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Food Preservatives and Genotoxicity Tests (Turkish with English Abstract)

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 179 - 186, 01.06.2014

Öz

As a result of fast increase in use of chemical substances such as food additives in all areas; determining whether these chemical substances have negative effect in the genetic structure of living things has gained much importance. Food additives are the substances added to food with the aim of preserve flavor, appearance, texture and nutritional value. Investigating the genotoxic potential of food preservatives and ensuring food safety are very important issues in improvement of public health. Genotoxicity studies evaluate a substance in terms of its ability for interfering with DNA through induction of gene mutations, chromosome aberrations or other forms of DNA damage. The level of genetic damage caused by physical and chemical agents and their effects on human health can be determined in mammalian cells, bacteria, Drosophila or plants through various test systems. In this review, publications about genotoxic effects of food preservatives have been compiled and the results of genotoxicity tests carried out in different test systems have been submitted.

Kaynakça

  • Yurttagül M, Ayaz A. 2008. Katkı Maddeleri: Yanlıfllar ve Do¤rular.Klasmat Matbaacılık, Ankara, Türkiye, 32 s.
  • Altu¤ T. 2009. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri. Kan Yılmaz Matbaacılık, ‹zmir, Türkiye, 268s.
  • Saldamlı ‹, Uygun Ü. 2005, Gıda Katkı Maddeleri. Gıda Kimyası,Saldamlı ‹ (bafl editör), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, Türkiye, s. 487-522.
  • Anon 2013. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeli¤i. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlı¤ı. 30 Haziran 2013 tarih ve 28693 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Ames BN, Mccann J, Yamasaki E. 1975. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonellamammalian microsome mutagenicity test genotoxicity. Mutat Res 31(6): 347-364.
  • Doak SH, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Singh N. 2012. In vitro genotoxicity testing strategy for nanomaterials and the adaptation of current OECD guidelines. Mutat Res 745(1-2): 104-111.
  • Albertini RJ. 2001. HPRT mutation in humans: biomarkers for mechanistic studies. Mutat Res 489(1): 1-16.
  • El-Zein R, Vral A, Etzel, CJ. 2011. Cytokinesis- blocked micronucleus assay and cancer risk assessment. Mutagenesis 26(1): 101-106.
  • Suspiro A, Prista J. 2011. Biomarkers of occupational exposure do anticancer agents: a minireview. Toxicol Lett 207(1):42-52.
  • Hagmar L, Bonassi S, Stromberg U, Brogger A, Knudsen LE, Norppa H, Reuterwall C. 1998. Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes predict human cancer: a report from the European Study Group on Cytogenetic Biomarkers and Health (ESCH). Cancer Res 58 (18): 4117-4121.
  • Doak SH, Liu Y, Chen C. 2012. Genotoxicity and Cancer. Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials 1st ed., Edited by Fadeel B, Pietroiusti A, Shvedova A. Academic Press, USA, pp. 243-261.
  • Fenech M. 2007. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Nat Protoc 2(5): 1084-1104.
  • Bonassi S, El-Zein R, Bolognesi C, Fenech M. 2011. Micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer risk: evidence from human studies. Mutagenesis, 26(1): 93-100.
  • Speit G, Vasquez M, Hartmann A. 2009. The comet assay as an indicator test for germ cell genotoxicity. Mutat Res 681(1): 3-12.
  • Kryston TB, Georgie AB, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG. 2011. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 711(1–2): 193-201. 19. Graf U, Abraham SK, Guzman-Rıncon J, Wurgler FE. 1998. Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 402(1-2): 203-209.
  • Hasegawa M, Nishi Y, Ohkawa Y, Inui N. 1984. Effects of sorbic acid and its salts on chromosome aberations, sister chromatid exchanges and gene mutations in cultured Chinese Hamster cells. Food Chem Toxicol22 (7): 501-507.
  • Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat Res519 (1-2): 103–119.
  • Münzner R, Guigas C, Renner HW. 1990. Re-examination of potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate for possible genotoxic potential. Food Chem Toxicol28(6): 397-401.
