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The Role of Nutrition in the Etiology and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 1247 - 1256, 27.09.2022

Tevfik Koçak , Nilüfer Acar Tek

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157

Öz

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common type of cancer for men. Nutrition plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Diet high energy, saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and animal protein intake, as well as low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, whole grains, essential minerals, and phytochemicals, are associated with the development of prostate cancer. All published studies were reviewed to summarize the effect of current dietary patterns on the etiology and treatment of prostate cancer in the light of available epidemiological evidence. The literature search was conducted from 2000 to March 2022 using electronic databases supplemented by manual review of the reference list of articles from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The following key terms are used: Pub-Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar: ("Prostate Cancer" OR "Diet" OR "Nutrition" OR "Nutrient Intake" OR "Dietary Patterns" OR "Diet Patterns") terms are used. Dietary patterns and nutritional patterns may have different effects on the development of PCa. Effects of current nutritional patterns in the prevention and treatment of PCa in the light of current studies. The aim of this review is to examine the positive/negative effects of current nutritional patterns in the prevention and treatment of PCa in the light of current studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prostate Cancer Diet Nutrition Nutritional Intake Dietary Patterns

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zaorsky, N.G, Churilla, T, Egleston, B. and Fisher, S. (2017). “Causes of Death Among Cancer Patients”. Annals of Oncology, 28 (2), 400-407.
  • 2. Erzurum Alim, N. (2018). “Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Kanser Epidemiyolojisi”. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2022).
  • 3. Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, R.L. and Laversanne, M. (2021). “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries”. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71 (3), 209-249.
  • 4. Pernar, C.H, Ebot, E.M, Wilson, K.M. and Mucci, L.A. (2018). “The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer”. Cold Spring Harbor Prspectives in Medicine, 8 (12), a030361.
  • 5. Xu, X, Kharazmi, E, Tian, Y. and Mukama, T. (2021). “Risk of Prostate Cancer in Relatives of Prostate Cancer Patients in Sweden: A Nationwide Cohort Study”. PLoS Medicine, 18 (6), e1003616.
  • 6. Taitt, H.E. (2018). “Global Trends And Prostate Cancer: A Review of Incidence, Detection, and Mortality as Influenced by Race, Ethnicity, and Geographic Location”. American Journal of Men's Health, 12 (6), 1807-1823.
  • 7. Shimizu, H, Ross, R.K, Bernstein, L. and Yatani, R. (1991). “Cancers of the Prostate and Breast Among Japanese and White Immigrants in Los Angeles County”. British Journal of Cancer, 63 (6), 963-966. https://doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.210
  • 8. Chung, B.H, Horie, S. and Chiong, E. (2019). “The Incidence, Mortality,and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer in Asian Men”. Prostate International, 7 (1), 1-8.
  • 9. Masko, E.M, Allott, E.H. and Freedland, S.J. (2013). “The Relationship Between Nutrition and Prostate Cancer: Is More Always Better?”. European Urology, 63 (5), 810-820.
  • 10. Alonzi, S, Hoerger, M, Perry, L.M. and Chow, L.D. (2021). “Changes in Taste And Smell of Food During Prostate Cancer Treatment”. Supportive Care In Cancer, 29 (6), 2807-2809.
  • 11. Lane, J.A, Oliver, S.E, Appleby, P.N. and Lentjes, M.A. (2017). “Prostate Cancer Risk Related to Foods, Food Groups, Macronutrients and Micronutrients Derived from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium Food Diaries”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71 (2), 274-283.
  • 12. K, Olahdooz, F, Ibiebele, T.I, Van Der Pols, J.C. and Webb, P.M. (2009). “Dietary Patterns and Ovarian Cancer Risk”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89 (1), 297-304.
  • 13. Hei Demann, C, Schulze, M.B, Franco, O.H. and Vandam, R.M. (2008). “Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality from cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in a P rospective Cohort of Women”. Circulation, 118 (3), 230-237.
  • 14. Steck, S.E. and Murphy, E.A. (2020). “Dietary Patterns and Cancer Risk”. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20 (2), 125-138.
  • 15. Rock, C.L, Thomson, C, Gansler, T. and Gapstur, S.M. (2020). “American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention”. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70 (4), 245-271.
  • 16. Yang, M, Kenfield, S.A, Van ,Blarigan, E.L. and Batista, J.L. (2015). “Dietary Patterns After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Relation to Disease-Specific and Total Mortality”. Cancer Prevention Research, 8 (6), 545-551.
  • 17. Pekcan, A.G. (2019). “Sürdürülebilir Beslenme ve Beslenme Örüntüsü: Bitkisel Kaynaklı Beslenme”. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 47 (2), 1-10.
  • 18. Niclis, C, Román, M.D, Osella, A.R. and Eynard, A.R. (2015). “Traditional Dietary Pattern Increases Risk of Prostate Cancer in Argentina: Results of A Multilevel Modeling and Bias Analysis from A Case-Control Study”. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology, 2015 (2015), 179562- 179572. https:// doi. org/10.1155/2015 /179562
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  • 21. Laing, B.B, Lim, A.G. and Ferguson, L.R. (2019). “A Personalised Dietary Approach—A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease”. Nutrients, 11 (7), 1532-1560.
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Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 1247 - 1256, 27.09.2022

