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Uluslararası Sistemde Ulusal Güç Aktarım Stratejisini Belirleyen Temel Parametrelerin Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41, 31 - 71, 25.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1050200

Öz

Uluslararası sistemde güç belirleyici bir parametre olarak kabul edilmektedir. Güç, aktarım yapılabilen bir niteliğe sahiptir. Teknolojinin gelişimi ile birlikte zaman ve mekân kavramının geçmişte ifade ettiği anlam ve boyut değişmiş, yeni güç aktarım araç ve yöntemlerinin eklenmesiyle güç aktarım stratejisi yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bu değişiklik gücün sadece fiziki değil fiziki olmayan nitelikte de aktarılabilmesini kolaylaştırmıştır. Devletler arasında iletişim olanaklarının gelişmesi ve etkileşimin artması ile yumuşak gücün sert güce alternatif olarak kullanılması için uygun koşullar oluşmuştur. Ulusal gücün etkin bir şekilde aktarımı noktasında sert ve yumuşak güç bileşenlerinin hibrit bir yapıda kullanımı ile gücün hesaplanması ve aktarımı yeni bir hüviyet kazanmıştır. Çalışmada şu sorulara cevap aranarak bir önermede bulunulacaktır. Ulusal güç aktarım stratejisini belirleyen temel parametreler nelerdir? Tarihsel süreç içerisinde güç aktarımına etki eden temel parametreler değişikliğe uğramış mıdır? Teknolojik gelişimin güç aktarım stratejisine etkisi ne yönde olmuştur? Güç aktarımının uygulanma biçimlerinde ve paradigmasında bir değişiklik yaşanmış mıdır? Güç aktarımının uygulandığı alanlarda genişleme/çeşitlenme olmuş mudur? Tüm bu sorular ışığında Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemi içerecek şekilde tarihsel süreç içerisinde uluslararası sistemde ulusal güç aktarım stratejisine etki eden parametrelerin, güç aktarım stratejisi uygulama alanları ve biçimlerinin değişikliğe uğradığı ve bu değişimde de teknolojik gelişimin daha fazla etkili olduğu öne sürülmektedir.

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Analysis of Fundamental Parameters Determining National Power Projection Strategy in the International System

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41, 31 - 71, 25.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1050200

Öz

Power is accepted as a determinant parameter in the international system. Power also has a character that can be transferred. With the development of technology, the meaning and dimension of the concept of time and space have changed. Additionally, the new power projection tools and methods have shifted the traditional power projection strategy. This change facilitated the projection of power not only in physical but also in non-physical quality. With the development of communication opportunities and increasing interaction between states, suitable conditions have emerged to use soft power as an alternative to hard power. The calculation and projection of power have gained a new identity with the use of hard and soft power components in a hybrid structure at the point of effective projection of national power. In the study, a proposition will be made by seeking answers to the following questions. What are the main parameters that determine the national power projection strategy? Have the main parameters affecting power projection changed in the historical process? How has the impact of technological development on the power projection strategy? Has there been a change in the paradigm of power projection and its implementation? Has there been expansion/diversification in the areas where power projection is applied? In the light of all these questions, it is argued that the parameters affecting the national power projection strategy in the international system, the fields and forms of power projection strategy have changed in the historical process, including the post-Cold War period, and technological development has been more effective in this change.

