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Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Ulusal İnovasyon Kapasitesinin Belirleyicileri: Panel Veri Analizi Yöntemi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek, 194 - 217, 31.12.2020

Öz

Ulusal inovasyon kapasitesi hem ekonomik hem de politik varlık olarak bir ülkenin inovasyon üretebilme potansiyeli olarak tanımlanmakta ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin ve refah artışının ana kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Ulusal inovasyon kapasitesinin iktisadi alandaki dinamikleri hakkında bilgi edinmek amacıyla ampirik analizler yapılmaktadır. Ancak yapılan bu çalışmaların büyük bir kısmının gelişmiş ülkeler üzerine yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ulusal inovasyon kapasitesinin belirleyicilerinin gelişmiş ülkelerle karşılaştırmalı olarak ampirik analizinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Literatürde yer alan çalışmaların büyük bir çoğunluğunda ulusal inovasyon kapasitesini sadece patent istat ile temsil etmenin dezavantajlı ve eksik yönlerinden bahsedilmekte ve bu duruma alternatif yöntem önermelerinde bulunulmaktadır. Ampirik çalışmalardaki önermelerden ve yöntem denemelerinden yola çıkılarak literatürdeki ilgili boşluğu doldurma çabası adına ulusal inovasyon kapasitesini temsil eden yeni bir çıktı değişken olarak ulusal inovasyon kapasitesi endeksi hesaplanmakta ve temsilen bu değişken kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada, 1996-2016 dönemine ait veriler, 18 gelişmekte olan ülke ve 31 gelişmiş ülke özelinde panel veri analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ulusal inovasyon kapasitesi belirleyicilerinden ulusal teknolojik yetenek ve altyapı faktörlerinin etkisinin zayıf olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca bu ülkelerde, teknolojik yeteneklerin geliştirilmesinde yabancı teknolojiler önemli etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, Y. (2009). Sermaye, Bölüşüm, Büyüme,. Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi.
  • Ansal, H. (2004,). Geçmiş ve Gelecekte Ekonomik Gelişmede Teknolojinin Rolü. M. Kiper içinde, Teknoloji (s. 35-58). Ankara: Türk Mühendis ve Mimarlar Odaları Birliği, Kozan Ofset.
  • Archibugi, D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring Technological Change Through Patents And Innovation Surveys. Technovation, 16(9) , 451-468.
  • Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting As An Indicator Of Technological Innovation: A Review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368.
  • Ballı, E. ve Manga, M. (2015). Ulusal İnovasyon Kapasitesi Üzerine Bir Deneme: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi,7(2), , 58-74.
  • Bartels, F., Voss, H., Lederer, S., & Bachtrog, C. (2012). Determinants of National Innovation Systems: Policy Implications For Developing Countries. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 14(1): , 2–18.
  • Castellacci, F., & Natera, J. (2013). The Dynamics Of National Innovation Systems: A Panel Cointegration Analysis Of The Coevolution Between Innovative Capability And Absorptive Capacity. Research Policy 42, 579– 594.
  • Coombs, R., Saviotti, P., & Walsh, V. (1987). Economics and Technological Change. United States of America: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Çilingirtürk, A. ve Altaş, D. (2010). Makro İktisat Verilerinde Kayıp Verilerin Regresyona Dayalı En Yakın Komşu “Hot Deck” Yöntemi İle Tamamlanması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 73-83.
  • Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2000). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Bilim ve Teknoloji Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
  • Ding, H. (2006). The Determinants Of Innovation: An Empirical Cross-Country Study Of 43 Countries For 1998-2002. Applied Econometrics and International Development AEID, 6-1 , 35-50.
  • Draghici, A., & Albulescu, C. (2014 ). Does The Entrepreneurial Activity Enhance The National Innovative Capacity? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 124 , 388 – 396.
  • Dumludağ, D. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment In Developing Economies And Turkey; The Role Of Institutions (a dissertation) . İstanbul: Boğaziçi University, The Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History,.