Tevfik Koçak , Nilüfer Acar Tek

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157

Öz

Prostat kanseri (PCa), erkeklerde en sık görülen ikinci kanser türüdür. Beslenme PCa’nın başlama, gelişme ve ilerlemesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Prostat kanseri gelişimi ile diyetle yüksek enerji, doymuş yağ, rafine karbonhidrat ve hayvansal kaynaklı protein alımının yanı sıra düşük miktarlarda taze sebze ve meyve, tam tahıl, esansiyel mineraller ve fitokimyasalların alımı ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu derleme güncel beslenme modellerinin prostat kanserinin etiyolojisi ve tedavisindeki etkisini özetlemek amacıyla oluşturulmuştur. Literatür taraması 2000 yılından Mart 2022'ye kadar PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus ve Google Akademik'ten elde edilen makalelerin referans listesinin manuel incelemesiyle desteklenen elektronik veri tabanları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Web of Science, Scopus ve Google Akademik veri tabanlarından "Prostat Kanseri" veya "Diyet" veya "Beslenme" veya "Besin Alımı" veya " Diyet Modelleri" veya "Diyet Modelleri" terimleri kullanılarak taranmıştır. Güncel beslenme modelleri ve beslenme örüntülerinin PCa gelişimi üzerinde farklı etkileri bulunabilmektedir. Günümüzde farklı beslenme modellerine olan ilgi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, güncel beslenme modellerinin PCa gelişiminin önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde olumlu/olumsuz etkilerini mevcut çalışmalar ışığında irdelenmesidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prostat Kanseri Diyet Beslenme Besin Alımı Diyet Paternleri

