.
15. Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L.J.D., Singla, A.K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(8):655-669.
16. Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2009). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 22(3):277-281.
17. Gómez-Urios, C., Viñas-Ospino, A., Puchades-Colera, P., López-Malo, D., Frígola, A., Esteve, M.J., Blesa, J. (2022). Sustainable Development and Storage Stability of Orange By-Products Extract Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Foods, 11(16):2457.
18. Güzel, M., Akpınar, Ö. (2017). Turunçgil kabuklarının biyoaktif bileşenleri ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2):153-167.
19. Hashmi, S.H., Ghatge, P., Machewad, G.M., Pawar, S. (2012). Studies on extraction of essential oil and pectin from sweet orange. J. Food Proc. Tech., 1(5):1-3.
20. Hayyan, M., Hashim, M.A., Al-Saadi, M.A., Hayyan, A., AlNashef, I.M., Mirghani, M.E.S. (2013). Assessment of cytotoxicity and toxicity for phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents. Chemosphere, 93:455−459.
21. Ince, A. E., Sahin, S., Sumnu, G. (2014). Comparison of microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques for leaching of phenolic compounds from nettle. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51:2776-2782.
22. Jeong, K.M., Ko, J., Zhao, J., Jin, Y., Han, S.Y., Lee, J. (2017). Multi-functioning deep eutectic solvents as extraction and storage media for bioactive natural products that are readily applicable to cosmetic products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151:87-95.
23. Kaynarca, G.B., Aşkın, B. (2020). Portakal kabuğunun farklı yöntemlerle kurutulması ve bazı teknolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(4):2604-2617.
24. Khan, M.K., Abert-Vian, M., Fabiano-Tixier, A.S., Dangles, O., Chemat, F. (2010). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols (flavanone glycosides) from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel. Food Chemistry, 119(2):851-858.
25. Kringel, D.H., Dias, A.R.G., Zavareze, E.D.R., Gandra, E.A. (2020). Fruit wastes as promising sources of starch: Extraction, properties, and applications. Starch‐Stärke, 72(3-4):1900200.
26. Kutlu, N. (2019). Kızılcık meyvesinden (Cornus mas) ohmik destekli mikrodalga ve ultrasonik yöntemleri ile fenolik bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu. Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, s. 49.
27. Kutlu, N., Yılmaz, M.S., İşci, A., Şakıyan, Ö. (2021). Gıdalardan biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonunda derin ötektik çözücülerin kullanımı. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2):591-597.
28. Lagha-Benamrouche, S. Madani, K. (2013). Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of orange varieties (Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus aurantium L.) cultivated in Algeria: Peels and leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 50:723–730.
29. Lin, L. (2022). Phenolic acid extraction from orange peel with natural deep eutectic solvents. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2321, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing.
30. Madhu, B., Srinivas, M.S., Srinivas, G., Jain, S.K. (2019). Ultrasonic technology and its applications in quality control, processing and preservation of food: A review. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 32(5):1-11.
31. Mbous, Y.P., Hayyan, M., Hayyan, A., Wong, W.F., Hashim, M.A., Looi, C.Y. (2017). Applications of deep eutectic solvents in biotechnology and bioengineering-Promises and challenges. Biotechnology Advances, 35(2):105-134.
32. Ozturk, B., Parkinson, C., Gonzalez-Miquel, M. (2018). Extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from orange peel waste using deep eutectic solvents. Separation and Purification Technology, 206:1-13.
33. Özyurt, D., Demirata, B., Apak, R. (2007). Determination of total antioxidant capacity by a new spectrophotometric method based on Ce (IV) reducing capacity measurement. Talanta, 71(3):1155-1165.
34. Paiva, A., Craveiro, R., Aroso, I., Martins, M., Reis, R.L., Duarte, A.R.C. (2014). Natural deep eutectic solvents–solvents for the 21st century. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(5):1063-1071.
35. Pal, C.B.T., Jadeja, G.C. (2019). Deep eutectic solvent‐based extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from onion (Allium cepa L.) peel. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(4):1969-1979.
36. Parhiz, H., Roohbakhsh, A., Soltani, F., Rezaee, R., Iranshahi, M. (2015). Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of the citrus flavonoids hesperidin and hesperetin: an updated review of their molecular mechanisms and experimental models. Phytotherapy Research, 29(3):323-331.
37. Pereira, R.N., Rodrigues, R.M., Genisheva, Z., Oliveira, H., de Freitas, V., Teixeira, J.A., Vicente, A.A. (2016). Effects of ohmic heating on extraction of food-grade phytochemicals from colored potato. LWT, 74:493-503.
38. Piyasena, P., Mohareb, E., McKellar, R.C. (2003). Inactivation of microbes using ultrasound: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87(3):207-216.
39. Plaskova, A., Mlcek, J. (2023). New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10:1118761.
40. Slinkard, K., Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28:49–55.
41. Smith, E.L., Abbott, A.P., Ryder, K.S. (2014). Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications. Chemical Reviews, 114(21):11060-11082.
42. Stancu, V., Haugaard, P., Lähteenmäki, L. (2016). Determinants of consumer food waste behaviour: Two routes to food waste. Appetite, 96:7-17.
43. Szabo, M., Idiţoiu, C., Chambre, D., Lupea, A.J.C.P. (2007). Improved DPPH determination for antioxidant activity spectrophotometric assay. Chemical Papers, 61(3):214-216.
44. Temirbekova, A. (2019). Farklı oranlarda portakal kabuğu ekstraktı kullanılarak fonksiyonel kurut üretimi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek lisans tezi, s. 6-9.
45. TÜİK, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (http://www.tuik.gov.tr).
46. Viñas-Ospino, A., Panić, M., Bagović, M., Radošević, K., Esteve, M.J., Redovniković, I.R. (2023). Green approach to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel employing hydrophilic and hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 31:100942.
47. Xu, G.C., Ding, J.C., Han, R.Z., Dong, J.J., Ni, Y. (2016). Enhancing cellulose accessibility of corn stover by deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for butanol fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 203:364-369.
48. Zhang, L., Wang, M. (2017). Optimization of deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Dioscorea opposita Thunb. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 95:675-681.
49. Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4):555-559.
50. Zhou, L., Luo, J., Xie, Q., Huang, L., Shen, D., Li, G. (2023). Dietary fiber from navel orange peel prepared by enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents: Physicochemical and prebiotic properties. Foods, 12(10):2007.