  • Edquıst, C., & Lundvall , B.-A. (1993). Comparing the Danish and Swedish Systems of Innovation . R. R. Nelson içinde, National Innovation Systems A Comparative Analysis 1993 (s. 265-298). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Elahi, S., Kalantari, N., Azar , A., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2016). Impact Of Common Innovation Infrastructures On The National Innovative Performance: Mediating Role Of Knowledge And Technology Absorptive Capacity. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, 1-26.
  • Freeman, C. (1989). New Technology and Catching Up. The European Journal of Development Research, 85-99.
  • Freeman, C. (1995). The 'National System Of Innovation' In Historical Perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), Special Issue on Technology and Innovation, pp. 5-24.
  • Furman, , J., & Hayes, R. (2004). Catching Up Or Standing Still? National Innovative Productivity Among ‘Follower’ Countries, 1978–1999. Research Policy 33, 1329–1354.
  • Furman, J., Porter, M., & Stern, S. (2002). The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity. Research Policy 31, 899–933.
  • Ghazal , R., & Zulkhibri, M. (2015). Determinants Of Innovation Outputs In Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 42(2), 237 - 260.
  • Göçer, İ. (2013). Teknolojik İlerlemenin Belirleyicileri: NIC Ülkeleri İçin Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri. Maliye Finans Yazıları, 27(100), 113-138.
  • Gürel, Y. (2016). Evrimci İktisat ve Teknoloji,. İ. Akçomak, E. Erdil, M. Pamukçu, & M. Tiryakioğlu içinde, Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik: Kavramlar, Kuramlar ve Politika (s. 235-256). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Hua, M.-C., & Mathews, J. (2008). China’s National Innovative Capacity. Research Policy 37, 1465–1479.
  • Huang, H.-C., Shih, H.-Y., & Wu, Y.-C. (2011). Contagion Effects Of National Innovative Capacity: Comparing Structural Equivalence And Cohesion Models. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 78, 244–255.
  • Huang,, H.-C., & Shih, H.-Y. (2009). National Innovative Capacity in the International Technology Diffusion: The Perspective of Network Contagion Effects. PICMET 2009 Proceedings, August 2-6, (s. 2699-2710). Portland: PICMET.
  • Index of Economic Freedom. (2020, 04 14). About The Index. Arama Sonuçları: https://www.heritage.org/index/about adresinden alındı
  • James, J., & Romijn, H. (1997). The Determinants Of Technological Capability: A Cross‐Country Analysis. Oxford Development Studies, 25:2, 189-207.
  • Jang, Y., Ko, Y., & Kim, S. (2016). Cultural Correlates Of National Innovative Capacity: A Cross-National Analysis Of National Culture And Innovation Rates. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity 2:23, 1-16.
  • Karahan, Ö. (2017). The Relationship Between National Innovative Capability And Performance In Europe. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance 6(1), 53-60.
  • Kızılarslan, Ş. (2016). Eğitimin İktisadi Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi: Eksik Verili ve Dengesiz Panel Veri Modelleri. İstanbul: Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ekonometri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Kibritçioğlu, A. (1998). İktisadi Büyümenin Belirleyicileri ve Yeni Büyüme Modellerinde Beşeri Sermayenin Yeri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, SBF Yayınları,.
  • Kiper, M. (2004). Teknoloji Ve Teknoloji Transfer Mekanizmaları ve Bu Kapsamda Üniversite – Sanayi İşbirliği. Teknoloji (s. 59-122). içinde Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği, Kozan Ofset.
  • Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialization. World Development, 20(2),, 165-186.
  • Lall, S. (1993). Understanding Technology Development. Development and Change 24(4) , 719-753.
  • Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, (26),2.
  • Lall, S. (2003). Indicators of the relative importance of IPRs in developing countries. Research Policy 32 , 1657–1680.
  • López-Claros, A., & Mata, Y. (2009). The Innovation Capacity Index: Factors, Policies, and Institutions Driving Country Innovation.
  • Lundvall, B.-Å. (2005). National Innovation Systems - Analytical Concept And Development Tool. DRUID Tenth Anniversary Summer Conference June 27-29, (s. 1-41). Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Lundvall, B.-Å. (2010). National Systems Of Innovation. B.-Å. Lundvall içinde, National Systems of Innovation Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (s. 1-20). London: Anthem Press.
