Yıl 2006,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 53 - 77, 31.12.2006
Semra Güney
,
Öykü Yalçın
Aysun Aydın
Öz
Kültürün, girişimcilik ruhu ve girişimci davranışlar üzerine etkisi son yıllarda yapılan araştırmaların odağı olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar kültürün girişimcilik üzerinde tek yönlü etkisinden ziyade bu iki olgunun karşılıklı etkileşim içinde olduğu bulgusunda birleşmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, bu alanda yapılan çalışmalara değinilecek ve bu doğrultuda kültür ve girişimcilik etkileşimi açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Son olarak, Türkiye'de girişimcilik konusundaki kültürel engeller ve bunun nedenleri üzerinde durulacaktır.
Kaynakça
-
AÇIKGÖZ, R; (1990), Müteşebbisliğin Oluşumunda Sosyo-Kültürel Faktörler, DPT Sosyal Planlama Başkanlığı, Ankara.
-
AKTOPRAK, D; “Girişimcilik Nedir? Türkiye’nin Girişimcilik Performansı”, www.vice business.com/makale4php
-
ARIKAN, S; (2004), Girişimcilik: Temel Kavramlar ve Bazı Güncel Konular, 2. Baskı, Siyasal Kitabevi.
-
BIRLEY, S; (1987),“New Ventures and Employment Growth, Journal of Business Venturing, 2.
-
BRUTON, G. ve AHLSTROM, D; (2002), “An Institutional View of China’s Venture Capital Industry: Explaining the Differences Between China and the West”, Journal of Business Venturing.
-
BUSENITZ, L.W ve LAU, C; (1996), “A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model For New Venture Creation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20 (4).
-
CORNER, J. ve HARVEY, S; (1991), Enterprise and Heritage, Routledge, London.
-
ERDEM, F; (2002), “Girişimcilerde Risk Alma Eğilimi ve Belirsizliğe Karşı Tolerans İlişkisine Kültürel Bir Bakış”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 2.
-
GEORGE, G. ve PRABHU, G.; (2000), “Developmental Financial Institutions as Catalysts of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies”, Academy of Management Review, 25.
-
HAYTON, J.C., GEORGE, G. ve ZAHRA, S.A; (2002), “National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Riview of Behavioral Research”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer.
-
HERBIG, P; (1994), The Innovation Matrix: Culture and Structure Prerequisites to Innovation, Westport, CT: Quorum.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1984), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, (Abridged Edition), Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1980), “Motivation and Leadership”, Organizational Dynamics.
-
HOFSTEDE, G. ve BOND, M; (1988), “The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth”, Organizational Dynamics, 16 (4).
-
HOFSTEDE, G.; (1994), Cultures and Organizations, London: Harper Collins.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1983), “National Cultures in Four Dimensions”, International Studies of Management and Organization, 13 (1-2).
-
JOYNT, R., ve WARNER, M; (1996) , “Managing Across Cultures”, International Thomson Business Press, London.
-
JOHANNISSON, B; (1987a), “Anarchists and Organizers: Entrepreneurs in A Network Perspective”, International Studies of Management and Organization, 17 (1).
-
KONGAR, E.; (1985), İmparatorluktan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Toplumsal Yapısı, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi Yayınları,
-
KORKMAZ, S; (2000), “Girişimcilik ve Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Çalışma”, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18.
-
LEE, D. ve TSUNG, E; (2001), “The Effects of Entrepreneurial Personality, Background and Network Activities on Venture Growth”, Journal of Management Studies, 34 (4).
-
LEFF, N; (1979), “Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited”, Journal of Economic Literature, 17 (March).
-
MAKINO, S. ve NEUPERT, K.E.; (2000), “National Culture, Transaction Costs and the Choice Between Joint Venture and Wholly Owned Subsidiary”, Journal of International Business Studies, 31.
-
McGRATH, R., MacMILLAN, I. ve SCHEINBERG, S.; (1992), “Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualistic”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7.
-
MITCHELL, R.K. v.d.; (2002), “Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions Across Cultures”, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, Summer.