Kaynakça

  • ARI, Tayyar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Dış Politika, MKM Yayıncılık, 8.Baskı, Bursa, 2009.
  • BARNET, Roger W., Expeditionary Power Projection: an Operational Concept for the U.S. Navy, US Naval War College Strategic Research Department (Code 30) Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Newport, 1996.
  • BERRIDGE, Geof, International Politics: States, Power and Conflict since 1945, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1997.
  • BİRDİŞLİ, Fikret, Teori ve Pratikte Uluslararası Güvenlik: Kavram-Teori ve Uygulama, 3. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2017.
  • BUZAN, Barry, İnsanlar, Devletler & Korku, 2. Basımdan çeviri, Emre Çıtak, (Çev. Ed.), Röle Akademik Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2015.
  • CARR, E.H., Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939, E-Book, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • DEATH, Darren, Information Security Handbook: Develop a threat model and incident response strategy tobuild a strong information security framework, Packt Publishing, 2017.
  • DEDEOĞLU, Beril, Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Strateji, Yeniyüzyıl Yayınları, 3.Baskı, İstanbul, 2014.
  • DIGGS, Barbara and CARBAUGH, Samuel, The Vietnam War, Inquire & Investigate, Nomad Press, 2018.
  • GÖRGÜLÜ, İsmet, Askeri Coğrafya, Seri No.:3, Harp Akademileri Basımevi, İstanbul, 1992.
  • NYE, Joseph S., Amerikan Gücünün Paradoksu, Gürol Koca, (çev.), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003.
  • NYE, Joseph, Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
  • PORTER, Patrick, The Global Village Myth: Distance, War and the Limits of Power, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, 2015.
  • RUSSETT, Bruce, STARR, Harvey vd., World Politics: The Menu for Choice, 6th Edition, St. Martin's, New York, 2000.
  • US DOD, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms JP 1-02, 12 April 2001, s. 422. https://dcsg9.army.mil/assets/docs/dod-terms.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
  • AFSHAN, Sahar and ALI, Panira, "Balance of Power in the Era of Technological Globalization", Pakistan Horizon , Apr-Jun 2021, Vol. 74, Issue 2/3, 81-101.
  • ALBERRO, Irina and SCHIAVON, Jorge, "Shaping or Constraining Foreign Policy? The Role of Mexican Public Opinion in the Response to the Iraq War", September 2010, http://mobile.repositorio-digital.cide.edu/bitstream/handle/11651/1123/101761.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2021)
  • ALTHEIDE, David L. and GRIMES, Jennifer N., "War Programming: The Propaganda Project and the Iraq War", The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), 617-643.
  • BADOWSKI, Russell S., "Airpower Projection in the Antiaccess/Area-Denial Environment: Dispersed Operations and Base Defense", Caudill Shannon W., Deale Thomas H., vd. (ed.), Defending Air Bases in an Age of Insurgency, Volume II, Air University Press, 2019. 269-84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19551.15. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.07. 2021)
  • BANİYA, Dharma Bahadur "Soft Power in the Contemporary World: Recommendations To the Small States' Security", Unity Journal, Volume II, Feb 2021, https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/unityj/article/download/38809/29773/112890 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2022)
  • BECKLEY, Michael, "The Power of Nations: Measuring What Matters", International Security, Vol. 43, No. 2, (Fall 2018), 7-44.
  • BERCEAN, Ioana-Nelia, "Ukraine: Russia's New Art of War", Online Journal Modelling the New Europe, 2016, Vol.21, No.1, 155-174.
  • BIAŁY, Beata, "Social Media—From Social Exchange to Battlefield", The Cyber Defense Review, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer 2017), 69-90.
  • BİLGİN, Pınar ve ELİŞ, Berivan, "Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis", Insight Turkey, Vol. 10/ No.2/ 2008, 5-20.
  • BLAIR, Dennis C., "China's Military Power Projection and U.S. National Interests", U.S. China Economic and Security Review Commission, February 20, 2020, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Blair_Written%20Testimony.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.12.2020)
  • BORSHCHEVSKAYA, Anna L., "Russia’s Soft Power Projection in the Middle East”, Mahir J. Ibrahimov, (ed.), Great Power Competition: The Changing Landscape of Global Geopolitics, The Army University Press, Kansas, 2020, 1-24, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/great-power-competition-the-changing-landscape-of-global-geopolitics.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:03.01.2020)