  • Schiffmann D, Schlatter J. 1992. Genotoxicity and cell transformation studies with sorbates in Syrian Hamster embryo fibroblasts. Food Chem Toxicol30(8): 669-672.
  • Schlatter J, Wurgler FE, Kranzlin R, Maier P, Holliger E, Graf U. 1992. The potential genotoxicity of sorbates: Effects on cell cycle in vitro in V79 cells and somatic mutations in Drosophila. Food Chem Toxicol30 (10): 843-851.
  • Mamur S, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Aksoy H. 2012. Genotoxicity of food preservative sodium sorbate in human lymphocytes in vitro. Cytotechnology 64(5): 553-62.
  • Abe S, Sasaki M. 1977. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese Hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. J Natl Cancer I58(6): 1635-1643.
  • Ishidate MJr, Odashima S. 1977. Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro-a screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat Res48(3-4): 337-353.
  • Mpountoukas P, Vantarakis A, Sivridis E, Lialiaris T. 2008. Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food Chem Toxicol 46(7): 2390-2393.
  • Mamur S, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S. 2010. Does potassium sorbate induce genotoxic or mutagenic effects in lymphocytes? Toxicol In Vitro24(3):790-794.
  • Özdemir H, Turhan AB, Arıko¤lu H. 2012. Potasyum Sorbat, Sodyum Benzoat ve Sodyum Nitrit’in Genotoksik Etkilerinin Arafltırılması. EJBMS2(2): 34-40.
  • Ishidate MJr, Sofuni T, Yoshikawa K, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Sawada M, Matsuoka A. 1984. Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food Chem Toxicol 22(8): 623-636.
  • Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K. 1988. Salmonella mutagenicity tests: IV. Results from the testing of 300 chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen12 (1): 1-158.
  • Sarıkaya R, Solak K. 2003. Benzoik asitin Drosophila melanogaster’de somatik mutasyon ve rekombinasyon testi ile genotoksisitesinin arafltırılması. GEFAD 23 (3): 19-32.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Aksoy H, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Çelik M. 2008. Cytogenetic effects of citric acid and benzoic acid on Allium chromosomes. Fresen Envıron Bull 17(8a): 1029-1037.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D. 2009. The in vitro genotoxicity of benzoic acid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 60(1-3): 55-61.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Çelik M. 2012. DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to four food additives in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health, DOI: 10.1177/0748233712466132
  • Litton Bionetics. 1974. Inc. Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71-37, sodium benzoate. NTIS Report No. PB-245-453.
  • Njagi GD, Gopalan HN. 1982. Cytogenetic effects of the food preservatives sodium benzoate and sodium sulphite on Vicia faba root meristems. Mutat Res102 (3): 213-219.
  • Xing W, Zhang Z. 1990. A comparison of SCE test in human lymphocytes and Vicia faba: a hopeful technique using plants to detect mutagens and carsinogens. Mutat Res 241(2): 109-113.
  • Prival MJ, Simmon VF, Mortelmans KE. 1991. Bacterial mutagenicity testing of 49 food ingredients gives very few positive results. Mutat Res 260(4), 321-329.
  • Türko¤lu fi. 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res626 (1-2): 4-14.
  • Zengin N, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S, Aksoy H. 2011. The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food Chem Toxicol 49(4): 763–769.
  • Litton Bionetics. 1974. Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71–38, Methyl Paraben. US NTIS Report. PB245 459.
  • Ishidate M, Hayashi M, Sawada M, Matsuoka A, Yoshikawa K, Ono M, Nakadate M. 1978. Cytotoxicity test on medical drugs. Chromosome aberration tests in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Eisei Shikensho Hokoku96(1), 55-61.
  • Uluslararası Toksikoloji Programı, 1987. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Boric Acid. National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series, 324.
  • Ohara A, Mizuno M, Danno G, Kanazawa K, Yoshioka T, Natake M. 1988. Mutagen formed from tryptophan reacted with sodium nitrite in acidic solution. Mutat Res 206 (1): 65-71.
  • Sipi P, Jarventaus H, Norppa H. 1992. Sister- chromatid exchanges induced by vinyl esters and respective carboxylic acids in cultured hu- man lymphocytes. Mutat Res 279(2): 75-82.
