“GÖRÜNEN ELDEN GÖRÜNMEYEN ELE” GİRİŞİMCİNİN DÖNÜŞÜ: İNTERNET ÇAĞINDA KAPİTALİZM VE GİRİŞİMCİLİK ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Merkezi planlama sistemlerinin çöküşünden sonra girişimcilik hararetle tartışılan ve önemsenen bir konu olarak özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde büyümenin temel dinamiği olarak görülmeye başlandı. Aslında girişimcinin kapitalist sistem içindeki yeri üç aşağı beş yukarı bellidir. Ancak 18 ve 19. yüzyıllardaki büyük kaşif girişimcilerin ardından 20. yüzyılda hakim olan yönetim kapitalizmi evresinde bugünkü anlamında girişimcinin hem rolünün azaldığı, hem de kendisine daha az itibar edildiği bir gerçek. Öte yandan 1980 ve 1990larda girişimcinin büyük sanayi karşısında yeniden yükselişine şahit olduk. Bu çalışmanın amacı kapitalizmin çeşitli aşamalarında girişimcinin rolünü dikkate alarak içinde yaşadığımız internet çağında yeni oluşumlara dikkat çekmek olacak. Bugün girişimcilik sadece yeni iş kurma değil, sosyal amaçlı ve işletme içi girişimcilik, kurumsal yönetim gibi konularda yeni veçhelerle de karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Yeni duruma uygun politikaların oluşturulabilmesi için bu çerçevedeki girişimciliğin anlaşılması önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Girişlimcilik
• Yönetim Kapitalizmi
• Bürokrasi
• Yeni Ekonomi.

THE ENTREPRENEUR'S SHIFT FROM THE VISIBLE TO THE INVISIBLE: AN EVALUATION OF CAPITALISM AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE INTERNET AGE

Öz

Outsourcing Entrepreneurship has been a hot topic since the end of centrally planned economies and is seen as the main growth dynamic especially in the developing countries. In fact, the role of entrepreneur in the capitalist system is somewhat clear. But after the great age of entrepreneurs (most of them were inventors at the same time) in the 18th and 19th centuries, there came the managerial capitalism of 20th century in which the role of classical entrepreneur was mostly avoided by both society as a whole and economists. But after 80’s and especially 90’s, we all witnessed the rise of individual and innovative entrepreneur against big business of industrial age. The aim of my work is to show the phases of capitalism by taking the role of the entrepreneur into consideration and suggest new forms of entrepreneurship in the Internet age. Today, entrepreneurship turned back not only in form of new business venturing but intrapreneurship, corporate governance and social entrepreneurship. So, in order to design policies and adopt strategies in compatible with the new order, we have to be aware of new understanding of entrepreneurship in this context..

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Entrepreneurship
• Managerial Capitalism
• Bureaucracy
• New Economy

Kaynakça

1. AGBEIBOR Jr, Winfred, “Pro-poor Economic Growth: Role of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises” Journal of Asian Economics, 17, pp.35-40
2. AKIN, H.B, (2006), “Entrepreneurship, Growth and Role of Institutions Supporting Market Economy in Azerbaijan: A Short Review” The International Scientific Conference on Azerbaijan Model of National Economic Development, Baku.
3. AUDRETSCH David B., A.Roy Thurik (2000), “Capitalism and Democracy in the 21st Century: from Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10: pp. 17-34
4. AUDRETSCH David B., A.Roy Thurik (2001), “What’s New about the New Economy: From Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economies” Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No.1, pp. 267-315
5. AUDRETSCH David B., Carree M. A, A.Roy Thurik (2002), “Does Entrepreneurship Reduce Unemployment?” Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, No. 01-074/3.
6. BAUMOL William J. (2004), The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, Princeton University Press.
7. BERNSTEIN Andrew (2003), “Keşif Çağı”, Piyasa, Güz, Sayı 8, ss.95-101
8. BIANCHI Milo, Henrekson Magnus, (2005) “Is Neoclassical Economics still Entrepreneurless?” Kyklos, Vol 58, No.3, pp. 353-377

