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Entrepreneurship in hyper-diverse neighborhoods: An exploratory study in 13 European cities

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 , 67 - 87, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1192228

Öz

The relationship between neighbourhood diversity and entrepreneurship has been discussed concerning neighbourhoods where immigrants with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds are concentrated. Recently, these immigrant neighbourhoods experienced further demographic changes not only in social and ethnic terms but also concerning lifestyles and attitudes and they have become the incubation zones of various types of enterprises. Understanding the effects of neighbourhood diversification on entrepreneurship, however, is still a new field of inquiry. This paper explores the changes in entrepreneurship patterns in ethnic, immigrant and deprived neighbourhoods turning into socially diversified environs and draws upon the findings of research conducted within a cross-national EU project entitled DIVERCITIES that focused on the role of neighbourhood diversity on entrepreneurship in 18 neighbourhoods in 13 European cities. The findings show the coexistence of different types of enterprises including existing ones that adapt themselves to new conditions and creative and innovative enterprises that try to get the benefits of population diversity and a tolerant environment. The findings highlight that the existing categories are temporary and shift into new business fields and adaptive processes are continual due to neighbourhood diversity that generates new market conditions and attracts not only visitors from different parts of the city but also national and foreign tourists.

Destekleyen Kurum

EU Seventh Framework Frogramme

Proje Numarası

Grant Agreement No 319970 – DIVERCITIES

Kaynakça

  • Aldrich, H. and Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: Sexton DL and Smilor RW (eds) The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, pp.3-23.
  • Alexandre-Leclair, L. (2014). Diversity as a motive for entrepreneurship? The case of gender, culture and ethnicity, Innovations, Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 14(2), 157-175.
  • Ambrosini, M. (2012). Migrants' entrepreneurship in transnational social fields: research in the Italian context, International Review of Sociology, 22(2): 273–292.
  • Aytar, V. and Rath, J. (2012). Selling ethnic neighbourhoods: the rise of neighbourhoods as places of leisure and consumption. New York: Routledge.
  • Bailey, N. (2015). The place of neighbourhood in entrepreneurship: attitudes, resources and sorting. In: Mason, C. M., Reuschke, D., Syrett, S. and van Ham, M. (eds.) Entrepreneurship in Cities: Neighbourhoods, Households and Homes. Series: Entrepreneurship, space and place. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, pp. 19-38.
  • Baker, T. and Welter, F. (2017). Come on out of the ghetto, please! – Building the future of entrepreneurship research, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23 (2), 170-184.
  • Balampanidis, D., Souliotis, N. and Maloutas, T. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Athens (Greece). Athens: EKKE.
  • Barberis, E. (2017). Diversity, entrepreneurship and local embeddedness. A case study in Milan, Italy, Argomenti, terza serie, 7, 15-39
  • Barberis, E. and Angelucci, A. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Milan (Italy). Urbino: DESP – University of Urbino Carlo Bo.
  • Barberis, E., Angelucci, A., Jepson, R. and Kazepov, Y. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Milan. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geoscience
  • Bereitschaft, B. and Camack, R. (2015). Neighbourhood diversity and the creative class in Chicago, Applied Geography, 63, 166-183
  • Boros, L., Horváth, D., Fabula, S.Z. and Kovács, Z. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Budapest (Hungary). Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Budnik, M., Grossmann, K., Haase, A., Haid, C., Hedke, C., Kullmann, K., Wolff, M. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Living with Urban Diversity – The Case of Leipzig, Germany. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences.
  • Bynner, C. (2019). Intergroup relations in a super-diverse neighbourhood: The dynamics of population composition, context and community, Urban Studies, 56 (2), 335-351
  • Chapple, K. and Jacobus, R. (2009). Retail Trade as a Route to Neighborhood Revitalization, In Urban and Regional Policy and Its Effects. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, pp.19-68.
  • Clifton, N. (2008). The ‘creative class’ in the UK: an initial analysis. Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography 90(1): 63–82.
  • Curran, W. (2007). ‘From the frying pan to the oven’: Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Urban Studies 44(8): 1427–1440.
  • Deener, A. (2007). Commerce as the Structure and Symbol of Neighborhood Life: Reshaping the Meaning of Community in Venice, California. City & Community 6(4): 291-314.
  • DIVERCITIES (2016). Diversity in Entrepreneurship, POLICY BRIEF NO.5, https://www.urbandivercities.eu/ publications/policy-briefs/
  • Doucet, B. (2014). A process of change and a changing process: Introduction to the Special Issue on contemporary gentrification. Tijdschrift von Economische en Sociale Geografie 105(2): 125–139.
  • Eraydin, A., Yersen, Ö., Güngördü, N. and Demirdağ, İ. (2016). Fieldwork Entrepreneurs. Ankara: METU.
  • Fabula, S., Boros, L. Horváth, D. and Kovács, Z. (2017). Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Budapest. Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Fainstein, S. (2005). Cities and diversity: should we want it? Can we plan for it? Urban Affairs Review 41(1): 3-19.
  • Faist, T. (2009). Diversity–a new mode of incorporation? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(1), 171-190