  • Türko¤lu fi. 2008. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of sodium propionate, calcium propionate and potassium propionate on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Food Chem Toxicol 46 (6): 2035-2041. 57. Yılmaz S. 2008. Bazı Gıda Maddelerinin Genotoksik Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 130 s.
  • Nagao M, Honda M, Seino Y, Yahagi T, Kawachi T. 1977. Mutagenicities of protein pyrolysates. Cancer Lett2(6), 335-339.
  • Sarıkaya R, Çakır fi. 2005. Genotoxicity of four food preservatives and their combinations in the Drosophila wing spot test. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol20 (3): 424-430.
  • Luca D, Luca V, Cotor Fl, Rãileanu L. 1987. In vivoand in vitro cytogenetic damage induced by sodium nitrite. Mutat Res 189(3): 333-339.
  • Akın A, Sümer S. 1991. The mutagenic effects of sodium nitrite and monosodium glutamate used as food additives demonstrated by the Salmonellamicrosome test system. Mikrobiyol Bul 25(1): 94-107.
  • Kayraldız A, Kaya FF, Canımo¤lu S, Rencüzo¤ulları E. 2006. Mutagenicity of five food additives in Ames/Salmonella/microsome test. Ann Microbiol56(2): 129-133.
  • Kayraldız A, Topaktafl M. 2007. The in vivo genotoxic effects of sodium metabisulphite in bone marrow cells of rats. Genetika 43(8): 1091-1096. 66. Carvalho IMCMM, Melo Cavalcante AAC, Dantas AF, Pereira DLA, Costa Rocha FC, Andrade TJAS, Silva JD. 2011. Genotoxicity of sodium metabisulfite in Mouse tissues evaluated by the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Mutat Res720(1-2): 58-61.
  • Anon 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeli¤i. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlı¤ı. 29 Aralık 2011 tarih ve 28157 (3. Mükerrer) sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Garcia-Sagredo JM. 2008. Fifty years of cytogenetics: A parallel view of the evolution of cytogenetics and genotoxicology. Biochim Biophys Acta1779(6-7): 363-375.
  • Mahadevan B, Ronald D, Snyder RD, Waters MD, Benz RD, Kemper RA, Tice RR, Richard AM. 2011. Genetic toxicology in the 21st century: Reflections and future directions. Environ Mol Mutagen52(5): 339-354.
  • Goode EL, Ulrich CM, Potter JD. 2002. Polymorphism in DNA repair genes and associations with cancer risk. Cancer Epidem Biomar 11: 1513-1530.
  • Moynahan ME, Jasin M. 2010. Mitotic homologous recombination maintains genomic stability and suppresses tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol11: 196-207.
  • Crebelli R. 2012. EFSA. Genotoxicity Guidance on Food Additives. Member of the ANS Panel, Stakeholders workshop, 21 September, Brussels, Belgium, 1-8.
  • EFSA. 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to A Harmonised Approach for Risk Assessment of Substances Which are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic. The EFSA Journal 282, 1-31.

Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 179 - 186, 01.06.2014

Öz

Günümüzde gıda katkı maddeleri gibi kimyasal madde kullanımının her alanda hızla artması sonucunda bu kimyasal maddelerin canlıların genetik yapısında olumsuz etkileri olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi son derece önem kazanmıştır. Gıda katkı maddeleri, lezzet, görünüş, doku ve besin değerini korumak için gıdalara eklenen maddelerdir. Gıda koruyucu maddelerin genotoksik potansiyellerinin araştırılması ve gıda güvenliğinin sağlanması halk sağlığının iyileştirilmesinde önemli konulardan biridir. Genotoksisite çalışmaları, gen mutasyonları, kromozom anormallikleri veya diğer formlardaki DNA hasarının indüksiyonu ile bir maddenin DNA’yı bozma kabiliyetini değerlendirir. Fiziksel ve kimyasal ajanların meydana getirdiği genetik hasarın düzeyi ve insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri memeli hücreleri, bakteri, Drosophila veya bitkilerin kullanıldığı çeşitli test sistemleriyle belirlenebilmektedir. Bu derlemede, gıda koruyucu maddelerinin genotoksik etkileri ile ilgili yapılmış olan yayınlar derlenmiş ve farklı test sistemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiş genotoksisite testlerinin sonuçları sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Yurttagül M, Ayaz A. 2008. Katkı Maddeleri: Yanlıfllar ve Do¤rular.Klasmat Matbaacılık, Ankara, Türkiye, 32 s.
