The effect of loading speed and axes on the mechanical properties of safflower seeds with different moisture contents

Öz

In this study, the mechanical properties of seeds belonging to ‘Shifa’ and ‘Remzibey-05’ safflower varieties were determined based on different moisture contents, loading axes, and loading speeds. Three different moisture levels, three loading axes (x-, y-, z-), and three loading speeds (30, 60, 90 mm min-1) were tested in the experiments. Generally, it was observed that safflower seeds are affected by the loading axis and speed at different moisture contents. Rupture force, deformation, rupture energy, and power required for rupture were significantly (p<0.01) affected by loading axis. Moisture content had a significant (p<0.01) effect on the deformation of ‘Shifa’ variety seeds, while it was non-significant (p>0.05) for ‘Remzibey-05’ variety. The highest rupture force was noted for the ‘Shifa’ variety at 54.10 N with a moisture content of 6.36% on the y-axis and a loading speed of 30 mm min-1, while the lowest rupture force was recorded for the ‘Remzibey-05’ variety at 24.83 N with a moisture content of 6.08% on the x-axis at a loading speed of 30 mm min-1. The results obtained for mechanical properties are important engineering data that can be used in the design, production, development, and operation of machines and systems to be used in post-harvest processing technologies of the safflower plant, especially for crushing and grinding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rupture force
• Deformation
• Rupture energy
• Force required for rupture

Farklı Nem İçeriklerindeki Aspir Tohumlarının Mekanik Özelliklerine Yükleme Hızı ve Eksenlerinin Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Shifa ve Remzibey-05 aspir çeşitlerine ait tohumların mekanik özellikleri, farklı nem içerikleri, yükleme eksenleri ve yükleme hızları temel alınarak belirlenmiştir. Deneylerde üç farklı nem seviyesi, üç yükleme ekseni (x-, y-, z-) ve üç yükleme hızı (30, 60, 90 mm min-1) kullanılmıştır. Mekanik testlerin sonuçları genel olarak incelendiğinde, yük ekseni ve yükleme hızının farklı nem içeriklerinde tohumları etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir. Shifa ve Remzibey-05 çeşitlerinde, yük ekseni ortalamalarının kopma kuvveti, deformasyon, kopma enerjisi ve kopma için gereken güç üzerindeki etkisinin p<0,01 düzeyinde anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Nem içeriği ortalamalarının Shifa aspir tohumlarının deformasyonu üzerindeki etkisinin p<0,01 düzeyinde anlamlı olduğu bulunurken, Remzibey-05 çeşidinde anlamlı olmadığı (p>0,05) bulunmuştur. Çeşitlere göre en yüksek kopma kuvveti, y ekseninde nem içeriği %6,36 olan ve yükleme hızı 30 mm min-1 olan Shifa çeşidinde 54, 10 N, y ekseninde %6,36 nem içeriği ve 30 mm min-1 yükleme hızında elde edilirken, en düşük kopma kuvveti Remzibey-05 çeşidinde 24,83 N, x ekseninde %6,08 nem içeriği ve 30 mm min-1 yükleme hızında elde edilmiştir. Mekanik özellikler için elde edilen sonuçlar, özellikle kırma ve öğütme işlemleri için, aspir bitkisinin hasat sonrası işleme teknolojilerinde kullanılacak makinelerin ve sistemlerin tasarımı, üretimi, geliştirilmesi ve işletilmesinde kullanılabilecek önemli mühendislik verileridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kırılma kuvveti
• Deformasyon
• Kırılma enerjisi
• Kırılma için gerekli güç

Kaynakça

1. Aktaş, T., Çelen, I., & Durgut, R. (2006). Some physical and mechanical properties of safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agronomy, 5(4), 613–616. https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2006.613.616
2. Altuntaş, E., Gerçekcioğlu, R., & Kaya, C. (2010). Selected mechanical and geometric properties of different almond cultivars. International Journal of Food Properties, 13(2), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910802331504
3. Altuntaş, E., Gül, E.N., & Gök, H. (2020). Determination of Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical Properties of Menengiç Fruit and Seeds. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(6), 1518-1528. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722274
4. Anonymous. (2025a). Crops and livestock products. FAOSTAT Crops and livestock products. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
5. Anonymous. (2025b). Remzibey-05 safflower variety. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Passage Zone Agricultural Research Institute Directorate. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/gktaem/Belgeler/Tescilli%20%C3%87e%C5%9Fitlerimiz/Aspir/remzibey-05.pdf [Accesed in October 10, 2025].
6. Aydın, C., & Özcan, M. (2002), Some physico-mechanic properties of terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) fruits, Journal of Food Engineering, (53), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00145-5
7. Baümler, E., Cuniberti, A., Nolasco, S. M., & Riccobene, I. C. (2004). Moisture dependent physical and compression propertiesof safflower seed, Journal of Food Engineering, 72, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.11.029
8. Braga, G.C., Couto, S.M., Hara, T. and Neto, J.T.P.A. (1999). Mechanical Behaviour of Macadamia Nut under Compression Loading . J. Agric. Eng. Res., 72 ,239-245. https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1998.0369