  • BUHAUG, Halvard and GLEDITSCH, Nils Petter, “The death of distance? The globalization of armed conflict”, Miles Kahler and Barbara F. Walter, (ed.), Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, 187-216.
  • CASTELLA, Tom de, “Does Anybody Still Need Aircraft Carriers?”, 29 May 2012, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18237029 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2021)
  • COTTON, Megan, “Ensuring Readiness for Strategic Support: Strategic Power Projection”, 6 June 2019, U.S. Army, https://www.army.mil/article/222299/ensuring_readiness_for_strategic_support_strategic_power_projection (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2020),
  • FEIGL, Hubert, “Yeni Silah Teknolojileri”, Karl Kaiser and Hans-Peter Schwarz, (ed.), Yeni Yüzyılda Yeni Dünya Politikası, Müjdat Kayayerli, (çev.), Sinemis Yayınları, Ankara, 2005, 291-297.
  • FENDRICK, Reed J., “Diplomacy As an Instrument of National Power”, U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College (2014), https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep12023.17.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2021)
  • FUHRMANN, Matthew, “Exporting Mass Destruction? The Determinants of Dual-Use Trade”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5, 2008, 633–652.
  • HARCHAOUI, Tarek M, MASELAND, Robbert K J vd., “Carving Out an Empire? How China Strategically Uses Aid to Facilitate Chinese Business Expansion in Africa”, Journal of African Economies, Volume 30, Issue 2, March 2021, 183–205.
  • HARRIS, Elisa D., “Introduction”, Elisa D. Harris, (ed.), Governance of Dual-Use Technologies: Theory and Practice, Mass.:American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Cambridge, 2016.
  • HARRIS, Peter and TRUBOWITZ, Peter, “The Politics of Power Projection: The Pivot to Asia, Its Failure, and the Future of American Primacy”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2021, 187–217.
  • HENRIKSON, Alan K., “Distance and Foreign Policy: A Political Geography Approach”, International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, Vol. 23, No.4, SAGE Publications, 2002, 437-466.
  • IVANOV, Zoran, “Changing the Character of Proxy Warfare and its Consequences for Geopolitical Relationships”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 2020, Vol. 31 Issue 4, 37-51.
  • LEI, Hanci, “Modern Information Warfare: Analysis and Policy Recommendations”, Foresight, Vol. 21 No. 4 2019, 508-522.
  • LELE, Ajey, “Asymmetric Warfare: A State vs Non-State Conflict”, OASIS- Observatorio de Análisis de los Sistemas Internacionales, Jul-Dec 2014, Issue 20, 97-111.
  • LOHSE, Morgan P., “From Power Projection to Power Protection: Revitalizing Conventional Deterrence in NATO”, Drew Papers, No. 33, Air University Press, Alabama, March 2019, https://media.defense.gov/2019/Mar/21/2002104239/-1/-1/0/DP_0033_LOHSE_FROM_POWER_PROJECTION_TO_POWER_PROTECTION.PDF (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
  • ŁOŚ, Robert, “U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential”, International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1/2018, (39–50).
  • MARKOWITZ, Jonathan N and FARISS, Christopher J, “Power, Proximity, and Democracy: Geopolitical Competition in the International System”, Journal of Peace Research, Jan 2018, Vol. 55, Issue 1, 78-93.
  • MARKOWITZ, Jonathan N. and FARISS, Christopher J., “Going to Distance: The Price of Projecting Power”, International Interactions, 39, April 2013, 119-143.
  • MARKOWITZ, Jonathan, FARISS, Christopher vd., “Producing Goods and Projecting Power: How What You Make Influences What You Take”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 63 (6), 2019, 1368-1402.
  • MATVEEVA, Anna, “Russia’s Power Projection after the Ukraine Crisis”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 70, No. 5, July 2018, 711–737.
  • MAZARR, Michael j., “Toward a New Theory Of Power Projection”, 15 April 2020, War on the Rocks, https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/toward-a-new-theory-of-power-projection/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2020)
  • McDEW, Darren, “Power Projection in the Digital Age: The Only Winning Move is to Play”, Prism, Vol. 7, No. 2, The Fifth Domain (2017), 30-39.
  • NYE, Joseph S. “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 2008, 94–109.