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zaorsky, N.G, Churilla, T, Egleston, B. and Fisher, S. (2017). “Causes of Death Among Cancer Patients”. Annals of Oncology, 28 (2), 400-407.
  • 2. Erzurum Alim, N. (2018). “Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Kanser Epidemiyolojisi”. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2022).
  • 3. Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, R.L. and Laversanne, M. (2021). “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries”. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71 (3), 209-249.
  • 4. Pernar, C.H, Ebot, E.M, Wilson, K.M. and Mucci, L.A. (2018). “The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer”. Cold Spring Harbor Prspectives in Medicine, 8 (12), a030361.
  • 5. Xu, X, Kharazmi, E, Tian, Y. and Mukama, T. (2021). “Risk of Prostate Cancer in Relatives of Prostate Cancer Patients in Sweden: A Nationwide Cohort Study”. PLoS Medicine, 18 (6), e1003616.
  • 6. Taitt, H.E. (2018). “Global Trends And Prostate Cancer: A Review of Incidence, Detection, and Mortality as Influenced by Race, Ethnicity, and Geographic Location”. American Journal of Men's Health, 12 (6), 1807-1823.
  • 7. Shimizu, H, Ross, R.K, Bernstein, L. and Yatani, R. (1991). “Cancers of the Prostate and Breast Among Japanese and White Immigrants in Los Angeles County”. British Journal of Cancer, 63 (6), 963-966. https://doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.210
  • 8. Chung, B.H, Horie, S. and Chiong, E. (2019). “The Incidence, Mortality,and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer in Asian Men”. Prostate International, 7 (1), 1-8.
  • 9. Masko, E.M, Allott, E.H. and Freedland, S.J. (2013). “The Relationship Between Nutrition and Prostate Cancer: Is More Always Better?”. European Urology, 63 (5), 810-820.
  • 10. Alonzi, S, Hoerger, M, Perry, L.M. and Chow, L.D. (2021). “Changes in Taste And Smell of Food During Prostate Cancer Treatment”. Supportive Care In Cancer, 29 (6), 2807-2809.
  • 11. Lane, J.A, Oliver, S.E, Appleby, P.N. and Lentjes, M.A. (2017). “Prostate Cancer Risk Related to Foods, Food Groups, Macronutrients and Micronutrients Derived from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium Food Diaries”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71 (2), 274-283.
  • 12. K, Olahdooz, F, Ibiebele, T.I, Van Der Pols, J.C. and Webb, P.M. (2009). “Dietary Patterns and Ovarian Cancer Risk”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89 (1), 297-304.
  • 13. Hei Demann, C, Schulze, M.B, Franco, O.H. and Vandam, R.M. (2008). “Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality from cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in a P rospective Cohort of Women”. Circulation, 118 (3), 230-237.
  • 14. Steck, S.E. and Murphy, E.A. (2020). “Dietary Patterns and Cancer Risk”. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20 (2), 125-138.
  • 15. Rock, C.L, Thomson, C, Gansler, T. and Gapstur, S.M. (2020). “American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention”. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70 (4), 245-271.
  • 16. Yang, M, Kenfield, S.A, Van ,Blarigan, E.L. and Batista, J.L. (2015). “Dietary Patterns After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Relation to Disease-Specific and Total Mortality”. Cancer Prevention Research, 8 (6), 545-551.
  • 17. Pekcan, A.G. (2019). “Sürdürülebilir Beslenme ve Beslenme Örüntüsü: Bitkisel Kaynaklı Beslenme”. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 47 (2), 1-10.
  • 18. Niclis, C, Román, M.D, Osella, A.R. and Eynard, A.R. (2015). “Traditional Dietary Pattern Increases Risk of Prostate Cancer in Argentina: Results of A Multilevel Modeling and Bias Analysis from A Case-Control Study”. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology, 2015 (2015), 179562- 179572. https:// doi. org/10.1155/2015 /179562
  • 19. Steenson, S. and Buttriss, J. (2020). “The Challenges of Defining a Healthy and ‘Sustainable’Diet”. Nutrition Bulletin, 45 (2), 206-222.
  • 20. Myles, I.A. (2014). “Fast Food Fever: Reviewing the Impacts of the Western Diet on Immunity”. Nutrition Journal, 13 (1), 1-17.
  • 21. Laing, B.B, Lim, A.G. and Ferguson, L.R. (2019). “A Personalised Dietary Approach—A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease”. Nutrients, 11 (7), 1532-1560.
  • 22. García-Montero, C, Fraile-Martínez, O, Gómez-Lahoz, AM. and Pekarek, L. (2021). “Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease”. Nutrients, 13 (2), 699-749.
  • 23. Grosso, G, Bella, F, Godos, J. and Sciacca, S. (2017). “Possible Role of Diet in Cancer: Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-Analyses of Dietary Patterns, Lifestyle Factors, and Cancer Risk”. Nutrition Reviews, 75 (6), 405-419.
  • 24. Dernini, S, Berry, E.M, Serra-Majem, L. and La Vecchia, C. (2017). “Med Diet 4.0: The Mediterranean Diet with Four Sustainable Benefits”. Public Health Nutrition, 20 (7), 1322-1330.
