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THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF KASHGAR CITIES IN THE YAKUP BEY PERIOD, ACCORDING TO THE BRITISH TRAVELERS

Yıl 2022, , 349 - 368, 20.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.939654

Öz

Kashgar Khanate has taken its place in its history as an important area of British and Russian commercial
and political competition from the period when it was dominated by Yakup Bey and its collapse with internal
turmoil after the death of Yakup Bey. It is the activities carried out by travelers in order to obtain information
about the Kashgar Khanate that sustain this competition. In the 19th century, scientific researches and map
drawings on the axis of geography continued by examining the trade routes between East Turkistan and India in
this manner. In addition to their mapping activities, voyagers examined the economic potential of the region and
the state of markets in the cities of Kashgar and recorded the information about them in reports. These voyages
made by George Hayward, Robert Berkley Shaw and Thomas Douglas Forsyth provided important information
about geography and trade routes that were needed for that period. The information obtained from the voyages is
preparatory for the next voyage. The passages recorded by the previous voyage, alternative travel routes,
geographical information, the suitability of the roads for the animals on the caravan can be tried and analyzed by
travelers on the next expedition. These travels are important in terms of geography as well as getting to know the
political, economic and cultural structure of Central Asia and East Turkistan in the relevant years. George
Hayward's travel was important in terms of providing geographical information about transportation to the cities
of the Kashgar Khanate and trade routes between India and East Turkistan. The trip carried out by Robert
Berkley Shaw consisted of commercial intensity and the analysis of the caravans coming to the region. The
Kasgar Khanate tour carried out by Thomas Douglas Forsyth is very comprehensive and developed. Scientists
participating in this expedition and being a part of the group also maintain the information and analysis of the
Kashgar Khanate. The resulting reports contain information obtained as a result of research conducted by experts
from many different fields. This reveals that Forsyth's voyage to Kashgar is a factual value and a prominent
resource for the Kashgar Khanate and Turkish history. There are experts in the expedition group such as
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Edward Gordon, Captain John Biddulph, Dr. Henry Bellew, Edward Francis
Chapman, Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, Captain Henry Trotter. Indian servants, who were in attendance of experts,
accompanied the trips and made sure the trips were successful. With the support of the British authorities, travel
has enabled technical and scientific activities to be carried out. In this way, photographs of people living in
places such as Kashgar, Yarkent, Hoten and Yangisar were taken. The photos of the sellers in the markets
deserve to be evaluated in terms of being historical evidence and primary source. Detailed research and analysis,
the types and values of the currencies used in the market places shed light on the Kashgar Khanate in terms of
economy. The financial intensity of the bazaars and markets and whether there is a potential to open more to the
foreign trade area are also included in the reports in detail. In this study, according to the reports of British
travelers, the economic situation of the merchants of Kashgar cities, caravanserais, products sold and markets,
taxation procedures and implementation methods were examined.

Kaynakça

  • BELLEW, Henry Walter, “Memorandum on Money, Weights and Measures”, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp. 494-512
  • CHAPMAN, Edward Francis, “Commerce”, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp.474-491.
  • ELLIOTT, Mark C. reviewed work: “Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877” by Hodong Kim, Harward Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 66, No. Harward Yenching Institute 2006, pp. 259-267.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Yarkand (Forsyth's Mission), Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed 1871.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Autobiography and Reminiscences of Sir Douglas Forsyth, C.B., K.C.S.I., F.R.G.S, edited by his daughter, Richard Bentley and son London 1887.
  • GÖNDER, Çağatay, “Kaşgar Emirliği’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne Tâbiiyeti”, Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, C.15, S. 30, 2016 ss. 1-30.
  • HAYWARD, George. W. “Letter from Mr. G. S. W. Hayward, 15 August 1868”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 13(1), 1868 published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) pp. 9-10.
  • HAYWARD, George. W. “Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 14(1), published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)1869, pp. 41-74.
  • KHALID, Adeeb, Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present, Princeton University Press 2021.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon vol. 49, No. 2, published by: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1996 pp. 33-57.
  • KUROPATKİN, Aleksei Nikolaevich, Kashgaria (Eastern or Chinese Turkistan): Historical and Geographical Sketch of the Country, its Military Strength, Industries, and Trade, (translated by Walter E. Gowan), Thacker, Spink and Co. Calcutta: 1882.
  • MARCINKOVSKI, M. Ismail, Measures and Weight in the Islamic World, an English Translation of Walter Hinz’s Handbook Islamische Masse und Gewichte, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 2003.
  • POPOVA, Irina Fedorovna, Russian Explorations in Central Asia at the Turn of the 20th Century, Ed. by I.F. Popova. St. Petersburg, Slavia 2008.
  • SHARE, Michael, “The Russian Civil War in Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang), 1918–1921: A Little Known and Explored Front”, Europe-Asia Studies vol. 62, no. 3, published by: Taylor & Francis 2010, pp. 389-420.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley “A Visit to Yarkand and Kashgar”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 14, no. 2 published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 1870, pp. 124-137.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley, Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand and Kashgar (formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1871.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley, “Miscellanous Notes on Eastern Turkistan”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 17, no. 3, published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) 1873, pp. 195-197.
  • TROTTER, Henry, “Narrative of Geographical Explorations” Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp. 233-460.
  • USER, Şirin, Hatice, “Türkçede Para ve Para Birimi”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten, C.52, 2004, ss. 128-151.USER, Şirin, Hatice, “Türkçede Para ve Para Birimi”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten, C.52, 2004, ss. 128-151.
  • WALLER, Derek, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia Tibet and Central Asia, The University press of Kentucky 1990.
  • WARIKOO, K. B. “Chinese Turkestan During the Nineteenth Century: A Socio‐Economic Study”, Central Asian Survey, 4 (3) Taylor & Francis Group, 1985, pp. 75-114.
  • https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/history-of-indian-currency-how-the-rupee-changed/articleshow/55635259.cms?from=mdr (Müracaat edildiği tarih 14 Mayıs 2021).

