Effect of Irradiation on Mould Growth and Mycotoxin Control (Turkish with English Abstract)

Öz

In recent years, irradiation has also been studied in food preservation in addition to the traditional methods such as heat treatment and freezing. Irradiation referred also as “cold pasteurization” generally used to inhibit pathogen microorganisms in variety of foods. In addition, irradiation has been used to inhibit mycotoxigenic mould growth during storage period and many studies have been conducted to access the use of gamma irradiation in mycotoxin detoxification. It has been reported that the level of mycotoxin detoxification by gamma irradiation is increased in the presence of water.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Işınlamanın Küf Gelişimi ve Mikotoksin Kontrolü Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Gıda maddelerinin dayandırılması amacıyla kullanılan ısıl işlem, dondurma gibi geleneksel yöntemlere ek olarak son yıllarda ışınlama uygulaması üzerinde de durulmaktadır. Soğuk pastörizasyon işlemi olarak da adlandırılan ışınlama işlemi özellikle çeşitli gıda maddelerinde bulunan patojen mikroorganizmaların inhibisyonu amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, gamma ışınlarının depolanmış gıda maddelerinde mikotoksijenik küf türlerinin inhibe edilmesinde ve aflatoksinler başta olmak üzere çeşitli mikotoksinlerin detoksifikasyonunda da başarılı sonuçlar verdiği bildirilmektedir. Gamma ışınlarının ortamda su varlığında uygulanmasının mikotoksinleri parçalama yeteneğini arttırdığı bildirilmektedir.   

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. Altuğ T, Yousef AE and Marth EH. 1990. Degradation of aliatoxin B1 in dried figs by sodium bisulfite with or without heat. ultraviolet energy or hydrogen peroxide. J. Food Prot. 53 (7): 581-582.
2. Anonim 1999. Gıda ışınlama yönetmeliği. Resmi gazete 06.11.1999, sayı, 23868.
3. Atroshi F. Rizzo A, Westermack T ve Ali-Vehmas T. 2002. Antioxidant nutrients and mycotoxins. Toxicol, 180: 151-167.
4. Aziz NH ve Moussa LAA. 2002. Influence of gamma-radiation on mycotoxin producing moulds and mycotoxins in fruits. Fo- od Controi. 13: 281-268. ,
5. Aziz NH and Smyk M. 2002. lnlluence of UV radiation and nitrosamines on the induction of mycotoxins synthesis by nonto- xigenic moulds isolated from feed samples. Nahrung, 2: 118-121.
6. Aziz NH, El-Zeany SA and Mousse LAA. 2002. lnlluence of g-irradiation and maize lipids on the production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus flavus. Nahrung, 5: 327-381.
7. Deberghes P, Betbeder AM. Boisard F. Blanc Fl, Delaby JF, Krivobok S, Stelman Ft, Seigle-Murandi F, Crappy EE. 1995. Detoxification of ochratoxin A. a lood contaminant: prevention of growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and its production of ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin Res, 11: 37-47.
8. Dorner JW, Cole FlJ and Wicklow DT. 1999. Allatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive lungi. J. Fo— od Prot. 62 (6): 650-656.

9. El-Bazza Zeinab EM. Hala AF, El-Fouly Mohie EDZ and El-Tablawy Seham YM. 2001. Inhibitory effect of gamma radiation and Nigella sariva seeds oil on growth, spore germination and toxin production of fungi. Fiadiat. Phys. Chem. 60: 181 -1 89.
10. Erkmen O. 2000. Kaliteli ve güvenli gıda üretimi için ışınlama yöntemi, Dünya Gıda, 2: 58-61.
11. Galvano F. Piva A. Fiitieni A and Galvano G. 2001. Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review. J. Food Prot. 64 (1): 120-131.
12. Hussein HS and Brasel JM. 2001. Toxicity. metabolism and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicol. 167: 101-134.
13. Huwig A. Freimund S. Kappeli 0 and Dutier H. 2001. Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxi- col. Lett. 122: 179-188.
14. Jay JM. 1992. Modern Food Microbiology. Chapman and Hall, 675 5, London.
15. McLean M and Dutton MF. 1995. Cellular interactions and metabolism of aflatoxin: an update. Pharmac. Ther, 65: 163-192.
16. Molins FlA, Motarjemi Y and Katerstein FK. 2001. lrradiation: a critical control point in ensuring the microbiological safety of raw foods. Food Control. 12: 347-356.
17. Moss M0. 1992. Secondary metabolism and lood intoxication-moulds. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symposium Supplement. 73: 80—68.
18. Placinta, CM, D'Mello JPF and Macdonald AMC. 1999. A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal fe- ed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 78: 21-37.
19. Overy DP. Seitert KA, Savard ME and Frisvad JG. 2003. Spoiiage fungi and their mycotoxins in commercially marketed chestnuts. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2737: 1—9.
20. Refai MK. Aziz NH, El-Far F and Hassan AA. 1996. Detection of ochratoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus in foodstuffs and its control by g irradiation. Appi. Radiat. lsotop. 47 (7): 617-621. '
21. Refai MK. Niazi ZM. Aziz NH and Khafaga NEM. 2003. incidence of allatoxin B1 in the Egyptian cured meat basterma and control g-irradiation. Nahrung. 6: 377-382.
22. Rustom lYS. 1997. Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chem. 59 (1): 57-67.
23. Samarajeewa U. Sen AC, Cohen MD and Wei 01. 1990. Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and che- mical methods. J. Food Prot. 53 (6): 489-501.
24. Scott PM. 1996. industrial and farm detoxification processes for mycotoxins. Mycotox'98 International symposium J Le Bars. P Galtier (eds). pp: 543—548. 2-4 July, Toulouse, France.
25. Sweeney MC and Dobson ADW. 1999. Molecular biology of mycotoxin biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175: 149-163.
26. TAEK 2001 . Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu Ankara Nükleer Tarım ve Hayvancılık Araştırma Merkezi Gıda Işınlama Kurs Not— ları, 26 Şubat-1 Mart, Ankara.
27. Wang J and Groopman JD. 1999. DNA damage by mycotoxins. Mutat. Res, 424: 167-181.
28. Yılmaz A ve Özay G. 2001. Gıda ve yemlerde mikotoksinlerln detoksilikasyonu. Gıda, 7: 80-84.
29. Yousel AE and Marth EH. 1986. Use of ultraviolet energy to degrade aflatoxin M1 in raw or heated milk with and without ad- ded peroxide. J. Dairy Sci. 69: 2243-2247.