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Reinterpreting Bauhaus Pedagogy in the 21st-Century Design Education: Cultivating Experimental Learning and the Development of Active Minds in the First-Year Studio

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 699 - 715, 30.12.2025

Öz

“The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled.” – Plutarch
Enabling learners who think actively and engage with experimental approaches, rather than those who simply follow predetermined instructions, constitutes a fundamental prerequisite of design education. By its very nature, the act of designing entails a cognitive leap that requires designers to develop their own methods and approaches in open-ended problem situations. This article discusses why the educational model of the Bauhaus School should be revisited in the context of first-year architectural design education, emphasizing its experiential, active and process-oriented pedagogy. Bauhaus introduced a holistic educational model that prioritizes a form of learning initiated through direct engagement and practical experimentation. Its pedagogy was grounded in the ambition to cultivate a new kind of individual capable of assuming an active role within the emerging industrial production system, using design as the central mediating tool toward this objective. Through this emphasis on design, Bauhaus positioned itself as an epistemological project built upon the conviction that learning by doing and kinaesthetic ways of knowing are essential foundations for the modes of learning required in the 21st century. This cognitive and experiential dimension continues to define how design education should evolve today. Revisiting the Bauhaus educational approach today provides an opportunity to reconsider how experiential learning can contribute to architectural education in an age increasingly dominated by digital tools and virtual design environments. As architectural pedagogy continues to evolve within digital contexts, a critical question arises: Does the renewed interest in Bauhaus represent a reaction against the dominance of the digital, or does it reflect a search for what has been lost in the realm of experiential, hands-on learning within the digital age? Posing answers for this question, this article ultimately argues that rediscovering the Bauhaus ethos in this context offers a pathway to reconnect architectural education with the creative, experiential, and reflective roots of design.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Akin, O. (2001). Variants in design cognition. In C. Eastman, W. Newstetter, & M. McCracken (Eds.), Design knowing and learning: Cognition in design education, Elsevier, Oxford.
  • [2] Bayraktar, N., Görer Tamer, N., Tekel, A., Gürer, N., Ceylan Kızıltas, A., & Armatlı Köroğlu, B. (2012). Görsel eğitimde yaratıcılık ve temel tasarım. Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • [3] Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G., & Norby, M. (2004). Cognitive psychology and instruction. Pearson.
  • [4] Conrads, Ulrich (1975), Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture, The MIT Press.
  • [5] Celik-Alexander, Zeynep (2017), Kinaesthetic Knowing: Aesthetics, Epistemology, Modern Design, University of Chicago Press.
  • [6] Demirbas, O. O., & Demirkan, H. (2003). Focus on architectural design process through learning styles. Design Studies, 24(5), 437–456.
  • [7] Denel, B. (1979). A method for basic design. ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [8] Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Macmillan.
  • [9] Eastman, C. (1969). Cognitive processes and ill-defined problems: A case study from design. In Proceedings of First Joint International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C.
  • [10] Findeli, A. (2001). Rethinking design education for the 21st century: Theoretical, methodological, and ethical discussion. Design Issues, 17(1), 5–17.
  • [11] Green, L., & Bonollo, E. (2003). Studio-based teaching: History and advantages in the teaching of design. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 2(2).
  • [12] Itten, J. (1975). Design and form: The basic course at the Bauhaus and later. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  • [13] Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • [14] Masatlıoğlu, E. (2018). Architectural education and its future in the context of Generation Z. Istanbul Technical University Press.
  • [15] Oktan, S. &; Vural, S. (2019), “Thinking on the Correlation Between Bauhaus and Computational Design Education”, International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, doi:10.25034/ijcua. 2019.v3n3-3.
  • [16] Oxman, R. E. (2004). Think-maps: Teaching design thinking in design education. Design Studies, 25(1).
  • [17] Özkar, M. (2004). Uncertainties of reason: Pragmatist plurality in basic design education (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • [18] Özkar, M. (2005). Lesson 1 in design computing does not have to be with computers: Basic design exercises, exercises in visual computing. In Education and Research in Computer-aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) 23 Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms (pp. 311–318). Lizbon, Portugal. [19] Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford University Press.
  • [20] Salama, A. (2015). Spatial Design Education: New directions for pedagogy in architecture and beyond. Ashgate.
  • [21] Salama, A.M.; Holgate, P. (2025) “Where Critical Inquiry, Empirical Making, and Experiential Learning Shape Architectural Pedagogy”. Encyclopedia 2025, 5, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030129
  • [22] Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
  • [23] Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. Jossey-Bass.
  • [24] Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Cognitive psychology. Thomson Wadsworth.
  • [25] Teymur, N., & Aytaç Dural, T. (Eds.). (1998). Temel Tasarım/Temel Eğitim. ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [26] Uysal Urey, Zeynep Cigdem. (2021). “Fostering Creative Cognition in Design Education: A Comparative Analysis of Algorithmic and Heuristic Educational Methods in Basic Design Education”. METU Journal of The Faculty of Architecture (METU JFA), 38(1) 53-80, doi: 10.4305/METU.JFA.2021.1.9.