  • Altu¤ T. 2009. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri. Kan Yılmaz Matbaacılık, ‹zmir, Türkiye, 268s.
  • Saldamlı ‹, Uygun Ü. 2005, Gıda Katkı Maddeleri. Gıda Kimyası,Saldamlı ‹ (bafl editör), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, Türkiye, s. 487-522.
  • Anon 2013. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeli¤i. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlı¤ı. 30 Haziran 2013 tarih ve 28693 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Ames BN, Mccann J, Yamasaki E. 1975. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonellamammalian microsome mutagenicity test genotoxicity. Mutat Res 31(6): 347-364.
  • Doak SH, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Singh N. 2012. In vitro genotoxicity testing strategy for nanomaterials and the adaptation of current OECD guidelines. Mutat Res 745(1-2): 104-111.
  • Albertini RJ. 2001. HPRT mutation in humans: biomarkers for mechanistic studies. Mutat Res 489(1): 1-16.
  • El-Zein R, Vral A, Etzel, CJ. 2011. Cytokinesis- blocked micronucleus assay and cancer risk assessment. Mutagenesis 26(1): 101-106.
  • Suspiro A, Prista J. 2011. Biomarkers of occupational exposure do anticancer agents: a minireview. Toxicol Lett 207(1):42-52.
  • Hagmar L, Bonassi S, Stromberg U, Brogger A, Knudsen LE, Norppa H, Reuterwall C. 1998. Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes predict human cancer: a report from the European Study Group on Cytogenetic Biomarkers and Health (ESCH). Cancer Res 58 (18): 4117-4121.
  • Doak SH, Liu Y, Chen C. 2012. Genotoxicity and Cancer. Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials 1st ed., Edited by Fadeel B, Pietroiusti A, Shvedova A. Academic Press, USA, pp. 243-261.
  • Fenech M. 2007. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Nat Protoc 2(5): 1084-1104.
  • Bonassi S, El-Zein R, Bolognesi C, Fenech M. 2011. Micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer risk: evidence from human studies. Mutagenesis, 26(1): 93-100.
  • Speit G, Vasquez M, Hartmann A. 2009. The comet assay as an indicator test for germ cell genotoxicity. Mutat Res 681(1): 3-12.
  • Kryston TB, Georgie AB, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG. 2011. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 711(1–2): 193-201. 19. Graf U, Abraham SK, Guzman-Rıncon J, Wurgler FE. 1998. Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 402(1-2): 203-209.
  • Hasegawa M, Nishi Y, Ohkawa Y, Inui N. 1984. Effects of sorbic acid and its salts on chromosome aberations, sister chromatid exchanges and gene mutations in cultured Chinese Hamster cells. Food Chem Toxicol22 (7): 501-507.
  • Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat Res519 (1-2): 103–119.
  • Münzner R, Guigas C, Renner HW. 1990. Re-examination of potassium sorbate and sodium sorbate for possible genotoxic potential. Food Chem Toxicol28(6): 397-401.
  • Schiffmann D, Schlatter J. 1992. Genotoxicity and cell transformation studies with sorbates in Syrian Hamster embryo fibroblasts. Food Chem Toxicol30(8): 669-672.
  • Schlatter J, Wurgler FE, Kranzlin R, Maier P, Holliger E, Graf U. 1992. The potential genotoxicity of sorbates: Effects on cell cycle in vitro in V79 cells and somatic mutations in Drosophila. Food Chem Toxicol30 (10): 843-851.
  • Mamur S, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Aksoy H. 2012. Genotoxicity of food preservative sodium sorbate in human lymphocytes in vitro. Cytotechnology 64(5): 553-62.
  • Abe S, Sasaki M. 1977. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese Hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. J Natl Cancer I58(6): 1635-1643.
