Phytosterols as a Functional Food Component (Turkish with English Abstract)

Öz

Functional foods, have been consumed in many developed countries for years, were started to produced and consumed in Turkey after the legal regulations in 2005. Functional foods contain one or several various bioactive factors. Phytosterols are important bioactive compounds that accepted as an ingredient of functional food. These compounds are absorbed from the intestinal system similarities to cholesterol and show their bio-activities in the serum. The main health benefits of phytosterols are to reduce the heart attack risk via lowering serum cholesterol levels and to prevent the some of cancer types due to the anticarsinogenic activities. Addition of fatty acid ester forms of phytosterols to foods and their consumption increases the mentioned effects of them, instead of consumption of phytosterols as a dietary supplement directly. In this review, chemical structure, health benefit effects, content in foods, production and addition to foods of phytosterols are reviewed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Functional foods, phytosterols, phytostanols  

Fonksiyonel Gıda Bileşeni Olarak Fitosteroller

Öz

Gelişmiş ülkelerde bir süredir var olan fonksiyonel gıdalar, 2005 yılında yapılan yasal düzenleme ile Türkiye'de de üretilip tüketilmeye başlanmıştır. Fonksiyonel gıdalar çok çeşitli biyoaktif etkenlerden birinin veya birkaçının birlikte kullanılması ile üretilmektedir. Fitosteroller fonksiyonel gıda bileşeni olarak değerlendirilen önemli bir biyoaktif bileşik grubudur. Bu bileşikler kolesterole benzer emilimleri ile vücut sıvılarına alınmakta ve biyoaktif özelliklerini göstermektedir. Fitosterollerin temel sağlık faydaları kandaki kolesterol miktarını düşürerek kalp krizi geçirme ve antikanserojen özelliği ile de bazı kanserlerin oluşma riskini azaltmasıdır. Fitosterollerin diyet destekleyicisi olarak doğrudan kullanılmasının yerine yağ asidi ester formunda gıdalara katkılanarak tüketilmesi, söz konusu etkilerini daha da artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fitosterollerin kimyasal yapıları, sağlığa faydaları, gıdalardaki içerikleri, üretimleri ve gıdalara katkılanmaları derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fonksiyonel gıda, fitosterol, fitostanol

Kaynakça

1. Roberfroid MB. 2000. A European consensus of scientific concepts of functional foods. Nutrition, 16 (7-8) 689-691.
2. Anonymous 2004. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Functional foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104 (5) 814-822.
3. Erbaş M. 2006. Yeni bir gıda grubu olarak fonksiyonel gıdalar. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, 791-795s, 24-26 Mayıs 2002, Bolu.
4. Normén L, Ellegård L, Brants H, Dutta P, Andersson H. 2007. A phytosterol database: Fatty foods consumed in Sweden and the Netherlands. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20 (3-4) 193-201.
5. Stanton C, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Van Sinderen D. 2005. Fermented functional foods based on probiotics and their biogenic metabolites. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 16 (2) 198-203.
6. Ling WH, Jones PJ. 1995. Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sciences, 57 (3) 195-206.
7. Moreau R, Whitaker BD, Hicks KB. 2002. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Progress in Lipid Research, 41 (6) 457-500.
8. Stuchlík M, _ák S. 2002. Vegetable lipids as components of functional foods. Biomedical Papers, 146 (2) 3-10.