-
MORRISON, A.; (2000), “Entrepreneurship: What Triggers It?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 6 (2).
-
MUELLER, S.L. ve THOMAS, A.S.; (2001), “Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus Control and Innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (6).
-
RANDAL, S., SCHULER, S., JACKSON, E., JACKOFSKY, E. ve SLOCUM, J. W; (1996), “Managing Human Resources in Mexico: A Cultural Understanding”, Business Horizons, May-June.
-
SCHUMPETER, J; (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
STIGLITZ, J; (1996), Some Lessons from East Asian Miracle, The World Bank Research Observer, 11 (2).
-
SWIERCZEK, F.W. ve QUANG, T; (2004),“Entrepreneurial Cultures in Asia: Business Policy or Cultural Imperative”, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12 (2).
-
TAYEB, M.; (1988), Organizations and National Culture, Sage, London.
-
TERPSTRA, R.V.d.; (1993), “Cultural Influences On Risk Taking Propensity of US and Hong Kong Managers”, International Journal of Management, 10 (2).
-
TIMMONS, J; (1994), New Venture Creation, Irwin, Boston, MA.
-
TROMPENAARS, F; (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture, The Economist Books, London.
-
VAROĞLU, A.K., BASIM, N. ve ERÇİL, Y; (2000), “Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemine Farklı Bir Bakış; Analitik Düşünce-Bütünleşik Düşünce Modellemeleri ile Belirsizlikten Kaçınma ve Güç Mesafesi Araştırması”, 8. Ulusal
Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildirileri, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
-
VERNON-WORTZEL, H. ve WORTZEL, L; (1997), Strategic Management in A Global Economy, John Wiley, New York, N.Y.
-
WENNEKERS, S; (2001), Cultural and Economic determinants of Business Ownership Across Countries, Boston Babson College, Kaufman Center for Entrepereneurial Learning.
-
YASİN, M.; (1996), “Entrepreneurial Effectiveness and Achievement in Arab Culture”, Journal of Business Research, 35 (1).
entrepreneurship and Culture
Yıl 2006,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 53 - 77, 31.12.2006
Semra Güney
,
Öykü Yalçın
Aysun Aydın
Öz
The influence of culture on entrepreneurial spirit and behaviors has been the focus of recent research. Literature has a consensus on the finding that there is an interactive relationship between culture and entrepreneurship rather than a one-way influence of culture on entrepreneurship. In this study, a review of the literature on examining this relationship will be made and in line with the literature, the interaction between culture and entrepreneurship will be explained. Finally, the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship in Turkey and the reasons for that will be emphasized.
Kaynakça
-
AÇIKGÖZ, R; (1990), Müteşebbisliğin Oluşumunda Sosyo-Kültürel Faktörler, DPT Sosyal Planlama Başkanlığı, Ankara.
-
AKTOPRAK, D; “Girişimcilik Nedir? Türkiye’nin Girişimcilik Performansı”, www.vice business.com/makale4php
-
ARIKAN, S; (2004), Girişimcilik: Temel Kavramlar ve Bazı Güncel Konular, 2. Baskı, Siyasal Kitabevi.
-
BIRLEY, S; (1987),“New Ventures and Employment Growth, Journal of Business Venturing, 2.
-
BRUTON, G. ve AHLSTROM, D; (2002), “An Institutional View of China’s Venture Capital Industry: Explaining the Differences Between China and the West”, Journal of Business Venturing.
-
BUSENITZ, L.W ve LAU, C; (1996), “A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model For New Venture Creation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20 (4).
-
CORNER, J. ve HARVEY, S; (1991), Enterprise and Heritage, Routledge, London.
-
ERDEM, F; (2002), “Girişimcilerde Risk Alma Eğilimi ve Belirsizliğe Karşı Tolerans İlişkisine Kültürel Bir Bakış”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 2.
-
GEORGE, G. ve PRABHU, G.; (2000), “Developmental Financial Institutions as Catalysts of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies”, Academy of Management Review, 25.
