ALANYA’DA YETİŞTİRİLEN BAZI TROPİKAL MEYVELERDEN ÜRETİLEN YENİLEBİLİR KAPLAMALARIN ÇİLEK RAF ÖMRÜ KALİTESİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, halk arasında dikenli incir olarak bilinen Opuntia ficus-indica’nın kladodu (yaprak)’ndan ekstrakte edilen müsilajlı bileşim ile çilekler kaplanmış ve depolama süresince fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Müsilajlı kaktüs suyu ekstraktına (CAC) ayrı ayrı kamkat ekstraktı (A1B1) ve pomelo albedo ekstraktı (PA1) eklenerek kaplanan çilek meyveleri 4℃’de 14 gün depolanmıştır. Çilek meyvelerinin ekstraktlar ile kaplanmasının kontrol grubuna kıyasla mikrobiyolojik açıdan daha güvenli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Meyve rengini en fazla kamkat ekstraktı ile hazırlanan kaktüs suyu ekstraktı korumuştur. Ağırlık kaybı açısından, meyvenin sadece kaktüs suyu ekstraktı ile kaplanması meyvelerde daha az ağırlık kaybına yol açmıştır. pH değerleri ise çalışılan tüm örnek gruplarında azalma kaydetmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tarımsal faaliyete konu olmayan dikenli incir bitkisine ait yapraklardan özütlenen müsilajlı kaktüs suyuna tropikal meyvelerden kamkat kabuğu ekstraktı ile pomelo albedo ekstraktının katılarak gıda muhafazasında alternatif bir uygulama olarak değerlendirilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dikenli incir
• pomelo
• kamkat
• çilek
• yenilebilir kaplama

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF EDIBLE COATINGS PRODUCED FROM SOME TROPICAL FRUITS GROWN IN ALANYA ON THE SHELF LIFE QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY

Öz

In this study, the physicochemical and microbiological properties of strawberry fruits dipping coated with mucilaginous extract from the cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica, commonly known as the prickly fig, were investigated during storage period. Kumquat extract (A1B1) and pomelo albedo extract (PA1), separately, added into mucilaginous cactus extract (CAC), used in dipping coating of strawberries, where then stored at 4℃ for 14 days. It is determined that coating with extracts displays more safety in terms of microbiological aspect, than uncoated control group. Cactus extract containing kumquat extract preserved the fruit colour the most. In terms of weight loss, fruits only coated with cactus extract resulted the lowest weight loss among other sample groups. While pH values decreased in all employed sample groups. As a result, it is revealed that, addition of kumquat extract and pomelo albedo extract to mucilaginous cactus extract from prickly pear cladodes, stands as a promising alternative way to be handled in food preservation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Prickly pear
• pomelo
• qumkuat
• strawberry
• edible coating

Kaynakça

1. Allegra, A., Inglese, P., Sortino, G., Settanni, L., Todaro A., Liguori, G. (2016). The influence of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage edible coating on the quality of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit slices. Postharvest Biology and Technology 120: 45-51, doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.05.011.
2. Allegra, A., Sortino, G., Inglese, P., Settanni, L., Todaro, A., Gallotta, A. (2017). The effectiveness of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage edible coating on post-harvest maintenance of ‘Dottato’ fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 12: 135-141, doi: 10.1016/j. fpsl.2017.04.010.
3. Alnıak, N.Y., Caner, C., Yüceer, M. (2025). The individual and combined effects of electrolyzed water and chitosan coating applications on the storage stability of fresh strawberries. Food and Bioprocess Technology 18: 5683-5699, doi: 10.1007/s11947-025-03791-z.
4. Benelli, P., Riehl, C.A.S., Smânia Jr. A., Smânia, E.F.A., Ferreira, S.R.S. (2010). Bioactive extracts of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) pomace obtained by SFE and low pressure techniques: Mathematical modeling and extract composition. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 55(1): 132–141, doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.08.015.
5. Bico, S.L.S., Raposo, M.F.J., Morais, R.M.S.C., Morias, A.M.M.B. (2009). Combined effect of chemical dip and/or carrageenan coating and/or controlled atmosphere on quality of fresh-cut banana. Food Control 20: 508-514, doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.017.
6. Chien, P.J., Sheu, F., Yang, F.H. (2007). Effects of edible chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of sliced mango fruit. Journal of Food Engineering 78: 225–229.
7. Debeaufort, F., Quezada-Gallo, J.A., Voilley, A. (1998). Edible films and coatings: tomorrow’s packagings: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 38(4): 299-313, doi: 10.1080/10408699891274219.