İNGİLİZ SEYYAHLARINA GÖRE YAKUP BEY DÖNEMİNDE DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN ŞEHİRLERİNİN EKONOMİK VAZİYETİ

Yıl 2022, , 349 - 368, 20.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.939654

Öz

Kaşgar Hanlığı, hâkimiyetini Yakup Bey’in şahsında ve önderliğinde elde ettiği dönemden Yakup Bey’in
ölümüyle başlayan iç karışıklıklarla yıkılışına kadar İngiliz, Rus ticari ve siyasi rekabetinin önemli bir alanı
olarak tarihte yerini almıştır. Bu rekabeti sürdüren, seyyahların Kaşgar Hanlığı hakkında bilgi edinme
maksadıyla gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetler olmuştur. 19. yüzyılda coğrafya ekseninde yapılan bilimsel araştırmalar
ve harita çizimleri Doğu Türkistan ve Hindistan arasındaki ticaret yollarının da bu minvalde incelenmesiyle
devam etmiştir. Seyyahlar, haritalama faaliyetlerinin yanında bölgenin ve Kaşgar şehirlerinin ekonomik
potansiyelini ve pazarlarındaki durumunu incelemiş ve raporlarına eklemiştir. George Hayward, Robert Berkley
Shaw ve Thomas Douglas Forsyth gibi isimlerin gerçekleştirdiği bu seyahatler, coğrafya ve ticaret yolları
hakkında o dönem için ihtiyaç duyulan, önemli bilgilere ulaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Yapılan gezilerle elde edilen
bilgiler, bir sonraki seyahat için hazırlayıcı olmuştur. Bir önceki seyahatin sunduğu geçitler, alternatif seyahat
rotaları, coğrafi bilgiler, yolların kervandaki hayvanlar için uygunluğu, seyyahlar tarafından bir silsile halinde
devam eden bir sonraki keşif gezisinde denenebilmekte ve analiz edilebilmektedir. Bu seyahatler, coğrafya
bilimi için olduğu kadar Orta Asya ve Doğu Türkistan’ın ilgili yıllardaki siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel yapısını
tanımak açısından da mühim hale gelmiştir. George Hayward’ın yaptığı seyahat, Kaşgar Hanlığı’nın şehirlerine
ulaşım ve Hindistan ile Doğu Türkistan arasındaki ticaret yolları hakkında coğrafi bilgiler içermesi açısından
önem arz etmiştir. Robert Berkley Shaw’un gerçekleştirdiği gezi ise ticari yoğunluk ve bölgeye gelen kervanların
analizinden oluşmuştur. Thomas Douglas Forsyth’un gerçekleştirdiği Kaşgar Hanlığı gezisi ise çok kapsamlı ve
gelişmiştir. Bu geziye katılan ve heyetin bir parçası olan bilim adamları aynı zamanda Kaşgar Hanlığı hakkında
sahip olunan bilgileri ve analizleri de parça parça bir araya getirmiştir. Meydana çıkan raporlar, birçok farklı
alandan uzmanın gerçekleştirdiği araştırmaların sonucunda elde edilen bilgileri içermiştir. Bu durum Forsyth’un
Kaşgar’a gerçekleştirdiği seyahatin, Kaşgar Hanlığı ve Türk tarihi için olgusal olarak değerini ve ön plana çıkan
bir kaynak olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Heyette, Yarbay Thomas Edward Gordon, Yüzbaşı John Biddulph, Dr.
Henry Bellew, Edward Francis Chapman, Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, Yüzbaşı Henry Trotter gibi farklı alanlardan
uzmanlar bulunmuştur. Uzmanların maiyetinde bulunan Hintli hizmetkârlar ise seyahatlere eşlik etmişler ve
gezilerin başarılı olmasını sağlamıştır. İngiliz otoritelerinin Doğu Türkistan’ın keşfine yönelik sağladığı destek
ile seyahat, teknik ve bilimsel faaliyetlerin yürütülmesine olanak vermiştir. Bu sayede Kaşgar, Yarkent, Hoten,
Yengisar gibi yerlerde yaşayan insanların fotoğrafları çekilebilmiştir. Pazarlardaki satıcıların fotoğrafları tarihi
birer kanıt ve birincil kaynak olması açısından da değerlendirilmeyi hak etmiştir. Detaylı araştırma ve analizler,
pazar yerlerinde kullanılan paraların cinsi ve değerleri, Kaşgar Hanlığı’na iktisadi açıdan ışık tutmuştur. Çarşı ve
pazarların mali yoğunluğu ve dış ticaret sahasına daha fazla açılma potansiyelinin olup olmadığı da raporlarda
ayrıntılı olarak yerini almıştır. Bu çalışmada İngiliz seyyahlarının raporlarına göre Doğu Türkistan
şehirlerindeki tüccarlar, kervansaraylar, satılan ürünler ve pazarların ekonomik durumu, vergilendirme usulleri
ve uygulama biçimleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • BELLEW, Henry Walter, “Memorandum on Money, Weights and Measures”, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp. 494-512
  • CHAPMAN, Edward Francis, “Commerce”, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp.474-491.