21. Yüzyıl Tasarım Eğitiminde Bauhaus Pedagojisinin Yeniden Yorumlanması: Birinci Sınıf Stüdyosunda Deneyimsel Öğrenme ve Aktif Zihinlerin Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 699 - 715, 30.12.2025

Öz

“Zihin doldurulacak bir kap değil, tutuşturulacak bir ateştir.” – Plutarkhos
Deneysel yöntemlerle çalışan aktif zihinlerin geliştirilmesi, yalnızca verilen talimatları yerine getiren pasif zihinlerden çok daha önemli olup, tasarım eğitiminin vazgeçilmez koşullarından biridir. Tasarlama eylemi—doğası gereği—tasarımcının açık uçlu problem durumlarında kendi yöntemlerini ve yaklaşımlarını geliştirmesini gerektiren bilişsel bir sıçrama içerir. Bu çalışma, Bauhaus Okulu’nun eğitim modelinin özellikle birinci sınıf mimari tasarım stüdyosu bağlamında neden yeniden ele alınması gerektiğini tartışmakta ve Bauhaus pedagojisinin deneyimsel, etkin ve sürece dayalı öğrenme yaklaşımını vurgulamaktadır.

Bauhaus, dilsel tartışmalardan ziyade, “yaparak öğrenme”yi merkeze alan bütüncül bir eğitim modeli önermiştir. Bauhaus pedagojisi, dönemin yeni endüstriyel üretim süreçlerinde etkin rol alabilecek bir birey tipinin yetiştirilmesine dayanırken; bu hedef doğrultusunda tasarımı temel bir araç olarak kullanmıştır. Yaparak öğrenme ve kinestetik bilginin önemine yaptığı vurgu ile Bauhaus, 21. yüzyılın gerektirdiği yeni öğrenme biçimleri için de geçerliliğini koruyan epistemolojik bir proje niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu bilişsel ve deneyimsel boyut, günümüz tasarım eğitiminin nasıl evrilmesi gerektiğine dair yol gösterici niteliktedir.

Bauhaus pedagojisinin günümüzde yeniden ele alınması, dijital araçların ve sanal tasarım ortamlarının giderek belirleyici olduğu çağımızda, deneyimsel öğrenmenin mimarlık eğitimine nasıl katkı sağlayabileceğini yeniden düşünme olanağı sunmaktadır. Mimari pedagojinin dijital bağlamlarda dönüşmeye devam ettiği bu ortamda kritik bir soru ortaya çıkmaktadır: Bauhaus’a yönelik bu yenilenmiş ilgi, dijital çağın hakimiyetine karşı bir tepki midir, yoksa dijital tasarım süreçlerinde kaybolmakta olan “yaparak öğrenme” deneyiminin yeniden aranmasından mı kaynaklanmaktadır?