  • Metcalfe, J. (1995). Technology Systems And Technology Policy In An Evolutionary Framework. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 25-46.
  • Natario, M., Couto, J., Braga, A., & Tiago, T. (2010). Evaluating The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity Among European Countries. 50th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in the Creative Knowledge Economy 19-23 August 2010, (s. 1-24). Sweden: European Regional Science Association (ERSA).
  • Nelson, R., & Rosenberg, N. (1993). Technical Innovation and National Systems. R. R. Nelson içinde, National Innovation Systems A Comparative Analysis (s. 3-28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. London: The Belknap of Harvard University Press.
  • Niosi, J. ((2002) ). National Systems Of Innovations Are “X-Efficient” (And X-Effective) Why Some Are Slow Learners. Research Policy , 291–302.
  • Niosi, J., Saviotti, P., Bellon, B., & Crow, M. (1993). National Systems of Innovation: In Search of a Workable Concept. Technology in Society, 15, 207-227,.
  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change And Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Patel , P., & Pavitt, K. (1994). National Innovation Systems: Why They Are Important, And How They Might Be Measured And Compared. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 77-95.
  • S., S., M., P., & J., F. (2000). The determinants of national innovative capacity. . NBER Working Paper Series 7876, 1-58. Schiuma , G., & Lerro, A. (2008). Knowledge-Based Capital In Building Regional Innovation Capacity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(5), 121-136.
  • Schneider, P. (2005). International Trade, Economic Growth And Intellectual Property Rights: A Panel Data Study Of Developed And Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 78, 529– 547.
  • Soyak, A. (1996). Teknolojik Gelişme ve Özelleştirme Telekomünikasyon Sektörü Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Kavram Yayınları.
  • Soyak, A. (2011). Teknoekonomi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Suarez-Villa , L., & Hasnath, S. (1993). The Effect of Infrastructure on Invention Innovative Capacity and the Dynamics of Public Construction Investment. Technological Forecasting And Social Change, 44, 333-358.
  • Suarez-Villa, L. (1996). Innovative Capacity, Infrastructure and Regional Policy. D. F. Karlsson içinde, Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development (s. 251-270). Sweden: Springer.
  • Takakuwa, S., & Vezab, I. (2014). Technology Transfer and World Competitiveness. Procedia Engineering 69, 121 – 127.
  • Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE.
  • Tiryakioğlu, M. (2015). Teknolojik Yetenek Transferi Türkiye İçin Alternatif Bir Politika Arayışı. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Tüylüoğlu, Ş. ve Saraç, Ş. (2012). Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde İnovasyonun Belirleyicileri: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(1), 39-74.
  • Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. IMF Working Paper WP/04/185, 1-37.
  • Ün, T. (2018). Panel Veri Modellerinin Varsayımlarının Testi. S. Güriş içinde, Uygulamalı Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (s. 73-101). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık.
  • Waguespack, D., Birnir, J., & Schroeder, J. (2005). Technological Development and Political Stability: Patenting In Latin America And The Caribbean. Research Policy 34 , 1570–1590.
  • World Bank. (2008). Global Economic Prospects Technology Diffusion in the Developing World. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Wu, J., Ma, Z., & Zhuo, S. (2017). Enhancing National Innovative Capacity: The Impact Of High-Tech International Trade And Inward Foreign Direct Investment. International Business Review 26, 502–514.
  • Yıldırım, S. (2011). İnovasyonun Makroekonomik Belirleyicileri. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 53–68.
  • Zang, L., Xiong, F., Lao, X., & Gao, Y. (2018). Does Governance Efficiency Matter For National Innovative Capacity? One Tale From Different Countries. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-15.