  • 25. Crosby, L, Davis, B, Joshi, S. and Jardine, M. (2021). “Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks”. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 403-414.
  • 26. Muscogiuri, G, Barrea, L, Laudisio, D. and Pugliese, G. (2019). “The Management of Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in Obesity Outpatient Clinic: A Practical Guide”. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17 (1), 1-9.
  • 27. Menal-Puey, S, Del Ruste, M.M. and Marques-Lopes, I. (2016). “Nutritional Composition of Common Vegetarian Food Portions”. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 33 (2), 386-394.
  • 28. Clarys, P, Deliens, T, Huybrechts, I. and Deriemaeker, P. (2014). “Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet”. Nutrients, 6 (3), 1318-1332.
  • 29. Itsiopoulos, C, Hodge, A. and Kaimakamis, M. (2009). “Can the Mediterranean Diet Prevent Prostate Cancer?”. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 53 (2), 227-239.
  • 30. Divella, R, Daniele, A, Savino, E. and Paradiso, A. (2020). “Anticancer Effects of Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: An Epigenetic Diet Model”. Cancer Genomics & Proteomics, 17 (4), 335-350.
  • 31. Capurso, C. and Vendemiale, G. (2017). “The Mediterranean Diet Reduces the Risk and Mortality of the Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review”. Frontiers in Nutrition, 4, (38) 1-14.
  • 32. Grainger, E.M, Hadley, C.W, Moran N.E. and Riedl, K.M. (2015). “A Comparison of Plasma and Prostate Lycopene in Response To Typical Servings Of Tomato Soup, Sauce Or Juice in Men Before Prostatectomy”. British Journal of Nutrition, 114 (4), 596-607.
  • 33. López-Guarnido, O, Álvarez-Cubero, M.J, Saiz, M. and Lozano, D. (2015). “Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Prostate Cancer Risk”. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31 (3), 1012-1019.
  • 34. Trichopoulou, A, Lagiou, P, Kuper, H. and Trichopoulos, D. (2000). “Cancer and Mediterranean Dietary Traditions”. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 9 (9), 869-873.
  • 35. Schwingshackl, L. and Hoffmann, G. (2014). “Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies”. International Journal of Cancer, 135 (8), 1884-1897.
  • 36. Erdrich, S, Bishop, K.S, Karunasinghe, N. and Han, D.Y. (2015). “A pilot study to investigate if New Zealand men with prostate cancer benefit from a Mediterranean-style diet”. Peer Jornual, 3:e1080 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1080
  • 37.Fehér, A, Gazdecki, M, Véha, M. and Szakály, M. (2020). “A Comprehensive Review of the Benefits of and the Barriers to the Switch to a Plant-Based Diet”. Sustainability, 12 (10), 4136-4154.
  • 38. Schwingshackl, L, Schwedhelm, C, Galbete, C. and Hoffmann, G. (2017). “Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Nutrients, 9 (10), 1063-1087.
  • 39. Center, M.M, Jemal, A, Lortet-Tieulent, J. and Ward, E. (2012). “International Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates”. European Urology, 61 (6), 1079-1092.
  • 40. Shin, S, Saito, E, Sawada, N. and Ishihara, J. (2018). “Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer Risk in Japanese: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study (JPHC Study)”. Cancer Causes & Control, 29 (6), 589-600.
  • 41. Oczkowski, M, Dziendzikowska, K, Pasternak-Winiarska, A. and Włodarek D. (2021). “Dietary Factors and Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Reduction”. Nutrients, 13 (2), 496-525.
  • 42. Askarpour, H, Lotfi, M.H, Fallahzadeh, H. and Amiri, M. (2021). “Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces, Iran”. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15 (2), 2464-2472.
  • 43. Tate, P.L, Bibb, R. and Larcom, L.L. (2011). “Milk Stimulates Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells in Culture”. Nutrition and Cancer, 63 (8), 1361-1366.
  • 44. Peisch, S.F, Van Blarigan, E.L, Chan, J.M. and Stampfer, M.J. (2017). “Prostate Cancer Progression and Mortality: A Review of Diet and Lifestyle Factors”. World Journal of Urology, 35 (6), 867-874.
  • 45. De Stefani, E, Ronco, A.L, Deneo-Pellegrini, H. and Boffetta, P. (2010). “Dietary Patterns and Risk of Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Principal Component Analysis in Uruguay”. Cancer Causes & Control, 21 (7), 1009-1016.
  • 46. Miles, F.L, Neuhouser, M.L. and Zhang. Z.F. (2018). “Concentrated Sugars and Incidence of Prostate Cancer in A Prospective Cohort”. British Journal of Nutrition, 120 (6), 703-710.
  • 47. Narita, S, Nara, T, Sato, H. and Koizumi, A. (2019). “Research evidence on high-fat diet-induced prostate cancer development and progression”. Journal of clinical medicine, 8 (5), 597-619.
  • 48. Colli, J.L. and Colli, A. (2005). "Comparisons of Prostate Cancer Mortality Rates with Dietary Practices in the United States". In Urologic Oncology, Seminars and Original Investigations, 23 (6), 390-398.
  • 49. Di Sebastiano, K.M. and Mourtzakis, M. (2014). “The Role of Dietary Fat Throughout The Prostate Cancer Trajectory”. Nutrients, 6 (12), 6095-6109.