8. Del-Valle, V., Hernández-Mũnoz, P., Guarda, A., Galatto, M.J. (2005). Development of a cactus-mucilage edible coating (Opuntia ficus-indica) and its application to extend strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) shelf-life. Food Chemistry 91(4): 751-756, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.002.

9. Dengiz, T.N., Zengin, H. (2016). Hint inciri (Opuntia ficus-indica) meyve suyunun kimyasal ve antioksidan özelliklerinin incelenmesi. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Dergisi 8(30): 125-150.
10. de Oliveira Caretta, T., Baldo, C., Silveira, V.A.I., Hipólito, A., Costa, N.J.A., Mali, S., Celligoi, M.A.P.C. (2024). Synthesis of novel antimicrobial bioactive films for strawberry coating based on sophorolipids and fructooligosaccharides-modified starch. Polymer Bulletin 81: 3563–3581, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04876- 5.
11. de Wit, M., Nel, P., Osthoff, G., Labuschagne, M.T. (2010). The effect of variety and location on cactus pear (Opuntia ficus–indica) fruit quality. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 65: 136-145.
12. Duru, B., Türker, N. (2005). Changes in physical properties and chemical composition of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) during maturation. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 7: 22-33.
13. El-Mostafa, K., El Kharrassi, Y., Badreddine, A., Andreoletti, P., Vamecq, J., El Kebbaj, M., Latruffe, N., Lizard, G., Nasser, B., Cherkaoui-Malki, M. (2014). Nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as a source of bioactive compounds for nutrition, health and disease. Molecules 19(9): 14879-14901, doi: 10.3390/molecules190914879.
14. Emamifar, A., Ghaderi, Z., Ghaderi, N. (2019). Effect of salep-based edible coating enriched with grape seed extract on postharvest shelf life of fresh strawberries. Journal of Food Safety 39(6): e12710, doi: 10.1111/jfs.12710.
15. Falah, M.A.F., Husna, H., Dewi, A.R.P.A., Jumeri. (2016). Quality evaluation of fresh strawberry (Fragaria sp. cv. Earlybrite) during storage in a tropical environment. Advances of Science and Technology for Society AIP Conf. Proc. 1755: 130003-1–130003-6, doi: 10.1063/1.4958547.
16. Goycoolea, F.M., Cárdenas, A. (2003). Pectins from Opuntia spp.: A short review. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 5: 17-29.
17. Grünwaldt, J.M., Guevara, J.C., Grünwaldt, E.G. (2015). Review of scientific and technical bibliography on the use of Opuntia spp. as forage and its animal validation. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 17: 13-32.
18. Gül, E.N., Altuntaş, E., Öcalan, O.N. (2021). Nagami çeşidi kamkat meyvelerinin fiziko-mekanik karakteristikleri ile biyoaktif özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 1064- 1072, doi: 10.30910/turkjans.953848.
19. Halkman, A.K. (2019). Mikroorganizma analizleri. Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi, Halkman, A.K. (baş ed.), Başak Matbaacılık ve Tanıtım Hizmetleri Ltd., Ankara, Türkiye, s. 501-540.
20. Han, C., Zhao, Y., Leonard, S.W., Traber, M.G. (2004). Edible coatings to improve storability and enhance nutritional value of fresh and frozen strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa) and raspberries (Rubus ideaus). Postharvest Biology and Technology 33(1): 67-78, doi: 10.1016/j. postharvbio.2004.01.008.
21. Han, C., Lederer, C., McDaniel, M., Zhao, Y. (2005). Sensory evaluation of fresh strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) coated with chitosan-based edible coatings. Journal of Food Science 70(3): 172–178, doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2621.2005.tb07153.x.
22. Hong, S.J., Eum, H.L. (2020). Determination of the harvest date and ripening phase of “Seolhyang” strawberry. Protected Horticulture and Plant Factory 29(1): 62-72, doi: 10.12791/KSBEC.2020.29.1.62.
23. Inthachat, W., Temviriyanukul, P., On-Nom, N., Kanoongon, P., Thangsiri, S., Chupeerach, C., Suttisansanee, U. (2023). Optimization of phytochemical-rich citrus maxima albedo extract using response surface methodology. Molecules 28(10): 4121, doi: 10.3390/ molecules28104121.