9. Weihrauch J, Gardner JM. 1978. Sterol contents of foods of plant origin. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 73 (1) 39-47.
10. Venkatramesh M, Karunanandaa B, Sun B, Gunter CA, Boddupalli S, Kishore GM. 2003. Expression of a Streptomyces 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase gene in oilseeds for converting phytosterols to phytostanols. Phytochemistry, 62 (1) 39-46.
11. Salen G, Schefer S, Nguyen L, Ness GC, Tint GS, Shore V. 1992. Increased sitosterol absorption is offset by rapid elimination to prevent accumulation in heterozygotes with sitosterolemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 12 (5) 563-568.
12. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvönen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, Miettinen TA. 1993. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. Journal of Lipid Research, 34 (9) 1535-1544.
13. Janezic SA, Rao AV. 1992. Dose-dependent effects of dietary phytosterol on epithelial cell proliferation of the murine colon. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 30 (7) 611-616.
14. Von Bergmann K, Prange W, Lütjohann D. 1999. Metabolism and mechanism of action of plant sterols. European Heart Journal Supplement, 1:45-49.
15. Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D, Hepburn PA. 2000. The safety evaluation of phytosterols esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38 (6) 485-491.
16. Lagarda MJ, García-Llatas G, Farré R. 2006. Analysis of phytosterols in foods. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41 (5) 1486-1496.
17. Glueck CJ, Speiers J, Tracy T, Streicher P, Illig E, Vandegrift J. 1991. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives. Metabolism, 48 (8) 842-848.
18. Kempen HJ, de Knijffi P, Boomsma DI, van der Voort HA, Gevers-Leuven JA, Havekes L. 1991. Plasma levels of lathosterol and phytosterol in relation to age, sex, anthropometric parameters, plasma lipids, and apolipoprotein E phenotype, in 160 Dutch families. Metabolism, 40 (6) 604-611.
19. Vanhanen HT, Miettinen TA. 1992. Effects of unsaturated and saturated dietary plant sterols on their serum contents. Clinica Chimica Acta, 205 (1-2) 97-107.
20. Moghadasian MH, Frohlich JJ. 1999. Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: clinical and experimental evidence. The American Journal of Medicine, 107 (6) 588-594.
21. Cheruvanky R. 2003. Phytocemical products:rice bran. In Phytochemical Functional Foods. I, Johnson and G, Williamson (eds), pp. 347-366, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
22. Ntanios FY, MacDougall DE, Jones PJ. 1998. Gender effects of tall oil versus soybean phytosterols as cholesterol- lowering agents in hamsters. Canadian Journal Physiology and Pharmacology, 76 (7-8) 780-787.
23. Ketomäki AM, Gylling H, Antikainen M, Siimes, MA, Miettinen TA. 2003. Red cell and plasma plant sterols are related during consumption of plant stanol and sterol ester spreads in children with hypercholesterolemia. The Journal of Pediatrics, 142 (5) 524-531.
24. Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, 1998. Comparable efficacy of hydrogenated versus nonhydrogenated plant sterol esters on circulating cholesterol levels in humans. Nutrition Reviews, 56:245-252.
25. Jones PJH, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Vanstone CA.1999. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69 (6) 1144-1150.
26. Tammi A, Rönnemaa T, Valsta L, Seppänen R, Rask-Nissilä L, Miettinen TA, Gylling H, Viikari J, Anttolainen M, Simeli O. 2001. Dietary plant sterols alter the serum plant sterol concentration but not the cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations in young children (The strip study). The Journal of Nutrition, 131 (7) 1942-1945.
27. Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. 2003. Phytosterols in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 57 (8) 321-325.
28. Wang Y, Ebine N, Jia X, Jones PJH, Fairow C, Jaeger R. 2005. Very long chain fatty acids (policosanols) and phytosterols affect plasma lipid levels and cholesterol biosynthesis in hamsters. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 54 (4) 508-514.
29. Kritchevsky D, Chen SC. 2005. Phytosterols-health benefits and potential concerns: A review. Nutrition Research, 25 (5) 413-428.
30. Patel MD, Thompson PD. 2006. Phytosterols and vascular disease. Atherosclerosis, 186 (1) 12-19.
31. Rao AV, Janezic SA. 1992. The role of dietary phytosterols in colon carcinogenesis. Nutrition and Cancer, 18 (1) 43-52.
32. Awad AB, Chen Y, Fink CS, Hennessey T. 1996. _-Sitosterol inhibits HT-29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids. Anticancer Researches, 16 (5A) 2797-2804.
33. Awad AB, Fink CS. 1996. Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: Evidence and mechanism of action. Journal of Nutrition, 130 (9) 2127-2130.
34. Jia X, Ebine N, Wang Y, Awad AB, Jones PJH. 2005. Effects of different phytosterol analogs on colonic mucosal cell proliferation in hamster. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 17 (6) 396-401.
35. Von Holtz RL, Fink CS, Awad AB. 1998. _-Sitosterol activates the sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Nutrition and Cancer, 32 (1) 8-12.