-
HAYTON, J.C., GEORGE, G. ve ZAHRA, S.A; (2002), “National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Riview of Behavioral Research”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer.
-
HERBIG, P; (1994), The Innovation Matrix: Culture and Structure Prerequisites to Innovation, Westport, CT: Quorum.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1984), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, (Abridged Edition), Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1980), “Motivation and Leadership”, Organizational Dynamics.
-
HOFSTEDE, G. ve BOND, M; (1988), “The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth”, Organizational Dynamics, 16 (4).
-
HOFSTEDE, G.; (1994), Cultures and Organizations, London: Harper Collins.
-
HOFSTEDE, G; (1983), “National Cultures in Four Dimensions”, International Studies of Management and Organization, 13 (1-2).
-
JOYNT, R., ve WARNER, M; (1996) , “Managing Across Cultures”, International Thomson Business Press, London.
-
JOHANNISSON, B; (1987a), “Anarchists and Organizers: Entrepreneurs in A Network Perspective”, International Studies of Management and Organization, 17 (1).
-
KONGAR, E.; (1985), İmparatorluktan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Toplumsal Yapısı, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi Yayınları,
-
KORKMAZ, S; (2000), “Girişimcilik ve Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Çalışma”, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18.
-
LEE, D. ve TSUNG, E; (2001), “The Effects of Entrepreneurial Personality, Background and Network Activities on Venture Growth”, Journal of Management Studies, 34 (4).
-
LEFF, N; (1979), “Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited”, Journal of Economic Literature, 17 (March).
-
MAKINO, S. ve NEUPERT, K.E.; (2000), “National Culture, Transaction Costs and the Choice Between Joint Venture and Wholly Owned Subsidiary”, Journal of International Business Studies, 31.
-
McGRATH, R., MacMILLAN, I. ve SCHEINBERG, S.; (1992), “Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualistic”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7.
-
MITCHELL, R.K. v.d.; (2002), “Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions Across Cultures”, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, Summer.
-
MORRISON, A.; (2000), “Entrepreneurship: What Triggers It?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 6 (2).
-
MUELLER, S.L. ve THOMAS, A.S.; (2001), “Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus Control and Innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (6).
-
RANDAL, S., SCHULER, S., JACKSON, E., JACKOFSKY, E. ve SLOCUM, J. W; (1996), “Managing Human Resources in Mexico: A Cultural Understanding”, Business Horizons, May-June.
-
SCHUMPETER, J; (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
STIGLITZ, J; (1996), Some Lessons from East Asian Miracle, The World Bank Research Observer, 11 (2).
-
SWIERCZEK, F.W. ve QUANG, T; (2004),“Entrepreneurial Cultures in Asia: Business Policy or Cultural Imperative”, Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12 (2).
-
TAYEB, M.; (1988), Organizations and National Culture, Sage, London.
-
TERPSTRA, R.V.d.; (1993), “Cultural Influences On Risk Taking Propensity of US and Hong Kong Managers”, International Journal of Management, 10 (2).
-
TIMMONS, J; (1994), New Venture Creation, Irwin, Boston, MA.
-
TROMPENAARS, F; (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture, The Economist Books, London.
-
VAROĞLU, A.K., BASIM, N. ve ERÇİL, Y; (2000), “Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemine Farklı Bir Bakış; Analitik Düşünce-Bütünleşik Düşünce Modellemeleri ile Belirsizlikten Kaçınma ve Güç Mesafesi Araştırması”, 8. Ulusal
Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildirileri, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Nevşehir.
-
VERNON-WORTZEL, H. ve WORTZEL, L; (1997), Strategic Management in A Global Economy, John Wiley, New York, N.Y.
-
WENNEKERS, S; (2001), Cultural and Economic determinants of Business Ownership Across Countries, Boston Babson College, Kaufman Center for Entrepereneurial Learning.
-
YASİN, M.; (1996), “Entrepreneurial Effectiveness and Achievement in Arab Culture”, Journal of Business Research, 35 (1).