  • Ferm, J. (2016). Preventing the displacement of small businesses through London commercial gentrification: are affordable workspace policies the solution? Planning Practice and Research, 31(4), 402-419
  • Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the creative class. New York: Routledge.
  • Florida, R. and Gates, G. (2003). Technology and tolerance: the importance of diversity to high-technology growth, in Clark TN (ed) The City as an Entertainment Machine, Emerald, Bingley, pp. 199-219.
  • Folmer, E. (2013). Entrepreneurship in the neighbourhood: shifting patterns of economic activities in residential neighbourhoods in five Dutch cities. Journal of Urban Affairs 36(4), 742-759
  • Fothergill, S., Gudgin, G., Kitson, M., Monk, S. (1986). The De-industrialisation of the city, Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Gonzalez, S. and Waley, P. (2012). Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier? Antipode 45(4), 965-983
  • Greve, A. and Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28(1), 1-22
  • Hackler, D. and Mayer, H. (2008). Diversity, entrepreneurship, and the urban environment, Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(3), 273-307
  • Haisch, T. and Klöpper, C. (2015). Location choices of the creative class: does tolerance make a difference? Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(3), 233-254
  • He, J.L. and Gebhardt, H. (2014) Space of Creative Industries: A Case Study of Spatial Characteristics of Creative Clusters in Shanghai. European Planning Studies 22(11), 2351-2368.
  • Hoestra, M.S. and Danlvik, J. (2017). Neighbourhood participation in super-diverse contexts: comparing Amsterdam and Vienna, Urban Research & Practice 11 (4), 441-459
  • Howkins, J. (2001). Creative Economy: How People Make Money from Ideas, UK: Penguin Books.
  • Hutton, T. (2009). Trajectories of the new economy: Regeneration and dislocation in the inner city. Urban Studies 46(5–6): 987–1001.
  • Keatinge, B. and Martin, D.G. (2016). A ‘Bedford Falls’ kind of place: neighbourhood branding and commercial revitalisation in processes of gentrification in Toronto, Ontario. Urban Studies, 3(5), 867–883
  • Kersten, J, Raco, M., Moreira De Souza, T. and Colomb, C. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, London (UK). London: UCL.
  • Kloosterman, R. (2010). Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22 (1), 25-45
  • Kloosterman, R. and Rath, J. (2003). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Venturing abroad in the age of globalization, Berg/University of New York Press
  • Koebel, C.T. (2002). Analyzing Neighbourhood Retail and Service Change in Six Cities. Blacksburg, VA: Center for Housing Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  • Korcelli-Olejniczak, E., Piotrowski, F., Dworzański, P. and Bierzyński, A. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Warsaw (Poland). Warsaw: IGSO PAS.
  • Kovács, Z., Wiessner, R. and Zischner, R. (2015). Beyond gentrification: diversified neighbourhood upgrading in the inner city of Budapest. Geografie 120(2), 251-274.
  • Labrianidis, L. and Hatziprokopiou, P. (2010). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Greece: Diversity of Pathways for Emerging Ethnic Business Communities in Thessaloniki. International Migration and Integration 11(2), 193–217
  • Lees, L, Shin, H.B. and Lopez-Moralez, E. (2015). Global gentrifications: Uneven development and displacement. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Lees, L. (2003). Super-gentrification: The Case of Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Urban Studies 40(12), 2487–2509
  • Lelévrier, C. and Rivière, C. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs. Paris: Université Paris-Est Créteil.
  • Ley, D. (1994). Gentrification and the Politics of the New Middle Class. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12 (1), 53–74.
  • Meltzer, R. and Schuetz, J. (2012). Bodegas or Bagel Shops? Neighborhood Differences in Retail and Household Services. Economic Development Quarterly 26 (1), 73–94.
  • Murdie, R. and Teixeira, C. (2011). The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: a case study of little Portugal. Urban Studies 48(1), 61–83
  • Nathan, M. (2015). After Florida? Towards an economics of diversity. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(1), 4-19.
  • Nathan, M. and Lee, N. (2013). Cultural diversity, innovation, and entrepreneurship: firm-level evidence from London, Economic Geography, 89(49), 367–394,
  • Nielsen, R.S., Beckman, A.W., Blach, V. and Andersen, H.T. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Copenhagen (Denmark). Copenhagen: Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University.
  • North, D and Syrett, S. (2006). The Dynamics of Local Economies and Deprived Neighbourhoods, Department of Communities and Local Government, London,
  • Oosterlynck, S., Saeys, A., Albeda, Y., Van Puymbroeck, N. and Verschraegen, G. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Antwerp. Antwerp: Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City, University of Antwerp.
  • Peterson, M. (2017). Living with difference in hyper-diverse areas: How important are encounters in semi-public spaces? Social & Cultural Geography, 18, 1067–1085.
  • Phillimore, S. and Pemberton, J (2016). Migrant place-making in super-diverse neighbourhoods: Moving beyond ethno-national approaches, Urban Studies 55(4), 679-701
  • Plowman, J. (2014). What Happens to Retail When Neighbourhoods Gentrify? Evidence from California Metro Areas. Professional Report, University of California at Berkeley.
  • Plüss, L., A. Babel, P. Abegg, J. Steiner and W. Schenkel (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity. The Case of Zurich. Zurich: Synergo.
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Aşırı çeşitliliğin olduğu mahallelerde girişimcilik: 13 Avrupa kentinde keşif çalışması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 , 67 - 87, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1192228