  • 50. Gunnell, D, Oliver, S, Peters, T. and Donovan, J. (2003). “Are Diet–Prostate Cancer Associations Mediated by The IGF Axis? A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Diet, IGF-1 And IGFBP-3 in Healthy Middle-Aged Men”. British Journal of Cancer, 88 (11), 1682–1686.
  • 51. Kucuk, O, Sarkar. F.H, Djuric, Z.and Sakr, W. (2002). “Effects of Lycopene Supplementation in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer”. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227 (10), 881-885.
  • 52. Dowis, K. and Banga S. (2021). “The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review”. Nutrients, 13 (5), 1654-1683.
  • 53. Okechukwu, C.E. (2022). “Cross Talk between the Ketogenic Diet and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells”. The World Journal of Men's Health, 40 (1), 162-163.
  • 54. Kim, H.S, Masko, E.M, Poulton, S.L. and Kennedy, K.M. (2012). “Carbohydrate Restriction and Lactate Transporter Inhibition in A Mouse Xenograft Model of Human Prostate Cancer”. British Journal of Urology İnternational, 110 (7), 1062-1069.
  • 55. Mavropoulos, J.C, Isaacs, W.B, Pizzo, S.V. and Freedland, S.J. (2006). “Is There A Role for A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet in the Management Of Prostate Cancer?”. Urology, 68 (1), 15-18.
  • 56. Freedland, S.J, Allen, J, Jarman, A. and Oyekunle, T. (2020). “A Randomized Controlled Trial of a 6-Month Low-Carbohydrate Intervention on Disease Progression in Men with Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2)”. Clinical Cancer Research, 26 (12), 3035-3043. e-pub ahead of print 2020/02/29. https://doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-19-3873
  • 57. Lin, P.H, Howard, L.and Freedland, S.J. Impact of Low Carbohydrate Diet on Self-Report Fatigue and Weakness in Prostate Cancer Patients. In: Wolters Kluwer, 20 (21), 499-501.
  • 58. Chi, J.T, Lin, P.H, Tolstikov, V. and Oyekunle, T. (2021). “The Influence of Low‐Carbohydrate Diets on the Metabolic Response to Androgen‐Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer”. The Prostate, 81 (10), 618-628.
  • 59. Yakovenko, A, Cameron, M. and Trevino, J.G. (2018). “Molecular Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pancreatic Cancer Induced Cachexia”. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 10 (9), 95–106.
  • 60. Ludwig, D.S. (2020). “The Ketogenic Diet: Evidence for Optimism But High-Quality Research Needed”. The Journal of Nutrition, 150 (6), 1354-1359.
  • 61. Karabudak, E. (2012). “Vejetaryen Beslenmesi”. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr (Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2022).
  • 62. Tunçay, G.Y. (2018). “Sağlık Yönüyle Vegan/Vejetaryenlik”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1), 25-29.
  • 63. Ornish, D.M, Lee, K.L, Fair, WR. and Pettengill, E.B. (2001). “Dietary Trial in Prostate Cancer: Early Experience and Implications for Clinical Trial Design”. Urology, 57 (4), 200-201.
  • 64. Bosire, C, Stampfer, M.J, Subar, A.F. and Park, Y. (2013). “Index-Based Dietary Patterns and The Risk of Prostate Cancer In the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177 (6), 504-513.
  • 65. Ginter, E. (2008). “Vegetarian Diets, Chronic Diseases and Longevity”. Bratislava Medical Journal, 109 (10), 463-466.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Tevfik Koçak 0000-0002-4096-6796

Nilüfer Acar Tek 0000-0002-8772-9608

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçak, T., & Acar Tek, N. (2022). Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157
AMA Koçak T, Acar Tek N. Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Eylül 2022;11(3):1247-1256. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157
Chicago Koçak, Tevfik, ve Nilüfer Acar Tek. “Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji Ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 1247-56. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157.
EndNote Koçak T, Acar Tek N (01 Eylül 2022) Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 3 1247–1256.
IEEE T. Koçak ve N. Acar Tek, “Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü”, Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 3, ss. 1247–1256, 2022, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157.
ISNAD Koçak, Tevfik - Acar Tek, Nilüfer. “Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji Ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11/3 (Eylül 2022), 1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157.
JAMA Koçak T, Acar Tek N. Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11:1247–1256.
MLA Koçak, Tevfik ve Nilüfer Acar Tek. “Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji Ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 1247-56, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1097157.
Vancouver Koçak T, Acar Tek N. Prostat Kanseri Etiyoloji ve Tedavisinde Beslenmenin Rolü. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11(3):1247-56.
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