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Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3 13 Ağustos 2026
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Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance

Öz

The integration of visible light positioning (VLP) with multi-color visible light communication (MC-VLC) enables high-precision indoor localization without additional hardware complexity. Recent studies have shown that the blue-shift phenomenon, i.e., the angle-dependent spectral response of interference-type optical filters, can be exploited to estimate the angle of incidence (AoI). Building upon this approach, this study investigates the role of the optical filter’s effective refractive index in the accuracy of blue-shift-based AoI estimation. By analyzing the eigenvalue behavior of the MC-VLC channel under different filter sets and refractive index values, it is shown that the refractive index governs the degree of nonlinearity between the eigenvalues and AoI, thereby influencing the suitability of various regression models. Simulation results demonstrate that the refractive index significantly affects positioning performance, with its impact varying across filter designs. Furthermore, numerical evaluations indicate that through appropriate filter selection, a robust and high-accuracy positioning system can be achieved even in scenarios with strong refractive-index dependence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Angle of arrival, Blue-shift effect, Multi-color visible light communication (MC-VLC), Optical filters, Refractive index, Visible light positioning (VLP)

Kaynakça

  1. Bastiaens, S., Alijani, M., Joseph, W., & Plets, D. (2024). Visible light positioning as a next-generation indoor positioning technology: A tutorial. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 26(4), 2867-2913. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3372153
  2. Chi, N., Zhou, Y., Wei, Y., & Hu, F. (2020). Visible light communication in 6G: Advances, challenges, and prospects. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 15(4), 93-102. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/MVT.2020.3017153
  3. Chaudhary, N., Alves, L. N., & Ghassemlooy, Z. (2021). Impact of transmitter positioning and orientation uncertainty on RSS-based visible light positioning accuracy. Sensors, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093044
  4. Ge, P., Liang, X., Wang, J., Zhao, C., Gao, X., & Ding, Z. (2019). Optical filter designs for multi-color visible light communication. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 67(3), 2173–2187. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2018.2883422
  5. Harlakin, A., & Hoeher, P. A. (2024). LCD-based angle-of-arrival estimation of multiple light sources: Paving the road to multiuser VLC. IEEE Photonics Journal, 16(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3388928
  6. Komine, T. & Nakagawa, M. (2004). Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 50(1), https://doi.org/100–107. 10.1109/TCE.2004.1277847
  7. Kucuk, M. A., Albayrak, C., Turk, K., & Yanikomeroglu, H. (2024). Optical filter design for multi-color VLC in reflective environments with multiple lighting sources. IEEE Access, 12, 169344–169355. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3489792
  8. Kucuk, M. A., & Turk, K. (2026). Blue-shift effect-based positioning for multi-color VLC. IEEE Communications Letters, 30, 184-187. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2025.3630041
  9. Liu, A., Huang, Z., Li, M., Wan, Y., Li, W., Han, T. X., Liu, C., Du, R., Tan, D. K. P., Lu, J., Shen, Y., Colone, F., & Chetty, K. (2022). A survey on fundamental limits of integrated sensing and communication. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 24(2), 994–1034. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2022.3149272
  10. Macleod, H. A. (2017). Thin-film optical filters (5th ed.). CRC Press.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Küçük, M. A., & Turk, K. (2026). Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(3), 840-849. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352
AMA
1.Küçük MA, Turk K. Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;16(3):840-849. doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352
Chicago
Küçük, Mehmet Ali, ve Kadir Turk. 2026. “Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 (3): 840-49. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352.
EndNote
Küçük MA, Turk K (01 Ağustos 2026) Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16 3 840–849.
IEEE
[1]M. A. Küçük ve K. Turk, “Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, ss. 840–849, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352.
ISNAD
Küçük, Mehmet Ali - Turk, Kadir. “Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 16/3 (01 Ağustos 2026): 840-849. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352.
JAMA
1.Küçük MA, Turk K. Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;16:840–849.
MLA
Küçük, Mehmet Ali, ve Kadir Turk. “Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, Ağustos 2026, ss. 840-9, doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Ali Küçük, Kadir Turk. Impact of optical filter refractive index on blue-shift effect-based multi-color visible light positioning performance. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Ağustos 2026;16(3):840-9. doi:10.17714/gumusfenbil.1869352