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Obama's Afghanistan Strategy: Continuity and Change

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 49 - 83, 01.07.2013

M. Turgut Demirtepe Ve İbrahim Erdoğan

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası uluslararası sistem yapısı içerisinde egemen güç olma vasfını sürdüren yegane ülke olarak ABD'nin dış politikasında dönemler arası süreklilik ya da değişim yaşanıp yaşanmadığı tartışmaları literatürde geniş yer bulmuştur. Bu anlamda Obama'nın dört yıllık iktidarı sürecinde Bush dönemi politikalarıyla kesişme ya da çatışma noktaları mercek altına alınmış ve değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür. Bu tartışmalara belki de en net kaynaklık edebilecek alan, küresel terörle savaş konsepti ile doğrudan irtibatlı olan ABD'nin Afganistan stratejisidir. Bush ve Obama dönemlerinde ABD'nin Afganistan stratejisinin belirlenmesinde tercihlerden çok, pragmatizmin ağırlıklı rol oynadığı sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Obama dönemi Afganistan stratejisi savunma bağlamında büyük oranda Bush dönemi stratejisini devam ettirmiş, ancak bu stratejiyi başarılı kılacak daha etkin bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Diğer taraftan ilgili stratejinin yalnızca güvenlik boyutunu öne çıkararak başarılı olunamayacağı düşüncesiyle, Afganistan'da sivil kapasiteyi artırarak yerel unsurları kendi yaşam alanlarını kontrol edebilen, daha sonra da ülkelerinin geleceğinde söz sahibi olabilen ortaklar konumuna getirme hedeflenmiştir. Yine, Taliban dahil yerel unsurlarla uzlaşma arayışına gidildiği, diplomatik çabalara ağırlık verilerek bölge ülkelerinin de çözüme dahil edilmeye çalışıldığı bir sürece girilmiştir. Obama dönemi Afganistan politikasının, Bush dönemi ile kıyaslandığında kısmen birbiriyle örtüşen kısmen de farklılaşan boyutlara sahip olduğu, ancak daha başarılı bir sonuç ürettiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD Dış Politikası Afganistan Güvenlik Savunma Diplomasi Kapasite İnşası.

