Kastamonu Turizmi Destinasyon Yönetiminin Toplum Temelli Turizm Perspektifinden İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 519 - 537, 28.09.2024

Çağdaş Aydın

https://doi.org/10.32572/guntad.1470844

Öz

Bu araştırma, Kastamonu ili Pınarbaşı ilçesindeki turizm paydaşlarının turizme yönelik algılarını toplum temelli turizm ve destinasyon yönetimi perspektifinden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik desen kullanılarak tasarlanan çalışmada, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 15 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler 2023 yılı Kasım ayı ile 2024 yılı Şubat ayı aralığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda "yerel fayda", "yerel maliyetler" ve "yerel beklentiler" olmak üzere üç ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Bulgular, Pınarbaşı'ndaki turizm gelişiminin yerel ekonomiye katkı sağladığını, ancak çevresel ve kültürel bazı endişeleri de beraberinde getirdiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, yerel halkın turizm gelişim sürecine aktif katılımının önemini vurgulamakta ve destinasyon yönetiminde toplum temelli yaklaşımların potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar, sürdürülebilir turizm gelişimi için yerel toplulukların güçlendirilmesi ve karar alma süreçlerine dahil edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destinasyon Yönetimi, Toplum Temelli Turizm, Yerel Halk, Kastamonu, Pınarbaşı

Analysing of Kastamonu Tourism Destination Management from the Perspective of Community-Based Tourism

Öz

This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of tourism stakeholders in Pınarbaşı district of Kastamonu province towards tourism from the perspective of community-based tourism and destination management. The study, designed using a phenomenological research design from qualitative research methods, conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 participants selected through purposive sampling between November 2023 and February 2024. As a result of data analysis, three main themes emerged: "local benefits," "local costs," and "local expectations." The findings show that tourism development in Pınarbaşı contributes to the local economy but also brings some environmental and cultural concerns. The study emphasizes the importance of the active participation of local people in the tourism development process and reveals the potential of community-based approaches in destination management. The results indicate that local communities must be empowered and included in decision-making processes for sustainable tourism development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destination Management, Community-Based Tourism, Residents, Kastamonu, Pınarbaşı