Öz

Kentsel çeşitlilik ve girişimcilik ilişkisi uzun yıllar etnik ve kültürel açıdan farklılık gösteren ve göçmenlerin yoğunlaştığı mahalleler özelinde tartışıldı. Son yıllarda göçmenlerin yoğunlaştığı mahallelerde demografik dönüşümler yaşanmakta, sosyal ve etnik çeşitlenme yanı sıra yaşam ve davranış biçimleri açısından da çeşitlilik artmakta ve nüfus yapısı değişen bu mahalleler çok farklı tipteki girişimlerin kuluçka alanları haline gelmektedir. Ancak, bu değişimin girişimcilik üzerindeki etkisi hala yeni bir çalışma alanıdır. Bu makale, etnik ve kültürel farklılıkların olduğu ve yakın geçmişte çöküntü yaşayan alanlardan sosyal ve kültürel çeşitliliğin en fazla olduğu kent parçalarına evrilen mahallelerde değişen girişimcilik örüntülerine odaklanmakta ve 13 farklı kentteki 18 mahalleyi kapsayan bir AB araştırma projesinin (DIVERCITIES) bulgularını sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular kentsel çeşitliliğin yeni boyutlar kazandığı bu kent parçalarında çok farklı girişimcilik türlerinin bir arada yer aldığını göstermektedir. Mevcut girişimlerin bir bölümü yeni koşullara uyum sağlarken, çeşitlenen nüfus yapısı ve bunun sağladığı özgürlük ortamından yararlanmak isteyen yeni yaratıcı ve yenilikçi girişimler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bulgular mevcut girişimcilik desenlerinin geçici olduğunu ve kentsel çeşitliliğin yeni piyasa koşulları yaratması nedeniyle yeni iş alanlarına kayışın süreceğini ve bu kent parçalarının hem kentin değişik bölgelerinde yaşayan hem de ulusal ve yabancı ziyaretçiler için çekiciliğinin artacağını göstermektedir.