9. BISSELL Don (1999), The First Conglomerate: 145 Years of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, Audenreed Press, Bruswick.
10. BITROS, George C., Karayiannis, Anastassios, (2004) "The Liberating Power of Entrepreneurship in Ancient Athens" Athens University of Economics and Business Working Paper No. 155
11. BUTTRICK Steven C., John P. Moran, (2005), “Russia’s missing link? Social capital, entrepreneurialism, and economic performance in post-communist Russia”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies 38 (2005) 357-368
12. CASSON Mark (2005), “Entrepreneurship and the Theory of the Firm” Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, Vol. 58, pp. 327-348
13. CAVANAGH Gerald F (1984), American Business Values, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey
14. CHANDLER, Jr. Alfred D. (2002) The Visible Hand, The Managerial Revolution in American Business, Belknap Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 16th printing, 2002
15. ÇAKMAK, Orhan, (2003), “Girişimciliğin Tarihsel Gelişimi”, Piyasa, Güz, Sayı 8, ss.61-77
16. DE SOTO Hernando (2005): Sermayenin Sırrı: Kapitalizm Batıda Zaferler Kazanırken Diğer Yerlerde Neden Başarısız? çev. Murat Aygen, Ankara: Liman Kitapları,
17. DUPONT Brandon, (2003), “Müteşebbis Nerede”, Piyasa, Güz, Sayı 8, ss.55-59
18. FOSS, Nicolai J., Peter G. Klein (2005) “Entrepreneurship and the Economic Theory of the Firm: Any Gains from Trade?” Sharon A. Alvarez, Rajshree Agarwal, and Olav Sorenson, eds.,Handbook of Entrepreneurship: Disciplinary Perspectives, Springer.
19. GALBRAITH, J, K, (2004), İktisat Tarihi, Çev. Müfit Günay, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara
20. GREVE Arent, Janet W. Salaff, (2003) “Social Networks and Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall.
21. HAUSER, Hermann (2000), “Entrepreneurship in Europe”, Business Strategy Review, vol.1, No.1, pp.1-9
22. HOLCOMBE Randall G., (1998), “Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, vol.1, no.2, Fall, pp. 45-62
23. HUGHES Jonathan, (1979) “Entrepreneurial Activity and American Economic Progress”, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol.3, Winter, ss. 361-371
24. IRELAND, R.D, Webb, J, W. (2007), “Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating Competitive Advantage Through Streams of Innovation” Business Horizons, 50, pp. 49-59
25. JOHANSSON Dan (2004), “Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions: A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks” Econ Journal Watch, Volume 1, Number 3, December.
26. Koppl, R. (2002), “What is Alertness” Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humanines, 12(1), ss.3-13
27. LAGACE Martha, (2002) “The Widening Rift Between Corporations and Society Q&A with Shoshana Zuboff”, HBS Working Knowledge, October 14. http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3138.html
28. MATHEWS Don, (1998) “Management vs. the Market”, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, vol.1, no.3, Fall, pp. 41-46
29. MICKLETWAIT John, Adrian Wooldridge, (2005) The Company, A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea, A Modern Library Chronicles Book, New York.
30. MISES, L.von (1949), Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, Fourth Revised Ed., San Francisco, Fox&Wilkes
31. MOORE Karl, Lewis David, (2000) “The Triumph of American Capitalism: An Assyrian Perspective”, Business Strategy Review, Vol 11, No.1, pp.35-44.
32. OĞUZ, F., (2001) “Rekabet, Girişimcilik ve Keşif Süreci: Piyasa Süreci Teorisinin Anahatları” Liberal Düşünce, Yaz, Sayı 23, ss.83-94
33. PHELPS, Edmund, (2006) “Dynamic Capitalism”, Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal, October 10
34. POTTER David (1998), “Entrepreneurship: Psion and Europe”, Business Strategy Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, ss. 15-20
35. SALIN Pascal, (2002) “The Firm in a Free Society: Following Bastiat’s Insights” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 16, No.3, Summer, ss.1-18
36. SCHRAMM Carl J. (2006) “Entrepreneurial Capitalism and the End of Bureaucracy: Reforming the Mutual Dialog of Risk Aversion”, American Economic Association 2006 Meetings, Boston, Massachusetts, (http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0107_1015_0304.pdf)
37. SKOUSEN, M., (2003), Modern İktisadın İnşası, Çev.Mustafa Acar, Ekrem Eldem, Metin Toprak, Ankara, Liberte Yayınları
38. THURIK Roy (2003) “Entrepreneurship and Unemployment in the UK” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 264-281
39. THURIK, Roy, Wennekers S, (2004) “Entrepreneurship, small business and economic growth”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol.11, no.1, pp.140-149
40. THUROW Lester, (2001) Servet Yaratmak, çev. Gülden Şen, Altın Kitaplar.
41. WENNEKERS S, Thurik R, (1999), “Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth” Small Business Economics, 13, ss.27-55