Determinants of National Innovation Capacity in Developing Countries: Panel Data Analysis Method

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek, 194 - 217, 31.12.2020

Öz

National innovation capacity is defined as the innovation potential of a country, both as an economic and political asset, and is seen as the main source of sustainable economic growth and increase in welfare. Empirical analyzes are conducted to obtain information about the dynamics of national innovation capacity in the economic field. However, it is seen that most of these studies focus on developed countries. In this study, it is aimed to make empirical analysis of determinants of national innovation capacity in developing countries in comparison with developed countries. In most of the studies in the literature, the disadvantages and shortcomings of representing the national innovation capacity only with the number of patents are mentioned and alternative methods are proposed. Based on the propositions in empirical studies and method trials, the national innovation capacity index is calculated as a new output variable representing the national innovation capacity in order to fill the relevant gap in the literature and this variable is used to represent it. In the study, data for the period 1996-2016 are analyzed by panel data method in 18 developing countries and 31 developed countries. It is seen that the effect of national technological ability and infrastructure factors, which are among the determinants of national innovation capacity in developing countries, is weak. In addition, foreign technologies have been found to have a significant impact on the development of technological capabilities in these countries.

Kaynakça

  • Akyüz, Y. (2009). Sermaye, Bölüşüm, Büyüme,. Ankara: Eflatun Yayınevi.
  • Ansal, H. (2004,). Geçmiş ve Gelecekte Ekonomik Gelişmede Teknolojinin Rolü. M. Kiper içinde, Teknoloji (s. 35-58). Ankara: Türk Mühendis ve Mimarlar Odaları Birliği, Kozan Ofset.
  • Archibugi, D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring Technological Change Through Patents And Innovation Surveys. Technovation, 16(9) , 451-468.
  • Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting As An Indicator Of Technological Innovation: A Review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368.
  • Ballı, E. ve Manga, M. (2015). Ulusal İnovasyon Kapasitesi Üzerine Bir Deneme: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi,7(2), , 58-74.
  • Bartels, F., Voss, H., Lederer, S., & Bachtrog, C. (2012). Determinants of National Innovation Systems: Policy Implications For Developing Countries. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 14(1): , 2–18.
  • Castellacci, F., & Natera, J. (2013). The Dynamics Of National Innovation Systems: A Panel Cointegration Analysis Of The Coevolution Between Innovative Capability And Absorptive Capacity. Research Policy 42, 579– 594.
  • Coombs, R., Saviotti, P., & Walsh, V. (1987). Economics and Technological Change. United States of America: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Çilingirtürk, A. ve Altaş, D. (2010). Makro İktisat Verilerinde Kayıp Verilerin Regresyona Dayalı En Yakın Komşu “Hot Deck” Yöntemi İle Tamamlanması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 73-83.
  • Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2000). Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Bilim ve Teknoloji Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
  • Ding, H. (2006). The Determinants Of Innovation: An Empirical Cross-Country Study Of 43 Countries For 1998-2002. Applied Econometrics and International Development AEID, 6-1 , 35-50.
  • Draghici, A., & Albulescu, C. (2014 ). Does The Entrepreneurial Activity Enhance The National Innovative Capacity? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 124 , 388 – 396.
  • Dumludağ, D. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment In Developing Economies And Turkey; The Role Of Institutions (a dissertation) . İstanbul: Boğaziçi University, The Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History,.
  • Edquıst, C., & Lundvall , B.-A. (1993). Comparing the Danish and Swedish Systems of Innovation . R. R. Nelson içinde, National Innovation Systems A Comparative Analysis 1993 (s. 265-298). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Elahi, S., Kalantari, N., Azar , A., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2016). Impact Of Common Innovation Infrastructures On The National Innovative Performance: Mediating Role Of Knowledge And Technology Absorptive Capacity. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, 1-26.