9. Çevik, Ö. (2025). Effects of seaweed and salicylic acid applications on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salt stress conditions (Thesis No. 929840) [Master's Thesis, Aksaray University]. National Thesis Center.
10. Gedik, Ş. A., Dökülen, Ş., & Altuntaş, E. (2025). The effect of different moisture contents on the geometric, volumetric, friction, and color properties of safflower seeds. Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science, 21(2), 121-138. https://izlik.org/JA59PS74DF
11. Gül, E. N., Altuntaş, E. & Gök, H. (2022). Determination of Some Physical and Color Characteristics and Mechanical Behavior of Seeds Belonging to Different Sunflower Varieties. Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Anatolia, 37(2), 421-437. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.975045
12. Gül, E.N., Altuntaş, E., & Oktay, Z.E. (2023). Determination of important biotechnical characteristics of some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. Journal of New Results in Science, 12 (1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.54187/jnrs.1241678
13. Hashemi, S. S., Mirmohamadsadeghi, S., & Karimi, K. (2020). Biorefinery development based on whole safflower plant. Renewable Energy, 152, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.049
14. Ibrahim, M.M. (2024). Study of growth parameters in different safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties under salt stress (Thesis No. 909223) [Master's Thesis, Erciyes University]. National Thesis Center.
15. Ionescu, M., Voicu, Gh., Biriş, S. Şt., Ştefan, E. M., Ungureanu, N., & Dincă, M. N. (2016). Determination of some mechanical properties for oilseeds using uniaxial compression tests. INMATEH – Agricultural Engineering, 49(2), 71–76.
16. Katar, D., Arslan, Y., Kodaş, R., Subaşı, İ., & Katar, N. (2016). Determining of performances on different characteristics in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes under organic and conventional production systems. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 9(1), 172–181. https://izlik.org/JA52KR53PZ
17. Khanahmadzadeh, A., Goli, H., & Ghamari, S. (2021). Moisture dependent physical properties of wild safflower (Carthamus oxyacanthus) seeds. Agricutural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 23(3), 201-210. Khazaei, J., Rasekh, M. & Borghei, A.M. (2002). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Almond and Its Kernel Related to Cracking and Peeling. An ASAE Meeting Presentation, Paper No 026153. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.10847
18. Khounani, Z., Nazemi, F., Shafiei, M., Aghbashlo, M., & Tabatabaei, M. (2019). Techno-economic aspects of a safflower-based biorefinery plant co-producing bioethanol and biodiesel. Energy conversion and Management, 201, 112184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112184
19. Kurt, O., Uysal, H., Demir, A., Özgür, U., & Kılınç, R., (2011). A Study on the Identification of Winter-Hardy Genotypes of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Adaptable to the Ecological Conditions of Samsun. Journal of Agricultural Sciences of Anatolia, 26 (3), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2011.26.3.212-216
20. Kütük Dinçel, N. G. (2024). A Valuable Alternative Among Oil Crops: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Science, 11(1), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1165220
21. Kara, M., Bastaban, S., Öztürk, I., Kalkan, F., & Yıldız, C. (2012). Moisture-dependent frictional and aerodynamic properties of safflower seeds. International Agrophysics, 26, 203–205. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10247-029-3
22. Seifi, M. R., Alimardani, R., Akram, A., & Asakereh, A. (2010). Moisture-dependent physical properties of safflower (Goldasht). Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(6), 340–345.
23. Saçılık, K., Öztürk, R., & Keskin, R. (2003). Some physical properties of hemp seed. Biosystems Engineering, 86(2), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00130-2
24. Shakeri, M., & Khodabakhshian, R. (2011). The physical attributes of safflower seed as a function of moisture content, variety and size. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 14(3), Article 06.
25. Sülüş, Ş. (2019). Determination of changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in some safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties treated with boric acid using ecophysiological parameters, physiological and molecular methods (Thesis No. 540635) [Master's Thesis, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University]. National Thesis Center.
26. Yılmaz, G., & Dökülen, S. (2025). The effects of different sowing norms on yield and yield characteristics in some varieties of safflower. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 28(4), 1054–1070. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1644395