  • Ishidate MJr, Odashima S. 1977. Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro-a screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat Res48(3-4): 337-353.
  • Mpountoukas P, Vantarakis A, Sivridis E, Lialiaris T. 2008. Cytogenetic study in cultured human lymphocytes treated with three commonly used preservatives. Food Chem Toxicol 46(7): 2390-2393.
  • Mamur S, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S. 2010. Does potassium sorbate induce genotoxic or mutagenic effects in lymphocytes? Toxicol In Vitro24(3):790-794.
  • Özdemir H, Turhan AB, Arıko¤lu H. 2012. Potasyum Sorbat, Sodyum Benzoat ve Sodyum Nitrit’in Genotoksik Etkilerinin Arafltırılması. EJBMS2(2): 34-40.
  • Ishidate MJr, Sofuni T, Yoshikawa K, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Sawada M, Matsuoka A. 1984. Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food Chem Toxicol 22(8): 623-636.
  • Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K. 1988. Salmonella mutagenicity tests: IV. Results from the testing of 300 chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen12 (1): 1-158.
  • Sarıkaya R, Solak K. 2003. Benzoik asitin Drosophila melanogaster’de somatik mutasyon ve rekombinasyon testi ile genotoksisitesinin arafltırılması. GEFAD 23 (3): 19-32.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Aksoy H, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Çelik M. 2008. Cytogenetic effects of citric acid and benzoic acid on Allium chromosomes. Fresen Envıron Bull 17(8a): 1029-1037.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D. 2009. The in vitro genotoxicity of benzoic acid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 60(1-3): 55-61.
  • Yılmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Çelik M. 2012. DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to four food additives in vitro. Toxicol Ind Health, DOI: 10.1177/0748233712466132
  • Litton Bionetics. 1974. Inc. Mutagenic evaluation of compound FDA 71-37, sodium benzoate. NTIS Report No. PB-245-453.
  • Njagi GD, Gopalan HN. 1982. Cytogenetic effects of the food preservatives sodium benzoate and sodium sulphite on Vicia faba root meristems. Mutat Res102 (3): 213-219.
  • Xing W, Zhang Z. 1990. A comparison of SCE test in human lymphocytes and Vicia faba: a hopeful technique using plants to detect mutagens and carsinogens. Mutat Res 241(2): 109-113.
  • Prival MJ, Simmon VF, Mortelmans KE. 1991. Bacterial mutagenicity testing of 49 food ingredients gives very few positive results. Mutat Res 260(4), 321-329.
  • Türko¤lu fi. 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res626 (1-2): 4-14.
  • Zengin N, Yüzbaflıo¤lu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S, Aksoy H. 2011. The evaluation of the genotoxicity of two food preservatives: sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate. Food Chem Toxicol 49(4): 763–769.
  • Litton Bionetics. 1974. Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71–38, Methyl Paraben. US NTIS Report. PB245 459.
  • Ishidate M, Hayashi M, Sawada M, Matsuoka A, Yoshikawa K, Ono M, Nakadate M. 1978. Cytotoxicity test on medical drugs. Chromosome aberration tests in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Eisei Shikensho Hokoku96(1), 55-61.
  • Uluslararası Toksikoloji Programı, 1987. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Boric Acid. National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series, 324.
  • Ohara A, Mizuno M, Danno G, Kanazawa K, Yoshioka T, Natake M. 1988. Mutagen formed from tryptophan reacted with sodium nitrite in acidic solution. Mutat Res 206 (1): 65-71.
  • Sipi P, Jarventaus H, Norppa H. 1992. Sister- chromatid exchanges induced by vinyl esters and respective carboxylic acids in cultured hu- man lymphocytes. Mutat Res 279(2): 75-82.
  • Türko¤lu fi. 2008. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of sodium propionate, calcium propionate and potassium propionate on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. Food Chem Toxicol 46 (6): 2035-2041. 57. Yılmaz S. 2008. Bazı Gıda Maddelerinin Genotoksik Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, 130 s.
  • Nagao M, Honda M, Seino Y, Yahagi T, Kawachi T. 1977. Mutagenicities of protein pyrolysates. Cancer Lett2(6), 335-339.