24. Jokari, A., Jahromi, S.A.M., Jokari, S., Jamali, M. (2023). Effect of edible coating on strawberry quality characteristics during cold storage. Erwerbs – Obstbau 65: 2259-2269, doi: 10.1007/s10341-023- 00949-x.
25. Khan, M.K., Huma, Z-E., Dangles, O. (2014). A comprehensive review on flavanones, the major citrus polyphenols. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 33(1): 85–104, doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.11.004.
26. Khodaei, D., Hamidi-Esfahani, Z. (2019). Influence of bioactive edible coatings loaded with Lactobacillus plantarum on physicochemical properties of fresh strawberries. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 156: 110944, doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.110944.
27. Krochta, J.M., de Mulder-Johnston, C. (1997). Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges and opportunities. Food Technology (Chicago) 51(2): 61–74.
28. Kumar D., Ladaniya M.S., Gurjar M. (2019). Underutilized Citrus sp. pomelo (Citrus grandis) and Kachai lemon (Citrus jambhiri) exhale in phytochemicals and antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56(1): 217–223, doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3477-3.
29. Lan-Phi, N.T., Vy, T.T. (2015). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of peels’ essential oils of different pomelo varieties in the south of Vietnam. International Food Research Journal 22(6): 2426–2431.
30. Lee, H. Min, S.C. (2014). Development of antimicrobial defatted soybean meal-based edible films incorporating the lactoperoxidase system by heat pressing. Journal of Food Engineering 120: 183-190.
31. Li, H., Yu, T. (2001). Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot, quality and physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81(2): 269–274.
32. Liguori, G., Gaglio, R., Settanni, L., Inglese, P., D’Anna, F., Miceli, A. (2021). Effect of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage edible coating in combination with ascorbic acid, on strawberry fruit quality during cold storage. Journal of Food Quality, 9976052, doi:10.1155/2021/9976052.
33. Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Shang, Y. (2018). Evaluating effects of ellagic acid on the quality of kumquat fruits during storage. Scientia Horticulturae 227: 244-254, doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.08.055.
34. Lou, S-N., Lai, Y-C., Hsu, Y-S., Ho, C-T. (2016). Phenolic content, antioxidant activity and effective compounds of kumquat extracted by different solvents. Food Chemistry 197(A): 1-6, doi: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2015.10.096.
35. Lufu, R., Ambaw, A., Opara, U.L. (2019). The contribution of transpiration and respiration processes in the mass loss of pomegranate fruit (cv. Wonderful). Postharvest Biology and Technology 157: 110982, doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.110982.
36. Maringgal, B., Hashim, N., Tawakkal, I.S.M.A., Mohamed, M.T.M., Hamzah, M.H., Shukor, N.I.A. (2019). The causal agent of anthracnose in papaya fruit and control by three different Malaysian stingless bee honeys, and the chemical profile. Scientia Horticulturae 257: 108590, doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108590.
37. Medina-Torres, L., Brito-De La Fuente, E., Torrestiana-Sanchez, B., Katthain, R. (2000). Rheological properties of the mucilage gum (Opuntia ficus indica). Food Hydrocolloids 14(5): 417-424, doi: 10.1016/ S0268-005X(00)00015-1.
38. Naibaho, J., Butula, N., Jonuzi, E., Korzeniowska, M., Laaksonen, O., Föste, M., Kütt, M-L., Yang, B. (2022). Potential of brewers’ spent grain in yogurt fermentation and evaluation of its impact in rheological behaviour, consistency, microstructural properties and acidity profile during the refrigerated storage. Food Hydrocolloids, 125(April): 107412, doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107412.
39. Nsonzi, F., Ramaswamy, H.S. (1998). Quality evaluation of osmo-convective dried blueberries. Drying Technology 16(3–5): 705–23, doi:10.1080/07373939808917431.
40. Oboh, G., Bello, F.O., Ademosun, A.O. (2014). Hypocholesterolemic properties of grapefruit (Citrus paradisii) and shaddock (Citrus maxima) juices and inhibition of angiotensin-1-converting enzyme activity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 22(4): 477-484, doi: 10.1016/j. jfda.2014.06.005.
41. Raybaudi-Massilia, R.M., Mosqueda-Melgar, J., Martín-Belloso, O. (2008). Edible alginate based coating as carrier of antimicrobials to improve shelf-life and safety of freshcut melon. International Journal of Food Microbiology 121: 313-327.
42. Robledo, N., López, L., Bunger, A. Tapia, C., Abugoch, L. (2018). Effects of antimicrobial edible coating of thymol nanoemulsion/quinoa protein/chitosan on the safety, sensorial properties, and quality of refrigerated strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa) under commercial storage environment. Food and Bioprocess Technology 11: 1566–1574, doi:10.1007/s11947-018-2124-3.