  • NYE, Joseph S., “Countering the Authoritarian Challenge: Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, and Sharp Power” Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, No. 15, Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development, 2020, 94–109.
  • NYE, Joseph S., “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 4, Council on Foreign Relations, 2009, 160–63.
  • NYE, Joseph S., “Soft Power”, Foreign Policy, Autumn, 1990, No. 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990), 153-171.
  • O’HANLON, Michael E., “Forecasting change in military technology, 2020-2040”, September 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/forecasting-change-in-military-technology-2020-2040/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2021)
  • OĞUZLU, Tarık, “Soft Power in Turkish Foreign Policy” Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 1, March 2007, 81-97.
  • ONUTA, Tiberiu-Dan, “Considerations on Strategy and Technology Interrelationships”, Small Wars Journal, 10/01/2015, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/considerations-on-strategy-and-technology-interrelationships (Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2021)
  • PELTZ, Eric and HALLIDAY, John,” Making the Power Projection Army a Reality”, Lynn E. Davis and Jeremy Shapiro, (ed.), The U.S. Army and the New National Security Strategy, RAND Corporation, 2003, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mr1657a.18 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • PELTZ, Eric, HALLIDAY, John vd., “Combat Service Support Transformation: Emerging Strategies for Making the Power Projection Army a Reality”, RAND, CA, Santa Monica, Corporation, 2003, https://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB425.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2020)
  • PETERSON, Timothy M., “US Disaster Aid and Bilateral Trade Growth”, Foreign Policy Analysis, (2017) 13, 93–111.
  • PRADOS, John, “Notes on the CIA’s Secret War in Afghanistan.” The Journal of American History, 89, No. 2, 2002, 466–71.
  • ROSEN, Stephen Peter, “Power Project and Military Innovation: The IT RMA and its Implications for Israel”, February 2019, https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/dado-center/research-1/power-projection-and-military-innovation/ (Erişim Tarihi:03.01.2020)
  • RYAN, Kurt J., “Power projection readiness: A historical perspective”, 26 April 2017, U.S. Army, https://www.army.mil/article/185970/power_projection_readiness_a_historical_perspective (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • SCHMERTZING, Leopld, “The Future of Warfare”, ESPAS Ideas Paper Series, ESPAS-European Strategy and Policy Analysis System, 2018, https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/sites/default/files/generated/document/en/Future%20of%20Warfare%20-%20ESPAS%20Ideas%20Paper%20-%20Leopold%20Schmertzing.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2021)
  • SCHULZKE, Marcus, “The Morality of Remote Warfare: Against the Asymmetry Objection to Remote Weaponry”, Political Studies, 1 March 2016, Vol.64, No.1, 90-105.
  • SHUNK, Dave, HORNICK, Charles vd., “The Role of Forward Presence in U.S. Military Strategy”, Military Review, July-August 2017, 56-65.
  • SLOCOMBE, Geoff, “Electronic Warfare in the Space Domain”, Asia Pacific Defence Reporter, Sept 2019, Vol. 45, Issue 7, 24-26.
  • ŠTEFANČÍK, Radoslav and KINER, Andrej, “‘Sorry, I don’t Want Them Here.’ Migration in Slovak Political Discourse”, Professional Discourse & Communication, Vol. 3 Issue 2, 2021, 10-20.
  • STEINGARTNER, William and GALINEC Darko vd., “Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach and Education for Resilience in Hybrid Threats Model”, Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 597, p 597 (2021), 1-25.
  • STOLL, Richard J., “In Harm’s Way? Chinese Power Projection in Historıcal Perspective”, The James A.Baker III Institute For Public Policy Of Rice University, May 2000, https://www.bakerinstitute.org/files/2687/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
  • TAKEDA, Keiji, “Cyber Defense of Japan-Proposal of Conceptual Framework”, Sandro Gaycken, (ed.), Cyber Defense-Policies, Operations and Capacity Building: CYDEF 2018, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2019.