  • Sarıkaya R, Çakır fi. 2005. Genotoxicity of four food preservatives and their combinations in the Drosophila wing spot test. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol20 (3): 424-430.
  • Luca D, Luca V, Cotor Fl, Rãileanu L. 1987. In vivoand in vitro cytogenetic damage induced by sodium nitrite. Mutat Res 189(3): 333-339.
  • Akın A, Sümer S. 1991. The mutagenic effects of sodium nitrite and monosodium glutamate used as food additives demonstrated by the Salmonellamicrosome test system. Mikrobiyol Bul 25(1): 94-107.
  • Kayraldız A, Kaya FF, Canımo¤lu S, Rencüzo¤ulları E. 2006. Mutagenicity of five food additives in Ames/Salmonella/microsome test. Ann Microbiol56(2): 129-133.
  • Kayraldız A, Topaktafl M. 2007. The in vivo genotoxic effects of sodium metabisulphite in bone marrow cells of rats. Genetika 43(8): 1091-1096. 66. Carvalho IMCMM, Melo Cavalcante AAC, Dantas AF, Pereira DLA, Costa Rocha FC, Andrade TJAS, Silva JD. 2011. Genotoxicity of sodium metabisulfite in Mouse tissues evaluated by the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Mutat Res720(1-2): 58-61.
  • Anon 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeli¤i. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlı¤ı. 29 Aralık 2011 tarih ve 28157 (3. Mükerrer) sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Garcia-Sagredo JM. 2008. Fifty years of cytogenetics: A parallel view of the evolution of cytogenetics and genotoxicology. Biochim Biophys Acta1779(6-7): 363-375.
  • Mahadevan B, Ronald D, Snyder RD, Waters MD, Benz RD, Kemper RA, Tice RR, Richard AM. 2011. Genetic toxicology in the 21st century: Reflections and future directions. Environ Mol Mutagen52(5): 339-354.
  • Goode EL, Ulrich CM, Potter JD. 2002. Polymorphism in DNA repair genes and associations with cancer risk. Cancer Epidem Biomar 11: 1513-1530.
  • Moynahan ME, Jasin M. 2010. Mitotic homologous recombination maintains genomic stability and suppresses tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol11: 196-207.
  • Crebelli R. 2012. EFSA. Genotoxicity Guidance on Food Additives. Member of the ANS Panel, Stakeholders workshop, 21 September, Brussels, Belgium, 1-8.
  • EFSA. 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to A Harmonised Approach for Risk Assessment of Substances Which are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic. The EFSA Journal 282, 1-31.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Nazmiye Zengin Bu kişi benim

Fatma Ünal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yüzbaşıoğlu, D. ., Zengin, N. ., & Ünal, F. . (2014). Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri. Gıda, 39(3), 179-186.
AMA Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Zengin N, Ünal F. Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri. GIDA. Haziran 2014;39(3):179-186.
Chicago Yüzbaşıoğlu, Deniz, Nazmiye Zengin, ve Fatma Ünal. “Gıda Koruyucuları Ve Genotoksisite Testleri”. Gıda 39, sy. 3 (Haziran 2014): 179-86.
EndNote Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Zengin N, Ünal F (01 Haziran 2014) Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri. Gıda 39 3 179–186.
IEEE D. . Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. . Zengin, ve F. . Ünal, “Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri”, GIDA, c. 39, sy. 3, ss. 179–186, 2014.
ISNAD Yüzbaşıoğlu, Deniz vd. “Gıda Koruyucuları Ve Genotoksisite Testleri”. Gıda 39/3 (Haziran 2014), 179-186.
JAMA Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Zengin N, Ünal F. Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri. GIDA. 2014;39:179–186.
MLA Yüzbaşıoğlu, Deniz vd. “Gıda Koruyucuları Ve Genotoksisite Testleri”. Gıda, c. 39, sy. 3, 2014, ss. 179-86.
Vancouver Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Zengin N, Ünal F. Gıda Koruyucuları ve Genotoksisite Testleri. GIDA. 2014;39(3):179-86.

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