  • Freeman, C. (1989). New Technology and Catching Up. The European Journal of Development Research, 85-99.
  • Freeman, C. (1995). The 'National System Of Innovation' In Historical Perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), Special Issue on Technology and Innovation, pp. 5-24.
  • Furman, , J., & Hayes, R. (2004). Catching Up Or Standing Still? National Innovative Productivity Among ‘Follower’ Countries, 1978–1999. Research Policy 33, 1329–1354.
  • Furman, J., Porter, M., & Stern, S. (2002). The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity. Research Policy 31, 899–933.
  • Ghazal , R., & Zulkhibri, M. (2015). Determinants Of Innovation Outputs In Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 42(2), 237 - 260.
  • Göçer, İ. (2013). Teknolojik İlerlemenin Belirleyicileri: NIC Ülkeleri İçin Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri. Maliye Finans Yazıları, 27(100), 113-138.
  • Gürel, Y. (2016). Evrimci İktisat ve Teknoloji,. İ. Akçomak, E. Erdil, M. Pamukçu, & M. Tiryakioğlu içinde, Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik: Kavramlar, Kuramlar ve Politika (s. 235-256). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Hua, M.-C., & Mathews, J. (2008). China’s National Innovative Capacity. Research Policy 37, 1465–1479.
  • Huang, H.-C., Shih, H.-Y., & Wu, Y.-C. (2011). Contagion Effects Of National Innovative Capacity: Comparing Structural Equivalence And Cohesion Models. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 78, 244–255.
  • Huang,, H.-C., & Shih, H.-Y. (2009). National Innovative Capacity in the International Technology Diffusion: The Perspective of Network Contagion Effects. PICMET 2009 Proceedings, August 2-6, (s. 2699-2710). Portland: PICMET.
  • Index of Economic Freedom. (2020, 04 14). About The Index. Arama Sonuçları: https://www.heritage.org/index/about adresinden alındı
  • James, J., & Romijn, H. (1997). The Determinants Of Technological Capability: A Cross‐Country Analysis. Oxford Development Studies, 25:2, 189-207.
  • Jang, Y., Ko, Y., & Kim, S. (2016). Cultural Correlates Of National Innovative Capacity: A Cross-National Analysis Of National Culture And Innovation Rates. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity 2:23, 1-16.
  • Karahan, Ö. (2017). The Relationship Between National Innovative Capability And Performance In Europe. Journal of Business, Economics and Finance 6(1), 53-60.
  • Kızılarslan, Ş. (2016). Eğitimin İktisadi Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi: Eksik Verili ve Dengesiz Panel Veri Modelleri. İstanbul: Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ekonometri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Kibritçioğlu, A. (1998). İktisadi Büyümenin Belirleyicileri ve Yeni Büyüme Modellerinde Beşeri Sermayenin Yeri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, SBF Yayınları,.
  • Kiper, M. (2004). Teknoloji Ve Teknoloji Transfer Mekanizmaları ve Bu Kapsamda Üniversite – Sanayi İşbirliği. Teknoloji (s. 59-122). içinde Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği, Kozan Ofset.
  • Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialization. World Development, 20(2),, 165-186.
  • Lall, S. (1993). Understanding Technology Development. Development and Change 24(4) , 719-753.
  • Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, (26),2.
  • Lall, S. (2003). Indicators of the relative importance of IPRs in developing countries. Research Policy 32 , 1657–1680.
  • López-Claros, A., & Mata, Y. (2009). The Innovation Capacity Index: Factors, Policies, and Institutions Driving Country Innovation.
  • Lundvall, B.-Å. (2005). National Innovation Systems - Analytical Concept And Development Tool. DRUID Tenth Anniversary Summer Conference June 27-29, (s. 1-41). Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Lundvall, B.-Å. (2010). National Systems Of Innovation. B.-Å. Lundvall içinde, National Systems of Innovation Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (s. 1-20). London: Anthem Press.
  • Metcalfe, J. (1995). Technology Systems And Technology Policy In An Evolutionary Framework. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 25-46.