Bu soruya yanıt arayan çalışma, Bauhaus yaklaşımının yeniden keşfedilmesinin, mimarlık eğitimini tasarımın yaratıcı, deneyimsel ve yansıtıcı kökleriyle yeniden buluşturmak için güçlü bir imkan sunduğunu ileri sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Akin, O. (2001). Variants in design cognition. In C. Eastman, W. Newstetter, & M. McCracken (Eds.), Design knowing and learning: Cognition in design education, Elsevier, Oxford.
  • [2] Bayraktar, N., Görer Tamer, N., Tekel, A., Gürer, N., Ceylan Kızıltas, A., & Armatlı Köroğlu, B. (2012). Görsel eğitimde yaratıcılık ve temel tasarım. Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • [3] Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G., & Norby, M. (2004). Cognitive psychology and instruction. Pearson.
  • [4] Conrads, Ulrich (1975), Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture, The MIT Press.
  • [5] Celik-Alexander, Zeynep (2017), Kinaesthetic Knowing: Aesthetics, Epistemology, Modern Design, University of Chicago Press.
  • [6] Demirbas, O. O., & Demirkan, H. (2003). Focus on architectural design process through learning styles. Design Studies, 24(5), 437–456.
  • [7] Denel, B. (1979). A method for basic design. ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [8] Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Macmillan.
  • [9] Eastman, C. (1969). Cognitive processes and ill-defined problems: A case study from design. In Proceedings of First Joint International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C.
  • [10] Findeli, A. (2001). Rethinking design education for the 21st century: Theoretical, methodological, and ethical discussion. Design Issues, 17(1), 5–17.
  • [11] Green, L., & Bonollo, E. (2003). Studio-based teaching: History and advantages in the teaching of design. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 2(2).
  • [12] Itten, J. (1975). Design and form: The basic course at the Bauhaus and later. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  • [13] Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • [14] Masatlıoğlu, E. (2018). Architectural education and its future in the context of Generation Z. Istanbul Technical University Press.
  • [15] Oktan, S. &; Vural, S. (2019), “Thinking on the Correlation Between Bauhaus and Computational Design Education”, International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, doi:10.25034/ijcua. 2019.v3n3-3.
  • [16] Oxman, R. E. (2004). Think-maps: Teaching design thinking in design education. Design Studies, 25(1).
  • [17] Özkar, M. (2004). Uncertainties of reason: Pragmatist plurality in basic design education (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • [18] Özkar, M. (2005). Lesson 1 in design computing does not have to be with computers: Basic design exercises, exercises in visual computing. In Education and Research in Computer-aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) 23 Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms (pp. 311–318). Lizbon, Portugal. [19] Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford University Press.
  • [20] Salama, A. (2015). Spatial Design Education: New directions for pedagogy in architecture and beyond. Ashgate.
  • [21] Salama, A.M.; Holgate, P. (2025) “Where Critical Inquiry, Empirical Making, and Experiential Learning Shape Architectural Pedagogy”. Encyclopedia 2025, 5, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030129
  • [22] Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.
  • [23] Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. Jossey-Bass.
  • [24] Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Cognitive psychology. Thomson Wadsworth.
  • [25] Teymur, N., & Aytaç Dural, T. (Eds.). (1998). Temel Tasarım/Temel Eğitim. ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • [26] Uysal Urey, Zeynep Cigdem. (2021). “Fostering Creative Cognition in Design Education: A Comparative Analysis of Algorithmic and Heuristic Educational Methods in Basic Design Education”. METU Journal of The Faculty of Architecture (METU JFA), 38(1) 53-80, doi: 10.4305/METU.JFA.2021.1.9.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Tasarım, Tasarım Uygulaması ve Yöntemleri, Tasarım (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Yılman Altürk 0000-0001-9679-4260

Zeynep Uludağ 0000-0001-9242-7957

Zeynep Çiğdem Uysal Ürey 0000-0001-6528-062X

Rabia Çiğdem Çavdar 0000-0002-5574-9831

Arda İlayda Sağlam Aktan 0000-0003-4082-0348

Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılman Altürk, Ç., Uludağ, Z., Uysal Ürey, Z. Ç., … Çavdar, R. Ç. (2025). Reinterpreting Bauhaus Pedagogy in the 21st-Century Design Education: Cultivating Experimental Learning and the Development of Active Minds in the First-Year Studio. Gazi University Journal of Science Part B: Art Humanities Design and Planning, 13(4), 699-715.