Kaynakça

• Adyatma, I. W. C., Suindari, N. M., & Wirawan, I. M. D. S. (2022). The effect of community based tourism perceptions on sustainability performance through mediation of community participation in pinggan tourism village. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 5(9), 4096-4101. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i9-16
• Akbar, M. D. (2022). Destination management systems and community participation: ındonesia case. Rangahau Aranga: AUT Graduate Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24135/rangahau-aranga.v1i1.70.
• Akova, O. (2006). Yerel halkın turizmin etkilerini algılamalarına ve tutumlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 2(1), 1-34.
• Ananti, D., Lestari, F., Purwaningrum, H., & Ahmad, H. (2023). Community based tourism in the management of tourism in jati larangan and sengon park. Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 9(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.32884/ideas.v9i1.1090
• Aref, F., & Redzuan, M. (2009). Community leaders’ perceptions toward tourism impacts and level of building community capacity in tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(3), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v2n3p208
• Aref, F., Redzuan, M., & Gill, S. (2009). Community perceptions toward economic and environmental impacts of tourism on local communities. Asian Social Science, 5(7), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5n7p130
• Ataman, Y. E. (2010). Sürdürülebilir turizm bağlamında toplum temelli turizm: Dünyadaki uygulama örnekleri ve Türkiye. (Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi) T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Dış İlişkiler ve AB Koordinasyon Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
• Bagus, S. I., Imade, S. U., Nyoman, S. I. A., & Putu, W. S. N. (2019). Community based tourism as sustainable tourism support. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 94(10), 70-78.
• Bhartiya, S., & Bhatt, V. (2023). Can community-based tourism be catalyst for social transformation?. In Technology and Social Transformations in Hospitality, Tourism and Gastronomy: South Asia Perspectives (pp. 100-107CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621244.0009.
• Bozdağlar, H. (2023). The effectiveness of community-based tourism initiatives in promoting sustainable tourism development and improving the well-being of local communities. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (Ijsms) 6(1), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v6i1p123
• Bulut, Ş., Demircan, Ş., Avan, A., & Zorlu, Ö. (2016). Toplum temelli turizm geliştirilmesinde destinasyon pazarlamasının önemi. 5. Ulusal Kırsal Turizm Kongresi, Marmaris.
• Choi, H. S. (2003). Measurement of sustainable development progress for managing community tourism. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Teksas: Texas A & M University.
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th Edition). SAGE Publications.
• Çoban, G., & Göktuğ, T. H. (2019). Küre dağları ve Ilgaz dağı milli parklarında ziyaretçi yönetim araçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 700-712. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.523807
• Danaparamita, E. D. N., & Safitri, D. (2020). The Role of Mangrove Conservation in Sustainable Tourism. KnE Social Sciences, 4(14), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i14.7891
• De Andreis, F., & Carioni, M. (2022). Destination management and experiential tourism. Conferencii, (2)5, 35-41. http://doi.org/10.51586/RAI2022-2-5
• Demirbaş, Ş., & Bayram, M. (2022). Destinasyon yönetimi ve pazarlaması araştırmaları üzerine sistematik literatür incelemesi. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism, Recreation and Sports Sciences, 5(2), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1099248
• Demircan, N., Aksu, A., & Kuzulugil, A. (2020). Evaluation of Erzurum city center within the scope of blue-green infrastructure. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.696955
• Dewi, M., Rachmawati, I., Issundari, S., & Sugiarto, M. (2019). Fostering sustainable tourism development in merauke through community-based tourism. Socia Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 16(2), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.21831/socia.v16i2.26778
• Eagles, P.F.J., McCool, S. F., & Haynes, C.D.A. (2002). Sustainable tourism in protected areas: guidelines for planning and management. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• Eraqi, M. (2007). Local communities' attitudes towards impacts of tourism development in Egypt. Tourism Analysis, 12(3), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354207781626848
• Giampiccoli, A., & Kalis, J. H. (2012). Community-based tourism and local culture: the case of the amaMpondo. Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 10(1), 173-188.
• Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009). Community-based tourism: a success? ICRT Occasional Paper 11, 1-37. Grady, M. P. (1998). Qualitative and action research: A practitioner handbook. Phi Delta Kappa International.
• Gürel, F., Tengiz, Z. M., & İnan, O. (2019). Kırsal turizm alanında Tarım ve Kırsal Kalkınmayı Destekleme Kurumu (TKDK) destekleri: Kastamonu örneği. In Proceedings of International Conference of Eurasian Economies 2019, pp.423-429, Famagusta, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
• Irawan, N., & Nara, V. (2020). Managing women empowerment through participation in sustainable tourism development in kampong phluk, siem reap, cambodia. International Journal of Economics Business and Accounting Research, 4(02), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v4i02.1053
• İçöz, O. (1991). Enflasyonun turizm sektörüne etkileri. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 19-21.
• Jamal, T. B., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 77(2), 169-189.
• Karacaoğlu, S. (2017). Yerel halkın toplum temelli turizm gelişimine ilişkin algı, tutum ve desteği: misi köyü örneği. [Doktora Tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=DPTyuy3wRPq_qvCPSqUB67lDnwwXkPHyexXyH1luOpn-IPbtDV9AdpZnTrA4-ROZ
• Karacaoğlu, S., Yolal, M., & Birdir, K. (2016). Toplum temelli turizm projelerinde katılım ve paylaşım: misi köyü örneği. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 103-124.
• Leavy, P. (2014). The Oxford handbook of qualitative research. Oxford University Press.
• Li, Q., Xiao, C., Liu, C., & Yang, Q. (2019). Research on the effect of tourism impact perception on the subjective well-being of community residents. 4th International Conference on Humanities Science and Society Development. https://doi.org/10.2991/ichssd-19.2019.66
• Li, S. C., Robinson, P., & Oriade, A. (2017). Destination marketing: The use of technology since the millennium. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(2), 95-102.
• López-Guzmán, T., Sánchez-Cañizares, S., & Pavón, V. (2011). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A case study. Tourismos, 6(1), 69-84.