36. Awad AB, Hartati MS, Fink CS. 1998. Phytosterols feeding induces alteration in testosterone metabolism in rat tissues- Prostate Cancer. Recent developments in the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 9 (12) 712-717.
37. Cabeza M, Bratoeff E, Heuze I, Ramirez E, Sanchez M, Flores E. 2003. Effect of beta-sitosterol as inhibitor of 5 alpha- reductase in hamster prostate. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society, 46:153-155.
38. Katamoto H, Yoneda N, Shimada Y. 1991. Effects of isoprothiolane and phytosterol on adipocyte metabolism and fatty acid composition of serum and tissue lipids in rats. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 53 (5) 905-910.
39. Dunford NT, King JW. 2000. Phytosterol enrichment of rice bran oil by a supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation technique. Journal of Food Science, 65 (8) 1395-1399.
40. Lea LJ, Hepburn PA, Wolfreys AM, Baldrick P. 2004. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 8. Lack of genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity with phytosterol oxides. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42 (5) 771-783.
41. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Umporowicz DM, Ingram KA, Dicklin MR, Schaefer E, Lane RW, McNamara JR, Ribaya- Mercado JD, Perrone G, Robins SJ, Franke WC. 2001. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20 (4) 307–319.
42. Salen G, Tint GS, Schefer S, Shore V, Nguyen L. 1992. Sitosterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research, 33 (7) 945-955.
43. Maguire LS, O’Sullivan SM, Galvin K, O’Connor TP, O’Brien NM. 2004. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 55 (3) 171-178.
44. Normén L, Johnsson M, Andersson H, Gameren YV, Dutta P. 1999. Plant sterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden. European Journal Nutrition, 38 (2) 84-89.
45. Jeong WS, Lachance PA. 2001. Phytosterols and fatty acids in fig (ficus carica, var. Mission) fruit and tree components. Journal of Food Science, 66 (2) 278–281.
46. Sivakumar G, Bati CB, Perri E, Uccella N. 2006. Gas chromatography screening of bioactive phytosterols from mono- cultivar olive oils. Food Chemistry, 95 (3) 525-528.
47. Daguet D, Coic JP. 1999. Phytosterol extraction: state of the art. Oleagineaux Corps Gras, Lipides, 6 (1) 25-28.
48. Wang S, Furuno T, Cheng Z. 2002. Study of extraction of phytosterol from masson pine raw tall oil. The Japan Wood Research Society, 48 (6) 505-511.
49. Fernandes P, Cabral JMS. Phytosterols: Applications and recovery methods. Bioresource Technolgy, (In pres).
50. Vázquez L, Torres CF, Fornari T, Grigelmob N, Señoráns FJ, Reglero G. 2006. Supercritical fluid extraction of minor lipids from pretreated sunflower oil deodorizer distillates. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 108 (8) 659–665.
51. Guderjan M, Elez-Martínez P, Dietrich K. 2007. Application of pulsed electric fields at oil yield and content of functional food ingredients at the production of rapeseed oil. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 8 (1) 55–62.
52. Jones PJ, Howell T, MacDougall DE, Feng JY, Parsons W. 1998. Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism, 47 (6) 751-756.
53. Hafidi A, Pioch D, Ajana H. 2005. Membrane-based simultaneous degumming and deacidification vegetable oils. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 6 (2) 203-212.
54. Bortolomeazzi R, Zan MD, Pizzale L, Conte LS. 1999. Mass spectrometry characterization of the 5α-, 7α-, and 7α- hydroxy derivatives of α-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47 (8) 3069-3074.
55. Engel R, Schubert H. 2005. Formulation of phytosterols in emulsions for increased dose response in functional foods. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 6 (2) 233-237.
56. Ostlund RE, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. 1999. Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70 (5) 826-831.
57. Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H. 1994. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis, 105 (2) 217-226.
58. Howell TJ. 1997. Effects of natural and synthetic phytosterol administration on cholesterol metabolism in normolipidemic humans. McGill University, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition Master thesis, pp 78, Montreal.
59. Howell TJ, MacDougall DE, Jones PJH. 1998. Phytosterols partially explain differences in cholesterol metabolism caused by corn or olive oil feeding. Journal of Lipid Research, 39 (4) 892-900.
60. Pelletier X, Belbraouet S, Mirabel D, Mordret F, Perrin JL, Pages X, Debry G. 1995. A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 39 (5) 291-295.
61. Wolfs M, Jong N, Ocké MC, Verhagen H, Verschuren WMM. 2006. Effectiveness of customary use of phytosterol/-stanol enriched margarines on blood cholesterol lowering. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44 (10) 1682-1688.
62. Soupas L, Huikko L, Lampi AM, Piironen V. 2005. Oxidative stability of phytosterols in some food applications. European Food Research Technology, 222 (3-4) 266-273.