Osmanlı sağlık yapılarında fiziksel çevre koşullarının etkileri: Edirne 2. Beyazit Külliyesi

Öz

Anadolu Türk Mimarisinde Darüşşifa/Şifahane gibi isimlerle karşımıza çıkan sağlık yapıları; hem halk sağlığına hizmet eden hem de tıp eğitiminin sürdürüldüğü medreselerle birlikte tasarlanan alanlardır. Anadolu Selçuklular döneminden başlayıp Osmanlı’da da Bursa, İstanbul, Edirne, Manisa gibi birçok şehirde inşa edilmiş bu yapıların çoğu günümüze kadar gelebilmiştir. Edirne Sultan II. Beyazıt Külliyesi Şifahanesi bu yapılardan biridir. Bu çalışmada II. Beyazıt Külliyesi Şifahanesi’nin yerleşim alanı özellikleri ile plan ve yapı kabuğu özellikleri birlikte ele alınarak fiziksel çevre verilerinin Şifahane tasarımına etkisi ve kullanıcılarına sağladığı iç ortam kalitesi analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada fiziksel çevre verileri; ısıl performans, doğal aydınlatma, havalandırma ve akustik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca mevcut durumun yapının enerji tüketimine etkisi de hesaplanmıştır. Bunun için çalışmada literatür araştırması, doğrudan gözlem, yerinde inceleme, simülasyon, ölçme ve fotoğraflarla belgeleme gibi yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Şifahane’nin 530 yıl öncesinde fonksiyon, planlama ve yapı kabuğu özellikleri açısından çevre koşullarıyla uyumlu olduğu, kullanıcılar açısından gerekli konfor şartını sağlarken enerji tüketiminin de kabul edilebilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• II. Beyazıt Külliyesi Şifahanesi
• Sağlık yapıları
• Tarihi binalar
• İç ortam kalitesi
• Fiziksel çevre koşulları

The effects of physical environment in Ottoman healthcare facilities: 2nd Beyazid Complex in Edirne

Abstract

Healthcare facilities have an important place in Ottoman Architecture. Started to be built during the Anatolian Seljuk period and continued into the Ottoman in many cities, they manage to survive. However, it is not possible to use them with their original functions today. Most of them are used by serving as exhibition and museum buildings like Edirne Sultan 2nd Beyazid Health Complex. In the use of such historical buildings, the examination of their response to changing living conditions and needs is important. This study investigates how the physical environment affected the design of the complex, and the impacts of its planning and building envelope on today’s IEQ. The physical environmental data were discussed about thermal, daylight, ventilation, and acoustics performances by calculating and evaluating the existing energy consumption of the building. Methods like literature review, direct observation, on-site examination, simulation, and documenting with photographs were used. It was determined that five hundred years ago, the building was compatible with its physical environmental data in terms of its function, planning, and building envelope, and, as being a museum today, it provides all the necessary comfort conditions for its users, and that the energy consumption is at an acceptable level.

Keywords

• 2nd Beyazid Health Complex
• Healthcare facility
• Historical buildings
• Indoor environmental quality
• Physical environment

Kaynakça

1. Akande, O.K., Odeleye, D., Coday, A., & Jimenezbescos, C. (2016). Performance evaluation of operational energy use in refurbishment, reuse, and conservation of heritage buildings for optimum sustainability. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(3), 371-382. doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2016.06.002
2. Andretta, M., Coppola, F., & Seccia, L. (2016). Investigation on the interaction between the outdoor environment and the indoor microclimate of a historical library. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 17, 75-86. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.002
3. Benchekroun, M., Chergui, S., Ruggiero, F., & Di Turi, S. (2019). Indoor microclimate conditions and the impact of transformations on hygrothermal comfort in the old Ottoman houses in Algiers. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 14(9), 1296-1319. doi: 10.1080/15583058.2019.1606362
4. Bullen, P.A., & Love, P.E.D. (2011). Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. Structural Survey, 29(5), 411-421. doi: 10.1108/02630801111182439
5. Çakir, H.K., Aydın, D., & Arabulan, S. (2020). Adaptive reuse of open spaces in historical buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(5), 703-719. doi: 10.1108/IJBPA-04-2019-0034
6. Cantay, G. (2014). Anadolu Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Darüşşifaları. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları: Ankara.
7. Chandel, S.S., Sharma, V., & Marwah, B.M. (2016). Review of energy efficient features in vernacular architecture for improving indoor thermal comfort conditions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 459-477. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.038
8. Codinhoto, R., Tzortzopoulos, P., Kagioglou, M., Aouad, G., & Cooper, R. (2009). The impacts of the built environment on health outcomes. Facilities, 27(3-4), 138-151. doi: 10.1108/02632770910933152

