Free Radicals and Their Inhibitions with Antioxidant Foods (Turkish with English Abstract)

Öz

Free radicals are very reactive molecules possessing an unpaired electron. The free radicals produced in the body are toxic, and if not neutralized, they react with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and damage cellular functions. Free radicals are believed to be involved in the pathological role in aging and several diseases like heart disease, cataract, sepsis, cancer, diabetic retinopathy. Antioxidants which are defined as substances that, at low concentrations relative to the substrate, inhibit the damage to the structural and functional molecules of the body, namely proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA. The antioxidants from food sources or supplements appear to be promising for successful aging by improving immune function, and reducing the risk of several chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Free radical, antioxidant, oxidative damage

Serbest Radikaller ve Antioksidan Gıdalarla İnhibisyonu

Öz

Serbest radikaller çiftlenmemiş elektron içeren son derece reaktif moleküllerdir. Toksik etkileri olan serbest radikaller nötralize edilmemeleri halinde lipit, protein ve nükleik asitlerle reaksiyona girerek, hücreye zarar vermektedirler. Serbest radikallerin yaşlanma, kalp rahatsızlıkları, katarakt, sepsis (kana mikroorganizma ve toksin karışması), kanser, diyabetik retinopati (diyabet hastalarında rastlanan iltihapsız retina hastalığı) gibi birçok rahatsızlığın etkenleri arasında olduğu düşünülmektedir. Antioksidanlar vücutta özellikle protein, lipit, karbonhidrat ve DNA gibi yapısal ve fonksiyonel moleküllerin zararlanmasını engelleyen, düşük konsantrasyonlarda bile oksidan denen substratlara karşı etkili olan maddelerdir. Antioksidan içeren gıdalar veya gıda destekleri bağışıklık sisteminin fonksiyonlarını düzeltmekte, kanser ve kalp hastalıkları gibi bazı kronik rahatsızlıkların riskini azaltarak daha sağlıklı yaşlanmayı sağlamaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Serbest radikal, antioksidan, oksidatif zararlanma

Kaynakça

1. Berger M M. 2005. Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clinical Nutrition, 24: 172-183.
2. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. 2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stres- induced cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 160: 1-40.
3. Chauhan V, Chauhan A. 2006. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Pathophysiology, 13: 195-208.
4. Bakonyi T, Radak Z. 2004. High altitude and free radicals. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3: 64-69.
5. Singh RP, Sharad S, Kapur S. 2004. Free radicals and oxidative stress neurodegenerative diseases: relevance of die- tary antioxidants. Journal Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, 5 (3) 218-225.
6. Commoner B, Townsend J, Pake GE. 1954. Free radicals in biological materials. Nature, 174: 689–691.
7. Bokov A, Chaudhuri A, Richardson A. 2004. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 125: 811-826.
8. Beckman KB, Ames BN. 1998. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiological Reviews, 78 (2) 547-579.

9. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physi- ological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39, 44-84.
10. Thomas MJ. 2000. Their role of free radical and antioxidants. Nutrition, 16 (7/8) 716-718.
11. Vinson JA. 2006. Oxidative stress in cataracts. Pathophysiology, 13: 151-162.
12. de Zwart LL, Meerman JHN, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE. 1999. Biomarkers of free radical damage applicati- ons in experimental animals and in humans. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26 (1/2) 202-226.
13. Halliwell B. 1989. Tell me about free radicals, doctor: a review. Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, 82: 747-752.
14. Hu J. 2001. Oxidative stress and aging, free radicals in biology and medicine, an assignment in the graduate course, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program B-180 Med Labs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, 77:222.
15. Darley-Usmar V, Halliwell B. 1996. Blood radicals. Reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, transition metal ions, and the vascular system. Pharmaceutical Research, 13 (5), 649-662.
16. Buechter DD. 1988. Free radicals and oxygen toxicity. Pharmaceutical Research, 5(5) 253-260.
17. Zhao L. 2001. Singlet oxygen. Free radicals in biology and medicine, An assignment In the graduate course, Free Ra- dical and Radiation Biology Program B-180 Med Labs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, 77:222.
18. Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, Harrison DG. 2002. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Research, 55: 239-249.
19. Cadenas E, Davies KJA. 2000. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 29 (3/4) 222-230.
20. Derin D, Yazıcı A, Erkoç fi. 2001. fiizofrenik bozukluğu olan hastalarda serbest radikal metabolizması ve nonenzimatik antioksidan savunma sistemi elemanlarının incelenmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 11 (3) 176-182.
21. Elahi MM, Matata BM. 2006. Free radicals in blood: evolving concepts in the mechanisms of ischemic heart disease. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 450:78-88.
22. Schaller B. 2005. Introduction to serial reviews on free radicals and stroke. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 38: 409-410.
23. Getoff N. 2007. Anti-aging and aging factors in life. The role of free radicals. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 76 (10) 1577-1586.
24. Stadtman ER, Arai H, Berlett BS. 2005. Protein oxidation by the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidation system. Bi- ochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338: 432-436.
25. Meydani M. 1999. Dietary antioxidants modulation of aging and immune-endothelial cell interaction. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 111: 123-132.
26. Letavayova L, Vickova V, Brozmanova J. 2006. Selenium: from cancer prevention to DNA damage. Toxicology, 227: 1-14.
27. Chandel NS, Budinger GRS. 2007. The cellular basis for diverse responses to oxygen. Free Radical Biology & Medici- ne, 42: 165-174.
28. Baydar NG, Özkan G, Sağdıç O. 2004. Total phenolic contents and antibacterial activities of grape (Vitis viniferaL.) ex- tracts. Food Control, 15 (5): 335-339.
29. Yoo KM, Lee CH, Lee H, Moon B, Lee CY. 2008. Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Food Chemistry, 106 (3): 929-936.