CÂMİʻU’T-TEVÂRÎH’TE SELÇUKLU DEVLET ADAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ ŞİİRLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh is a Persian work that is accepted as the first public world history in the modern sense. Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh is the historical work composed in the period early XIV. century by Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadhānī (d. 718/1318) vizier to the Mongol Ilkhanid Ḡāzān Khan (1295-1304) and Öljeitü (1304-1316), and take place in the cabinets as vizier for both rulers. He actively took part in reforms implemented in many fields to restructure the Ilkhanid State. He occupies a unique place in the history of Persian litarature. Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadhānī, was born into a Persian Jewish family in Hamadān. He probably took place the government service in Abaqa Khan’s time (1265-1282) as a physician. In a short time his position became stronger and he became a vizier for the Ḡāzān Khan’s sultānate. After the death of Ḡāzān Khan, Rashīd al-Dīn had taken under the protection of Öljeitü and he was one the valuable statesman of Medieval and in this period of time he created the precious work named Jamiʽal-Tawārīkh. Jamiʽal-Tawārīkh was used as a resource by many historians. In addition Rashīd al-Dīn decorated his work with miniatures with high artistic value, included institutions and economic issues, and opened a new era in Islamic historiography.

Tedhkeres, dīvāns of poetry, qasīdes, biographies of poets and satires are very important resources in terms of medieval historical researchs. In Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh, the activities of the Saldjūḳid Sulṭāns were transferred in accordance with the historical chronology, the richness of expression was provided by including verses and poems.

The volume of the work is about the Saldjūḳid contains some valuable poems which are help to understand the historical event about it’s period. This study includes the poems about the political events and the dīwān officials, amīrs especially viziers except the Saldjūḳid Sulṭāns. And also Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh includes poems written particularly by the most important poets of this period of time. This study aims to compare the poems with the historical events. These poems, translated from Persian to Turkish have been tried to be evaluated in accordance with their historical perspective. Because while researching historical facts, referring to the primary sources of the period, archival documents and research works, as well as literary sources, especially poems helps to obtain a much richer perspective.

In the work of Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadhānī, poems criticizing Saldjūḳid statesmen and commanders, sometimes praising them too much, sometimes satirizing them with heavy language, and providing clues about their personalities and attitudes towards the people. The statesmen who had activities to the detriment of the state were have been criticized in a heavy manner in the work. Mustawfī Majd al-Mulk has been criticized for his activities in the verses in the Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh, in accordance with his own interests and attempts to discredit a vizier such as Niẓām al-Mulk. In the same period the effect of the conflicts, which were initially thought to be sharing inheritance between the two sons of Niẓām al-Mulk, but continued politically was reflected in the poems. The alliance of interest created by Tāj al-Mulk and dissatisfaction with the statesmen appointed by Sulṭān Malik-Shāh were also found in the poems. As for example the poem was told by Mu’ayyid al-Mulk to Fakhr al-Mulk: “I have worked very hard to build a house for you. You have sharpened your axe to uproot my house. From the point of view of reason it is not fitting, O soul of my father! That all good should come from me and all evil from you”. Another example “From the beginning of the existence of the world until the time of the ruler, great ones have forgiven the crimes of those under them”. These verses was told from Mu’ayyid al-Mulk to Sulṭān. In another poem Amīr Ḥasbeg’s features was described: “The mother of time has not given birth to a horseman like you, with quick bridle, heavy mace, iron body. Wondrous stature, lion-subduing, strong of arm, of high dignity, honest, with a long sword”.

Finally in order to interpret the history of Saldjūḳid differently, it is helpful to look at not only the expressions recorded as prose but also poems. Rich content in the Jāmiʽal-Tawārīkh gives us this opportunity. In addition, the poems about the statesmen in the work and the information in the historical sources were found to be similar.

Gerek siyasî gerekse sosyal ve toplumsal alanlarda Ortaçağ tarihi ile ilgili araştırma yapmak isteyenler farklı türlerdeki pek çok kaynağa müracaat etmek durumundadır. Şairlerin biyografilerini ve şiirlerinden örnekleri ihtiva eden tezkireler, şiir dîvânları ve umumî ya da hususî tarihlerde yer alan kasîdeler, hicivler Ortaçağ tarihi araştırmaları açısından vazgeçilmez kaynaklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bilhassa edebî kaynaklarda, devlet adamları ve kumandanların tarihte üstlendikleri rolün dışında özel hayatlarına da yer verilmekte ve bu sayede başka hiçbir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek zenginlikteki bilgiler gün ışığına çıkmaktadır. Ortaçağ Türk tarihi çalışmaları açısından vazgeçilmez kaynaklar arasında yer alan Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî’nin (ö. 718/1318) Câmiʻu’t-tevârîh adlı eserinin Selçuklular tarihini ihtiva eden cildinde bu bağlamda hem Selçuklu Sultanlarının faaliyetleri tarihî kronolojiye uygun olarak aktarılmakta hem de yer yer beyitlere, şiirlere yer verilerek anlatım zenginliği sağlanmaktadır. Bu eserde yer alan şiirlerde şüphesiz siyasî tarihin yanı sıra diğer kaynaklarda çokça bahsedilmeyen dönemin sosyal, iktisadî, kültürel ve edebî hayatı hakkında da ipuçları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Reşîdüddin’in eserinde Selçuklu sultanları haricinde dönemin siyasî hayatına tesir etmiş olan başta vezîrler olmak üzere çeşitli dîvân görevlilerinin, emîrlerin hayatları ve faaliyetleriyle ilgili bilgiler barındıran ya da bizzat bu devlet görevlileri tarafından yazılmış olan şiirlerin Farsçadan dilimize tercüme edilmesi ve tarihî açıdan değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.