9. Colla, C., Garcia-Fuentes, M.A., Hernandez, J.L., & Meiss, A. (2016). Thermal behaviour and comfort of a building pre- and post-intervention: The case of the engineering school of Bejàr. The Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on EECHB, Brussels, 241-247.
10. Corgnati, S.P., Fabi, V., & Filippi, M. (2009). A Methodology for microclimatic quality evaluation in museums: Application to a temporary exhibit. Building and Environment, 44(6), 1253-1260. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.09.012
11. Doğanay, A. (2007). Taş İşçiliği ve Profiller, Bir Şaheser Süleymaniye Külliyesi. In S. Mülayim (Ed.), Bir Şaheser Süleymaniye Külliyesi (p. 176). Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
12. Duymaz, R., & Topaloğlu, Y. (2015). Tosyavizade Osman Rıfat, Milli Mecmuadaki Edirne Abideleri Yazıları. İstanbul: Trakya Üniversitesi Matbaası.
13. Ergüven, M., & Yılmaz, A. (2017). Development of Turkish wellness philosophy and reconsideration of sifahane concept: The case of the Darussifa of Beyazid II. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 7(1), 27-37. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nevsosbilen/issue/29962/309585
14. Erke, Ü. (2002). Turkish Medical History Through Miniature Pictures. In the Exhibition of 38th International Congress on History of Medicine, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
15. EUMEPS (2011). Low and Net Zero Energy Buildings with EPS Insulation. Maaseik: European Manufacturers of Expanded Polystyrene. Retrieved from https://www.epsder.org.tr/files/eps/doc/Low-and-net-zero-energy-building-with-EPS-%C4%B0nsulation.pdf
16. Flores, J. (2016). An Investigation of the energy efficiency of traditional buildings in the Oporto world heritage site. The Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on EECHB, Brussels, 83-92.
17. Horr, Y.A, Arif, M., Katafygiotou, M., Mazroei, A., Kaushik, A., & Elsarrag, E. (2016). Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006
18. Huisman, E., Morales, E., Hoof, J., & Kort, H.S.M. (2012). Healing environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users. Building and Environment, 58, 70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.016
19. Ide, L., Gutland, M., Bucking, S., & Santana Quintero, M. (2022). Balancing trade-offs between deep energy retrofits and heritage conservation: A methodology and case Study. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 16(1), 97-116. doi: 10.1080/15583058.2020.1753261
20. İnci, O. (2004). Yaşayan Müze. İstanbul: Trakya Üniversitesi Yayınları.
21. Kahya Erdemir, E., & Demirhan, A. (2000). Bilimin Işığında Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Tıp ve Sağlık Kurumları. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
22. Karakaya Aytin B., Ertin Tezgör D.G., & Çay R.D. (2021). Osmanlı bahçe sanatı yansımaları ve II. Bayezid Külliyesi peyzaj tasarım projesi. Mimarlık ve Yaşam Dergisi, 6(3), 983-1002. doi: 10.26835/my.983645
23. Kazancigil, R., & Gökçe, N. (2012). Edirne Sultan II. Bayezid Darüşşifası, Edirne Sultan II. Bayezid Darüşşifası. In A. Kılıç (Ed.), Anadolu Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Şefkat Abideleri Şifahaneler. İstanbul: Medialpark.
24. Kazancigil, R., & Gökçe, N. (2013). Tosyavizade Dr. Rıfat Osman’ın Kaleminden Edirne. Edirne: Edirne Belediye Başkanlığı Yayınları.
25. Khledj, S., & Bencheikh, H. (2021). Impact of a retrofitting project on thermal comfort and energy efficiency of a historic school in Miliana, Algeria. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(3), 407-425. doi: 10.1080/15583058.2019.1621960
26. Kim, S.K. (2018). Indoor environmental quality assessment of historic buildings in the State Park: A case study in Michigan. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(5), 263-276. doi: 10.5539/jsd.v11n5p263
27. Kramer, R., Schellen, H., & Schijndel, J.V. (2016). Energy impact of ASHRAE’s Museum climate classes: Full scale measurements in Museum Hermitage Amsterdam. The Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on EECHB, Brussels, 151-157.
28. Kuhn, O. (1897.) Krankenhäuser, In Durm, J. (Ed.), Handbuch der Architektur (pp. 519-884). Stuttgart.
29. Lo Faro, A., Moschella, A., Giulia, S., & Azzurra, P. (2013). Historic buildings in Mediterranean area and solar thermal technologies: Architectural integration vs preservation criteria. Energy Procedia, 42, 416-25. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.11.042