43. Rojas-Graü, M.A., Raybaudi-Massilia, R.M., Soliva-Fortuny, R., Avena-Bustillos, R.J., McHugh, T.H., Martin-Belloso, O. (2007). Apple puree-alginate coating as carrier of antimicrobial agents to prolong shelf life of fresh-cut apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology 45: 254e264, doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.01.017.
44. Sáenz, C., Vásquez, M., Trumper, S., Fluxá, C. (1992). Extracción y composición química de mucílago de tuna (Opuntia ficus indica). Actas II Congreso Internacional de Tuna y Cochinilla. Santiago, Chile, pp. 93–96.
45. Sepùlveda, E., Sàenz, C., Aliaga, E., Aceituno, C. (2007). Extraction and characterization of mucilage in Opuntia spp. Journal of Arid Environments 68: 534–545.
46. Shao, P., Zhang, H., Niu, B., Jiang L. (2018). Antibacterial activities of R-(+)-Limonene emulsion stabilized by Ulva fasciata polysaccharide for fruit preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 111: 1273-1280, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.126.
47. Sogvar, O.B., Saba, M.K., Emamifar, A. (2016). Aloe vera and ascorbic acid coatings maintain postharvest quality and reduce microbial load of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 114: 29-35, doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.11.019.
48. Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Tokyo, Japan, 633 p. ISBN: 978007-066-58-1-1., 0070665818.
49. Taner, O.O., Ekici, L., Akyuz, L. (2023). CMC based edible coating composite films from Brewer’s spent grain waste: a novel approach for the fresh strawberry package. Polymer Bulletin 80: 9033-9058, doi: 10.1007/s00289-022-04490-x.
50. Tao, N-G., Liu, Y-J. (2012). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the peel of Shatian pummelo (Citrus Grandis Osbeck). International Journal of Food Properties 15(3): 709–716, doi: 10.1080/ 10942912.2010.500067.
51. Temiz, H., Yeşilsu, A.F. (2006). Bitkisel protein kaynaklı yenilebilir film ve kaplamalar. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi (2), 41-50.
52. Thivya, P., Reddy, N.B.P., Sinija, V.R. (2025). Studies on unlocking the potential of onion waste extracts in edible coating for shelf-life extension of strawberry. Journal of Food Science and Technology 62: 667– 679, doi: 10.1007/s13197-024-06053-6.
53. Tuncer, A.D., Guler, H.O., Usta, H. (2020). Modeling of drying characteristics of pomelo (Citrus Maxima) peel. El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 7(1): 198-210, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.616497.
54. Uçan, F., Mercimek, H.A. (2013). Gıda endüstrisinde kitosan filmlerin önemi. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 1(2): 79-85.
55. Uzun, H.İ., Şengül, S. (1994). Frenk inciri yetiştiriciliği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1): 73-89.
56. Valverde, J.M., Valero, D., Martinez-Romero, D., Guillen, F., Castillo, S., Serrano, M. (2005). Novel edible coating based on Aloe vera gel to maintain table grape quality and safety. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 7807–7813.
57. Van Hung, P., Chi, P.T.L., Phi, N.T.L. (2012). Comparison of antifungal activities of Vietnamese citrus essential oils. Natural Product Research 27(4–5): 506–508, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2012.706293.
58. Wang, Y-W., Zeng, W-C., Xu, P-Y., Lan, Y-J., Zhu, R-X., Zhong, K., Huang, Y-N., Gao, H. (2012). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) peel. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(3): 3382-3393, doi: 10.3390/ijms13033382.
59. Wibowo, C., Salsabila, S., Muna, A., Rusliman, D., Wasisto, H.S. (2024). Advanced Biopolymer-Based Edible Coating Technologies for Food Preservation and Packaging. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 23(1): 1–31. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.13275.
60. Yan, J., Luo, Z., Ban, Z., Lu, H., Li, D., Yang, D., Aghdam, M.S., Li, L. (2019). The effect of the layer-by-layer (LBL) edible coating on strawberry quality and metabolites during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 147: 29-38, doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.09.002.
61. Yaribeigi, S. (2020). The use of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage edible coating to extend the shelf-life of packaged strawberry and red raspberry. Universitat Politécnica De Catalunya Barcelonatech Master’s Thesis, Barcelona, Spain, 34 p.