Proje Numarası

Grant Agreement No 319970 – DIVERCITIES

Kaynakça

  • Aldrich, H. and Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: Sexton DL and Smilor RW (eds) The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing, pp.3-23.
  • Alexandre-Leclair, L. (2014). Diversity as a motive for entrepreneurship? The case of gender, culture and ethnicity, Innovations, Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 14(2), 157-175.
  • Ambrosini, M. (2012). Migrants' entrepreneurship in transnational social fields: research in the Italian context, International Review of Sociology, 22(2): 273–292.
  • Aytar, V. and Rath, J. (2012). Selling ethnic neighbourhoods: the rise of neighbourhoods as places of leisure and consumption. New York: Routledge.
  • Bailey, N. (2015). The place of neighbourhood in entrepreneurship: attitudes, resources and sorting. In: Mason, C. M., Reuschke, D., Syrett, S. and van Ham, M. (eds.) Entrepreneurship in Cities: Neighbourhoods, Households and Homes. Series: Entrepreneurship, space and place. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, pp. 19-38.
  • Baker, T. and Welter, F. (2017). Come on out of the ghetto, please! – Building the future of entrepreneurship research, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23 (2), 170-184.
  • Balampanidis, D., Souliotis, N. and Maloutas, T. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Athens (Greece). Athens: EKKE.
  • Barberis, E. (2017). Diversity, entrepreneurship and local embeddedness. A case study in Milan, Italy, Argomenti, terza serie, 7, 15-39
  • Barberis, E. and Angelucci, A. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Milan (Italy). Urbino: DESP – University of Urbino Carlo Bo.
  • Barberis, E., Angelucci, A., Jepson, R. and Kazepov, Y. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Milan. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geoscience
  • Bereitschaft, B. and Camack, R. (2015). Neighbourhood diversity and the creative class in Chicago, Applied Geography, 63, 166-183
  • Boros, L., Horváth, D., Fabula, S.Z. and Kovács, Z. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Budapest (Hungary). Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Budnik, M., Grossmann, K., Haase, A., Haid, C., Hedke, C., Kullmann, K., Wolff, M. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Living with Urban Diversity – The Case of Leipzig, Germany. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences.
  • Bynner, C. (2019). Intergroup relations in a super-diverse neighbourhood: The dynamics of population composition, context and community, Urban Studies, 56 (2), 335-351
  • Chapple, K. and Jacobus, R. (2009). Retail Trade as a Route to Neighborhood Revitalization, In Urban and Regional Policy and Its Effects. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, pp.19-68.
  • Clifton, N. (2008). The ‘creative class’ in the UK: an initial analysis. Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography 90(1): 63–82.
  • Curran, W. (2007). ‘From the frying pan to the oven’: Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Urban Studies 44(8): 1427–1440.
  • Deener, A. (2007). Commerce as the Structure and Symbol of Neighborhood Life: Reshaping the Meaning of Community in Venice, California. City & Community 6(4): 291-314.
  • DIVERCITIES (2016). Diversity in Entrepreneurship, POLICY BRIEF NO.5, https://www.urbandivercities.eu/ publications/policy-briefs/
  • Doucet, B. (2014). A process of change and a changing process: Introduction to the Special Issue on contemporary gentrification. Tijdschrift von Economische en Sociale Geografie 105(2): 125–139.
  • Eraydin, A., Yersen, Ö., Güngördü, N. and Demirdağ, İ. (2016). Fieldwork Entrepreneurs. Ankara: METU.
  • Fabula, S., Boros, L. Horváth, D. and Kovács, Z. (2017). Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Budapest. Szeged: University of Szeged.
  • Fainstein, S. (2005). Cities and diversity: should we want it? Can we plan for it? Urban Affairs Review 41(1): 3-19.
  • Faist, T. (2009). Diversity–a new mode of incorporation? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(1), 171-190
  • Ferm, J. (2016). Preventing the displacement of small businesses through London commercial gentrification: are affordable workspace policies the solution? Planning Practice and Research, 31(4), 402-419
  • Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the creative class. New York: Routledge.
  • Florida, R. and Gates, G. (2003). Technology and tolerance: the importance of diversity to high-technology growth, in Clark TN (ed) The City as an Entertainment Machine, Emerald, Bingley, pp. 199-219.
  • Folmer, E. (2013). Entrepreneurship in the neighbourhood: shifting patterns of economic activities in residential neighbourhoods in five Dutch cities. Journal of Urban Affairs 36(4), 742-759