30. Magrini, A., & Franco, G. (2016). The energy performance improvement of historic buildings and their environmental sustainability assessment. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 21, 834-41. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2016.03.012
31. Mancini, F., Cecconi, M., De Sanctis, F., & Beltotto, A. (2016). Energy retrofit of a historic building using simplified dynamic energy modeling. Energy Procedia, 101, 1119-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.152
32. Martínez-Molina, A., Tort-Ausina, I., Cho, S., & Vivancos, J.L. (2016). Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in historic buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61, 70-85. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.018
33. Miller, T.S. (1985). The birth of the hospital in the Byzantine Empire. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
34. Mueller, H.F. (2013). Energy efficient museum buildings. Renewable Energy, 49, 232-236. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.025
35. Murgul, V. (2014). Features of energy efficient upgrade of historic buildings: Illustrated with the example of Saint-Petersburg. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 12(1), 1-10. doi: 10.5937/jaes12-5609
36. Park, M.Y., Chai, C.G., Lee, H.K., Moon, H., & Noh, J.S. (2018). The effects of natural daylight on length of hospital stay. Environmental Health Insights, 12, 1-7. doi: 10.1177/1178630218812817
37. Philokyprou, M., & Michael, A. (2021). Environmental sustainability in the conservation of vernacular architecture. The case of rural and urban traditional settlements in Cyprus. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15(11), 1741-1763. doi: 10.1080/15583058.2020.1719235
38. Radikal (2015). Osmanlı'nın Darüşşifası Restore Edildi. Retrieved from http://www.radikal.com.tr/edirne-haber/osmanlinin-darussifasi-restore-edildi-1355337/
39. Rota, M., Paolo Corgnati, S., & Di Corato, L. (2015). The museum in historical buildings: Energy and systems. The project of the Fondazione Musei Senesi. Energy and Buildings, 95, 138-143. doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2014.11.008
40. Salata, F., Vollaro, A.L., & Vollaro, R.L. (2014). A case study of technical and economic comparison among energy production systems in a complex of historic buildings in Rome. Energy Procedia, 45, 482-491. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.052
41. Şengül, E. (2014). Müzikle Tedavinin Merkezi, Edirne Sultan II. Beyazıt Darüşşifası. Edirne: Edirne Valiliği Kültür Yayınları.
42. Silva, H.E., & Henriques, F.M. (2014). Microclimatic analysis of historic buildings: A new methodology for temperate climates. Building and Environment, 82, 381-387. doi: 10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2014.09.005
43. Terzioğlu, A. (1985). Temel atılışının 500. yıldönümü münasebeti ile Edirne’deki II. Bayezid Hastanesi ve tıp tarihi açısından önemi. Bifaskop, 15(6) 16-24.
44. Terzioğlu, A. (1998). Bimaristan. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved from https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bimaristan
45. Trakya University (2013). Sağlık Müzesi. Retrieved from https://saglikmuzesi-en.trakya.edu.tr/pages/history
46. TS825 (2013). Thermal Insulation Requirements for Buildings. Ankara: Turkish Standard Institute.
47. Tuna, S. (2015). Külliye. Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Matbaası.
48. Tınca, A. (2014). Edirne Şehir Tarihi Notları, Nahid Sırrı Örik ve Bir Edirne Seyahatnamesi’ne Güncelleme. İstanbul: Gülmat Matbaacılık.
49. Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420-421. doi: 10.1126/science.6143402
50. UNESCO (2016). Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6117/
51. Yang, T., & Clements-Croome, D.J. (2012). Natural ventilation in built environment. In R.A. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York: Springer.
52. Yıldız, A. (2012). Kalker esaslı yapı taşlarında kirli kabuk oluşumu ve özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
53. Zhang, Y., & Guan, W. (2006). Maximize comfort: Design of a natural ventilation system in the Dunhuang Museum. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Shenzhen, 1-4.