  • ELLIOTT, Mark C. reviewed work: “Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877” by Hodong Kim, Harward Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 66, No. Harward Yenching Institute 2006, pp. 259-267.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Yarkand (Forsyth's Mission), Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed 1871.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875.
  • FORSYTH, Douglas Thomas, Autobiography and Reminiscences of Sir Douglas Forsyth, C.B., K.C.S.I., F.R.G.S, edited by his daughter, Richard Bentley and son London 1887.
  • GÖNDER, Çağatay, “Kaşgar Emirliği’nin Osmanlı Devleti’ne Tâbiiyeti”, Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, C.15, S. 30, 2016 ss. 1-30.
  • HAYWARD, George. W. “Letter from Mr. G. S. W. Hayward, 15 August 1868”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 13(1), 1868 published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) pp. 9-10.
  • HAYWARD, George. W. “Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 14(1), published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)1869, pp. 41-74.
  • KHALID, Adeeb, Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present, Princeton University Press 2021.
  • KHAN, Hina, “Russian Expansionism in Central Asia and the Region's Response”, Pakistan Horizon vol. 49, No. 2, published by: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1996 pp. 33-57.
  • KUROPATKİN, Aleksei Nikolaevich, Kashgaria (Eastern or Chinese Turkistan): Historical and Geographical Sketch of the Country, its Military Strength, Industries, and Trade, (translated by Walter E. Gowan), Thacker, Spink and Co. Calcutta: 1882.
  • MARCINKOVSKI, M. Ismail, Measures and Weight in the Islamic World, an English Translation of Walter Hinz’s Handbook Islamische Masse und Gewichte, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 2003.
  • POPOVA, Irina Fedorovna, Russian Explorations in Central Asia at the Turn of the 20th Century, Ed. by I.F. Popova. St. Petersburg, Slavia 2008.
  • SHARE, Michael, “The Russian Civil War in Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang), 1918–1921: A Little Known and Explored Front”, Europe-Asia Studies vol. 62, no. 3, published by: Taylor & Francis 2010, pp. 389-420.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley “A Visit to Yarkand and Kashgar”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 14, no. 2 published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), 1870, pp. 124-137.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley, Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand and Kashgar (formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1871.
  • SHAW, Robert Berkley, “Miscellanous Notes on Eastern Turkistan”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. 17, no. 3, published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) 1873, pp. 195-197.
  • TROTTER, Henry, “Narrative of Geographical Explorations” Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund, Etc. [By H. W. Bellew, E. F. Chapman, H. Trotter and Others. With Photographic Illustrations.]printed at the Foreign Department press, Calcutta 1875, pp. 233-460.
  • USER, Şirin, Hatice, “Türkçede Para ve Para Birimi”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten, C.52, 2004, ss. 128-151.USER, Şirin, Hatice, “Türkçede Para ve Para Birimi”, Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten, C.52, 2004, ss. 128-151.
  • WALLER, Derek, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia Tibet and Central Asia, The University press of Kentucky 1990.
  • WARIKOO, K. B. “Chinese Turkestan During the Nineteenth Century: A Socio‐Economic Study”, Central Asian Survey, 4 (3) Taylor & Francis Group, 1985, pp. 75-114.
  • https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/history-of-indian-currency-how-the-rupee-changed/articleshow/55635259.cms?from=mdr (Müracaat edildiği tarih 14 Mayıs 2021).
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tevfik Orçun Özgün 0000-0003-3796-6098

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özgün, Tevfik Orçun. “İNGİLİZ SEYYAHLARINA GÖRE YAKUP BEY DÖNEMİNDE DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN ŞEHİRLERİNİN EKONOMİK VAZİYETİ”. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 7 (Ocak 2022): 349-68. https://doi.org/10.53718/gttad.939654.

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