  • Fothergill, S., Gudgin, G., Kitson, M., Monk, S. (1986). The De-industrialisation of the city, Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Gonzalez, S. and Waley, P. (2012). Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier? Antipode 45(4), 965-983
  • Greve, A. and Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28(1), 1-22
  • Hackler, D. and Mayer, H. (2008). Diversity, entrepreneurship, and the urban environment, Journal of Urban Affairs, 30(3), 273-307
  • Haisch, T. and Klöpper, C. (2015). Location choices of the creative class: does tolerance make a difference? Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(3), 233-254
  • He, J.L. and Gebhardt, H. (2014) Space of Creative Industries: A Case Study of Spatial Characteristics of Creative Clusters in Shanghai. European Planning Studies 22(11), 2351-2368.
  • Hoestra, M.S. and Danlvik, J. (2017). Neighbourhood participation in super-diverse contexts: comparing Amsterdam and Vienna, Urban Research & Practice 11 (4), 441-459
  • Howkins, J. (2001). Creative Economy: How People Make Money from Ideas, UK: Penguin Books.
  • Hutton, T. (2009). Trajectories of the new economy: Regeneration and dislocation in the inner city. Urban Studies 46(5–6): 987–1001.
  • Keatinge, B. and Martin, D.G. (2016). A ‘Bedford Falls’ kind of place: neighbourhood branding and commercial revitalisation in processes of gentrification in Toronto, Ontario. Urban Studies, 3(5), 867–883
  • Kersten, J, Raco, M., Moreira De Souza, T. and Colomb, C. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, London (UK). London: UCL.
  • Kloosterman, R. (2010). Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22 (1), 25-45
  • Kloosterman, R. and Rath, J. (2003). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Venturing abroad in the age of globalization, Berg/University of New York Press
  • Koebel, C.T. (2002). Analyzing Neighbourhood Retail and Service Change in Six Cities. Blacksburg, VA: Center for Housing Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  • Korcelli-Olejniczak, E., Piotrowski, F., Dworzański, P. and Bierzyński, A. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Warsaw (Poland). Warsaw: IGSO PAS.
  • Kovács, Z., Wiessner, R. and Zischner, R. (2015). Beyond gentrification: diversified neighbourhood upgrading in the inner city of Budapest. Geografie 120(2), 251-274.
  • Labrianidis, L. and Hatziprokopiou, P. (2010). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Greece: Diversity of Pathways for Emerging Ethnic Business Communities in Thessaloniki. International Migration and Integration 11(2), 193–217
  • Lees, L, Shin, H.B. and Lopez-Moralez, E. (2015). Global gentrifications: Uneven development and displacement. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Lees, L. (2003). Super-gentrification: The Case of Brooklyn Heights, New York City. Urban Studies 40(12), 2487–2509
  • Lelévrier, C. and Rivière, C. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs. Paris: Université Paris-Est Créteil.
  • Ley, D. (1994). Gentrification and the Politics of the New Middle Class. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12 (1), 53–74.
  • Meltzer, R. and Schuetz, J. (2012). Bodegas or Bagel Shops? Neighborhood Differences in Retail and Household Services. Economic Development Quarterly 26 (1), 73–94.
  • Murdie, R. and Teixeira, C. (2011). The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: a case study of little Portugal. Urban Studies 48(1), 61–83
  • Nathan, M. (2015). After Florida? Towards an economics of diversity. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(1), 4-19.
  • Nathan, M. and Lee, N. (2013). Cultural diversity, innovation, and entrepreneurship: firm-level evidence from London, Economic Geography, 89(49), 367–394,
  • Nielsen, R.S., Beckman, A.W., Blach, V. and Andersen, H.T. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Copenhagen (Denmark). Copenhagen: Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University.
  • North, D and Syrett, S. (2006). The Dynamics of Local Economies and Deprived Neighbourhoods, Department of Communities and Local Government, London,
  • Oosterlynck, S., Saeys, A., Albeda, Y., Van Puymbroeck, N. and Verschraegen, G. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity – The case of Antwerp. Antwerp: Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City, University of Antwerp.
  • Peterson, M. (2017). Living with difference in hyper-diverse areas: How important are encounters in semi-public spaces? Social & Cultural Geography, 18, 1067–1085.
  • Phillimore, S. and Pemberton, J (2016). Migrant place-making in super-diverse neighbourhoods: Moving beyond ethno-national approaches, Urban Studies 55(4), 679-701