  • VUVING, Alexander L., “Great Power competition: Lessons From The Past, Implications for the Future”, Alexander L. Vuving, (ed.), Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific, Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Sep. 1, 2020, 13-36, https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26667.7 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2021)
  • WILSON, Ernest J., “Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 2008, 110–24.
  • WITHER, James K., “Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare.” Connections, Vol. 15, No. 2, Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, 2016, 73–87.
  • WITHER, James K., “Outsourcing Warfare: Proxy Forces in Contemporary Armed Conflicts”, Security & Defence Quarterly, 2020, Vol. 31, 18-34.
  • YAVAŞ, Cengiz ve Gökhan SARI, “Değişen Güvenlik Anlayışı ve Güvenliğe Yönelik Tehditler, Riskler ve Fırsatlar”, Gökhan Sarı ve Cenker Korhan Demir, (ed.), Teoriden Uygulamaya “Güvenlik” Üzerine, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 2018, 67-108.
  • MAHNKEN, Thomas G, “Navies and the Flexible Application of Power”, Andrew Forbes, (ed.), Naval Diplomacy and Maritime Power Projection: Proceedings of the Royal Australian Navy Sea Power Conference 2013, Sea Power Centre–Australia, https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/SP13.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2020)
  • “The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2015: The United States Military’s Contribution to National Security”, June 2015, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=767473 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.11.2020)
  • “A Resource on Strategic Trade Management and Export Controls, Overview of U.S. Export Control System”, https://2009-2017.state.gov/strategictrade/overview/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2021)
  • 2020 Department of Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum Superiority Strategy, October 2020, ss.1-4. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Oct/29/2002525927/-1/-1/0/ELECTROMAGNETIC_SPECTRUM_SUPERIORITY_STRATEGY.PDF (Erişim Tarihi: 13.03.2022)
  • PALOYO, Alfredo R., VANCE, Colin vd., “The Regional Economic Effects of Military Base Realignments and Closures in Germany”, RUHR Economic Papers, #181, 2010, 1-21.
  • VOO, Julia, HEMANI, Irfan vd., “Reconceptualizing Cyber Power: Cyber Power Index Primer”, Harvard Kennedy School: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Report 2020, https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/ReconceptualizingCyber.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2021)
  • BROMLEY, Mark and BROCKMANN, Kolja, “Implementing the 2021 Recast of the Eu Dual-Use Regulation: Challenges and Opportunities”, EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Consortium, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Papers, No. 77 September 2021, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/eunpdc_no_77.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2021)
  • The U.S. Joint Chief of Staff, “Joint Publication 3-32: Joint Maritime Operations”, 8 June 2018, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_32.pdf#page=22 (Erişim Tarihi: 08.12.2020)
  • The U.S. Marine Corps, “Expeditionary Force 21: Forward and Ready: Now and in the Future”, 4 March 2014, https://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Portals/172/Docs/MCCDC/EF21/EF21_Capstone_Concept.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2020)
  • The U.S. Marine Corps, Naval Operations Concept 2010: Implementing The Maritime Strategy, https://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Portals/172/Docs/MCCDC/Documents/Concepts/NOC%202010.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2020)
  • WU, Irene S. “Measuring Soft Power with Conventional and Unconventional Data”,https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/dbassesite/documents/webpage/dbasse_179613.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2022)
  • MARKOWITZ, Jonathan, When and Why States Project Power, Electronic Thesis and Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2014, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5hr5m1gr (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2021)
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Eyüp Akpınar 0000-0001-8540-1548

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Akpınar, Eyüp. “Uluslararası Sistemde Ulusal Güç Aktarım Stratejisini Belirleyen Temel Parametrelerin Analizi”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 18, sy. 41 (Nisan 2022): 31-71. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1050200.