• Lu, C. Y., & Chen, B. T. (2011). The potential for active online learning in Taiwanese tourism degree programs based on online educational experiences of graduate students. Journal of Teaching in Ttravel & Tourism, 11(3), 271-288.
• Martínez-Salgado, O. (2021). Study of tourism empowerment in the region el chagüe with a gender perspective. Apuntes De Economía Y Sociedad, 2(2), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.5377/aes.v2i2.13088
• MacCannell, D. (1999). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. University of California Press
• Matiku, S., Zuwarimwe, J., & Tshipala, N. (2020). Community-driven tourism projects’ economic contribution to community livelihoods—a case of makuleke contractual park community tourism project. Sustainability, 12(19), 8230. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198230
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A., M. (1994). An expanded sourcebook: qualitative data analysis. Sage Publications.
• Mitchell, R. E. (2003). Community-based tourism: Moving from rhetoric to practice. E-Review of Tourism Research, 1(1), 1-4.
• Navas-Camargo, F., & Zwerg-Villegas, A. M. (2014). Community based tourism: is this progress?. Revista Ciencias Estratégicas, 22(32), 249-259.
• Nazirullah, S. A. P. M., Shariffuddin, N. S. M., Zain, W. M. A. W. M., & Qassem, A. A. (2023). The influence of socio-cultural and economic impact on tourism support: a mediating role of community value. Planning Malaysia, 21(1), 146-162. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i25.1230
• Okazaki, E. (2008). A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of sustainable tourism, 16(5), 511-529.
• Öner, S., & Aydoğdu, A. (2019). Yerel halkın gastronomi turizmine karşı tutum ve bilgi düzeyi: kastamonu i̇çin çıkarımsal bir analiz. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(1), 535-560. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2019.377
• Pechlaner, H., Volgger, M., & Herntrei, M. (2012). Destination management organizations as interface between destination governance and corporate governance. Anatolia, 23(2), 151-168.
• Piartrini, P. (2018). The relationship among community based tourism application, community attitude, community empowerment and community life satisfaction. E-Journal of Tourism, 5(2), 130-143. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v5i2.44048
• Pinel, D. P. (1998). A community-based tourism planning process model: Kyuquot Sound Area, B.C. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Canada: The University of Guelph.
• Polnyotee, M. & Thadaniti, S. (2015). Community-based tourism: a strategy for sustainable tourism development of patong beach, phuket island, thailand. Asian Social Science, 11(27), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p90
• Prakoso, A., Pradipto, E., Roychansyah, M., & Nugraha, B. (2020). Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i2.563
• Presenza, A., Sheehan, L., & Ritchie, J. B. (2005). Towards a model of the roles and activities of destination management organizations. Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Science, 3(1), 1-16.
• Pribudi, A. (2020). Community-based approach to sustain batik tourism village area in the special region of Yogyakarta (the case of Giriloyo Village). Journal of Social Science, 1(4), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v1i4.47
• Phuong, N., Song, N., & Quang, T. (2020). Factors affecting community-based tourism development and environmental protection: practical study in vietnam. Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(02), 124-151. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2020.112009
• Rattanapipat, S., Kachornkittiya, N., Sriphong, C., Kanchanatanee, K., Khaosung, W., & Chuengchao, U. (2021). The development of tourism entrepreneurship for community based tourism in thailand. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(1), 3870-3874. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1423
• Rolfe, G. (2006). Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: quality and the idea of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), 304-310.
• Sarı Gök, H., & Ünüvar, Ş. (2019). Destinasyon yönetiminde toplum temelli turizm: burdur ve ısparta yöresinde bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(4), 1055-1073.
• Sayın, Ç. (2023). Toplum temelli turizm ve yerel yönetimler. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.58455/cutsad.1282509
• Sebele, L. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: khama rhino sanctuary trust, central district, botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.005
• Sitikarn, B., Kankaew, K., & Pathan, A. (2022). Integrated management of community-based tea tourism: value through symbiosis. Routledge Handbook of Tea Tourism. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003197041-13.
• Sugiarto, M., Sofyan, H., Jayadianti, H., & Wibowo, R. (2020). Mapping of village tourism potential in the framework of implementing community-based tourism. LPPM UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta Conference Series Proceeding on Political and Social Science (PSS). https://doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.199
• Swain, S., & Sthapak, S. (2023). Developing host community’s support model for tourism development in puri region, india. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 46(1), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.46136-1030 Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. CABI
• Ven, S. (2015). Host residents’ attitude toward community-based ecotourism: empirical study in southwestern Cambodia. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 04(01), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0269.1000140
• Wiartha, N. G. M., Suda, I. K., & Dharmika, I. B. (2022). Management of community-based Melasti beach tourism destinations. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 9(6), 863–867. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v9n6.2253
• Wibisono, N., Senalasari, W., & Setiawati, L. (2021). A new strategy approach to sustainable tourism development: moving beyond from pandemic outbreak through tourism technology. 2nd International Seminar of Science and Applied Technology. https://doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.211106.090
• Widiati, I., Suryani, L., & Wirawan, K. (2018). Tourism destination management in creating the local community welfare. International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism. https://doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.14
• Wijaya, A., Pramono, S., Melati, I., Zamzuri, N., Hanafiah, M., & Ghazali, A. (2021). Toward the community-based sustainable marine tourism: identifying the impact of tourism development in karimunjawa island. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i5/9924
• Wilkinson, P. F. (2007). Community destination management in developing economies. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 549–550.
• Yu, C., Cole, S., & Chancellor, C. (2018). Resident support for tourism development in rural midwestern (usa) communities: perceived tourism impacts and community quality of life perspective. Sustainability, 10(3), 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030802