  • Plowman, J. (2014). What Happens to Retail When Neighbourhoods Gentrify? Evidence from California Metro Areas. Professional Report, University of California at Berkeley.
  • Plüss, L., A. Babel, P. Abegg, J. Steiner and W. Schenkel (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity. The Case of Zurich. Zurich: Synergo.
  • Raco, M., Kesten, J., Colomb, C., Moreira de Souza, T. (2017). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity: The case of London. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences
  • Ram, M., Jones, T., Edwards, P., Kiselinchev, A., and Muchenje, L. (2012). Engaging with super-diversity: New migrant businesses and the research-policy nexus, International Small Business Journal, 31 (4), 337-356
  • Rankin, K. and McLean, H. (2015). Governing the Commercial Streets of the City: New Terrains of Disinvestment and Gentrification in Toronto's Inner Suburbs. Antipode, 47 (1), 216–239.
  • Reuschke, D., Mason, C., Syrett, S. and van Ham, M. (2015). Connecting entrepreneurship with neighbourhoods and homes in Mason, C., Reuschke, D., Syrett, S. and van Ham, M. (eds), Entrepreneurship in Cities Neighbourhoods, Households and Homes, Edward Elgar: Northampton, Massachusetts
  • Rondinelli, D.A., Johnson, J.H. and Kasarda, J.D. (1998). The Changing Forces of Urban Economic Development: Globalization and City Competitiveness in the 21st Century. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 3(3), 71-105.
  • Saeys, A., Oosterlynck, S., Verschraegen, G. and Albeda, Y. (2016). Fieldwork entrepreneurs. Antwerp (Belgium). Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City, University of Antwerp: Antwerp.
  • Sassen, S. (2006) Re-Assembling the Urban, Urban Geography, 29(2), 113-126.
  • Sepulveda, L., Syrett, S. and Lyon, F. (2011). Population superdiversity and new migrant enterprise: The case of London. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23(7/8): 469-497.
  • Sleutjes, B., van Oort, F. and Schutjens, V. (2012). A place for area-based policy? the survival and growth of local firms in Dutch residential neighbourhoods, Journal of Urban Affairs, 34(5), 533-558.
  • Syrett, S. and Sepulveda, L. (2011) Realising the diversity dividend: population diversity and urban economic development. Environment and Planning A 43(2): 487-504.
  • Tammaru, T., Kindsiko, E., Holvandus, J., Leetmaa, K., Pastak, I., Väiko, A. (2016). DIVERCITIES: Dealing with Urban Diversity – The Case of Tallinn, Estonia. Tartu: University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology
  • Tasan-Kok, T., van Kempen, R., Raco, M. and Bolt, G. (2013) Towards Hyper-Diversified European Cities: A Critical Literature Review. Utrecht: Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences.
  • Tersteeg, A.K., Bolt, G. and van Kempen, R. (2016) Fieldwork entrepreneurs, Rotterdam (The Netherlands). Utrecht: Utrecht University.
  • Trettin, L., Neumann, U. and Welter, F. (2011). Supporting entrepreneurship in an urban neighbourhood context: A review of German experiences. JIBS Working Papers
  • Vertovec, S. (2010) Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity, International Social Science Journal, 61 (199), 83-95
  • Welter, F., Trettin, L. and Neumann, U. (2008). Fostering entrepreneurship in distressed urban neighborhoods. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 109–128.
  • Williams, N. and Williams, C. C. (2011). Tackling barriers to entrepreneurship in a deprived urban neighbourhood. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 26(1), 30–42.
  • Yoon, H. and Currid-Halkett, E. (2015) Industrial gentrification in West Chelsea, New York: Who survived and who did not? Empirical evidence from discrete-time survival analysis. Urban Studies 52(1): 20–49
  • Zuk, M., Bierbaum, A.H., Chapple, K., Gorska, K., Loukaitou Sideris, A., Ong, P. and Thomas, T. (2015) Gentrification, Displacement and the Role of Public Investment: A Literature Review, Report, Los Angeles: Berkeley University of California.
  • Zukin, S. (2010) Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zukin, S., Trujillo, V., Frase, P., Jackson, D., Recuber, T. and Walker, A. (2009) New Retail Capital and Neighborhood Change: Boutiques and Gentrification in New York City. City & Community 8 (1), 47–64.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ayda Eraydın 0000-0002-7978-4869

Proje Numarası Grant Agreement No 319970 – DIVERCITIES
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Eraydın, A. (2023). Entrepreneurship in hyper-diverse neighborhoods: An exploratory study in 13 European cities. GRID - Mimarlık Planlama Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6, 67-87. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1192228