  • Natario, M., Couto, J., Braga, A., & Tiago, T. (2010). Evaluating The Determinants Of National Innovative Capacity Among European Countries. 50th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in the Creative Knowledge Economy 19-23 August 2010, (s. 1-24). Sweden: European Regional Science Association (ERSA).
  • Nelson, R., & Rosenberg, N. (1993). Technical Innovation and National Systems. R. R. Nelson içinde, National Innovation Systems A Comparative Analysis (s. 3-28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. London: The Belknap of Harvard University Press.
  • Niosi, J. ((2002) ). National Systems Of Innovations Are “X-Efficient” (And X-Effective) Why Some Are Slow Learners. Research Policy , 291–302.
  • Niosi, J., Saviotti, P., Bellon, B., & Crow, M. (1993). National Systems of Innovation: In Search of a Workable Concept. Technology in Society, 15, 207-227,.
  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change And Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Patel , P., & Pavitt, K. (1994). National Innovation Systems: Why They Are Important, And How They Might Be Measured And Compared. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 77-95.
  • S., S., M., P., & J., F. (2000). The determinants of national innovative capacity. . NBER Working Paper Series 7876, 1-58. Schiuma , G., & Lerro, A. (2008). Knowledge-Based Capital In Building Regional Innovation Capacity. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(5), 121-136.
  • Schneider, P. (2005). International Trade, Economic Growth And Intellectual Property Rights: A Panel Data Study Of Developed And Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 78, 529– 547.
  • Soyak, A. (1996). Teknolojik Gelişme ve Özelleştirme Telekomünikasyon Sektörü Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Kavram Yayınları.
  • Soyak, A. (2011). Teknoekonomi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Suarez-Villa , L., & Hasnath, S. (1993). The Effect of Infrastructure on Invention Innovative Capacity and the Dynamics of Public Construction Investment. Technological Forecasting And Social Change, 44, 333-358.
  • Suarez-Villa, L. (1996). Innovative Capacity, Infrastructure and Regional Policy. D. F. Karlsson içinde, Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development (s. 251-270). Sweden: Springer.
  • Takakuwa, S., & Vezab, I. (2014). Technology Transfer and World Competitiveness. Procedia Engineering 69, 121 – 127.
  • Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE.
  • Tiryakioğlu, M. (2015). Teknolojik Yetenek Transferi Türkiye İçin Alternatif Bir Politika Arayışı. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Tüylüoğlu, Ş. ve Saraç, Ş. (2012). Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde İnovasyonun Belirleyicileri: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(1), 39-74.
  • Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. IMF Working Paper WP/04/185, 1-37.
  • Ün, T. (2018). Panel Veri Modellerinin Varsayımlarının Testi. S. Güriş içinde, Uygulamalı Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (s. 73-101). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık.
  • Waguespack, D., Birnir, J., & Schroeder, J. (2005). Technological Development and Political Stability: Patenting In Latin America And The Caribbean. Research Policy 34 , 1570–1590.
  • World Bank. (2008). Global Economic Prospects Technology Diffusion in the Developing World. Washington DC: The World Bank.
  • Wu, J., Ma, Z., & Zhuo, S. (2017). Enhancing National Innovative Capacity: The Impact Of High-Tech International Trade And Inward Foreign Direct Investment. International Business Review 26, 502–514.
  • Yıldırım, S. (2011). İnovasyonun Makroekonomik Belirleyicileri. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 53–68.
  • Zang, L., Xiong, F., Lao, X., & Gao, Y. (2018). Does Governance Efficiency Matter For National Innovative Capacity? One Tale From Different Countries. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-15.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Zuhal 0000-0002-4645-4628

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek

Kaynak Göster

APA Zuhal, M. (2020). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Ulusal İnovasyon Kapasitesinin Belirleyicileri: Panel Veri Analizi Yöntemi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Ek), 194-217. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.837582