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar: INDYK Martin S., LIEBERTHAL Kenneth G. ve O’HANLON Michael E., Bending History: Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2012.
  • MANN James, The Obamians: The Struggle inside the White House to Redefine American Power, Viking, New York, 2012.
  • PLOUFFE David, The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama’s Historic Victory, Viking, New York, 2009.
  • SANGER David E., Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, Crown, New York, 2012.
  • SINGH Robert, Barack Obama’s post-American Foreign Policy: The Limits of Engagement, Bloomsbury Academic, London ve New York, 20 WOODWARD Bob, Obama’s Wars, Simon & Schuster, Washington, DC, 2010. Makaleler:
  • BAPAT Navin A., “A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Afghan Surge”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 2010, Sayı: 6 (3), 217-236.
  • HALPER Stefan, “President Obama at mid-term”, International Affairs, 2011, Sayı: 87 (1), 1-11.
  • LINDSAY James M., “George W. Bush, Barack Obama and the Future of US Global Leadership”, International Affairs, 2011, Sayı: 87 (4), 765-7
  • MILNE David, “Pragmatism or What? The Future of US Foreign Policy”, International Affairs, 2012, Sayı: 88 (5), 935-951.
  • OBAMA Barack, “Renewing American Leadership”, Foreign Affairs, July–August 2007, Sayı: 84 (4), 2-16.
  • TADDEO Valentina, “US Response to Terrorism: A Strategic Analysis of the Afghanistan Campaign”, Journal of Strategic Security, 2010, Sayı: 3 (2), 27-38.
  • WILLIAMS M. J., “The Coming Revolution in Foreign Affairs: Rethinking American National Security”, International Affairs, 2008, Sayı: 84 (6), 1109-1129. İnternet Kaynakları:
  • “Afghanistan Expects Bloody 2009”, AFP, 05 January 2009, http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2009/january/jan52009.h tml#1, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013).
  • ARMITAGE Richard L. ve BERGER Samuel R., “US Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan”, Independent Task Force Report No. 65, Council on Foreign Relations, November 2010, http://www.cfr.org/ pakistan/us-strategy-pakistan-afghanistan/p23253, 002013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • BELASCO Amy, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11”, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf, Research 002013). Service, 29 March (Erişim tarihi:
  • BENNETT John T., “President Obama Goes All In on The Taliban”, US News, 02 May 2012, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/ 2012/05/02/president-obama-goes-all-in-on-the-taliban, (Erişim tarihi: 02013).
  • BORGER Julian, “US will Appoint Afghan 'Prime Minister' to Bypass Hamid http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/22/us-afghan-plan-to- bypass-karzai, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2013). 22 March
  • BUSH George W., “President Delivers State of the Union Address”, For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary, 29 January 2002, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/ 20020129-11.html, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013).
  • BUSH George W., “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People”, For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary, 20 September 2001, http://georgewbush-whitehouse. archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html, (Erişim tarihi: 002013).
  • CAMPHAUSEN R. C., “The Spoils of War: China in Afghanistan”, Digital Journal, 30 December 2009, http://digitaljournal.com/ article/284717, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013).
  • CAVALLARO James ve diğerleri, “Living Under Drones_ Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan”, Special Report, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (Stanford Law School) and Global Justice Clinic (NYU School of Law), September 2012, http://livingunderdrones.org/report/, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • CHRISTIA Fotini ve Michael Semple, “Flipping the Taliban: How to Win in Afghanistan”, Foreign Affairs, 2009, 88 (4), 34-45, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65151/fotini-christia-and- michael-semple/flipping-the-taliban, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013).
  • COLL Steve, “What If We Fail in Afghanistan”, The New Yorker, 16 November 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/stevecoll/ 2009/11/what-if-we-fail-in-afghanistan.html, 002013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • DE YOUNG Karen, “Neighboring Countries Ponder a post-occupation Afghanistan”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/04/
  • AR2010110406990.html, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013). 2010,
  • “Fact Sheet: The U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 01 May 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/01/fact-sheet-us- afghanistan-strategic-partnership-agreement, (Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2013).
  • FERRIS-ROTMAN Amie, “Russia Vying for Afghan Relationship amid http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/16/russia-afghanistan-security- idAFLDE7360QY20110516?sp=true, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013).
  • FLINTOFF Corey, “Can Obama and Karzai Mend U.S.-Afghan Relations?”, NPR, 11 May 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=126742141, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2013).
  • JACKSON David, “Obama’s Surge in Afghanistan Ends”, USA Today, 21 September 2012, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ theoval/post/2012/09/21/obamas-surge-in-afghanistan-ends/70000832/ 1#.USVIiKVUE2s, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • KILCULLEN David ve EXUM Andrew McDonald, “Death From Above, Outrage down below”, The New York Times, 16 May 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/opinion/17exum.html?pagewante d=all, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • LUBOLD Gordon, “The Surge in Afghanistan Ends”, Foreign Policy, 14 2012/09/14/the_surge_in_afghanistan_ends, 02013). 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/ (Erişim tarihi:
  • MASTERS Jonathan, “Targeted Killings”, Council on Foreign Relations, 08 February 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/ targeted-killings/p9627, (Erişim tarihi: 21.02.2013)
  • MILLER Greg, “Plan for Hunting Terrorists Signals U.S. Intends to Keep Adding Names to Kill Lists”, The Washington Post, 23 October 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/19/us-drone-strikes- afghanistan-un-report, (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2013)
  • “Mullen: Pakistan's ISI Spy Agency has 'Militant Links'”, BBC News, 21 April 13153538, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia
  • NATO/ISAF, Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF): Training and http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2012_12/20121205_121 205-ansf-backgrounder-en.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • OBAMA Barack, “The War We Need to Win”, Woodrow Wilson Center, 1 August 2007, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/events/docs/ abgmasp0807.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01. 2013).
  • “Obama Orders 17,000 US Troops to Afghanistan”, Reuters, 18 February 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/02/18/us-usa-afghan- troops-idUKTRE51G6F920090218, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • “Obama to Send 30,000 More US Troops to Afghanistan”, BBC News, 02 December 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8388939.stm, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • PAULSON Scott, “President Obama Wants to Extend Billions of Dollars in Aid to Afghanistan”, Examiner, 07 July 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/president-obama-to-extend-billions- of-dollars-aid-to-afghanistan, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013).
  • PLANTY Donald J. ve PERITO Robert M., “Police Transition in Afghanistan”, Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, February 2013, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2013).
  • “Remarks by President Obama in Address to the Nation from Afghanistan”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 01 May 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/01/ remarks-president-address-nation-afghanistan, 02013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • “Remarks by the President on a New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 27 March 2009,
  • President-on-a-New-Strategy-for-Afghanistan-and-Pakistan, tarihi: 14.02.2013). (Erişim
  • ROSALSKY Greg, “As Afghan Security Forces Training Flounders, Pentagon Alters Progress Levels, Hearing Testimony Shows”, Huffington Post, 27 July 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2012/07/25/afghan-security-forces-training_n_1703000.html, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • RUBIN Alissa J., “Afghans to Form Local Forces to Fight Taliban”, The New York Times, 14 July 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/07/15/world/asia/15afghan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0, (Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2013).
  • RUBIN Barnett R., “Saving Afghanistan”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007, 86 (1), http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ 62270/barnett-r-rubin/saving-afghanistan, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013)
  • SHACHTMAN Noah, “Military Stats Reveal Epicenter of U.S. Drone War”, Wired Magazine, 11 September 2012, http://www.wired.com/ dangerroom/2012/11/drones-afghan-air-war/, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2013).
  • SCHMITT Eric ve SHANKER Thom, “General Calls for More U.S. Troops to Avoid Afghan Failure”, The New York Times, 20 September 2009, 21afghan.html?_r=0, (Erişim tarihi: 05.01.2013). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/world/asia/
  • “Special Operations Triple in Afghanistan-McChrystal”, The New York Times, 10 June 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/ 2010/06/10/world/international-uk-afghanistan-usa-forces.html?ref= world, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • STARR Barbara, “Obama Approves Afghanistan Troop Increase”, CNN, 17/politics/obama.troops_1_afghanistan-troop-increase-troop- levels?_s=PM:POLITICS, (Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2013).
  • STEBNER Beth, “Revealed: U.S. Carried Out 333 Drone Strikes in Afghanistan This Year Alone - More Than the Entire Drone Strikes in Pakistan Over the Past Eight Years Combined”, Daily Mail, 21 December 2251418/Revealed-U-S-carried-333-drone-strikes-Afghanistan-year-- entire-drone-strikes-Pakistan-past-years-COMBINED.html, tarihi: 28.01.2013). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- (Erişim
  • “Two-thirds of top Qaeda Leaders 'Removed' Since 2009 -Obama Aide”, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-18/news/sns-rt-usa- qaedaofficiall1e8nidh9-20121218_1_al-qaeda-core-obama-aide- osama-bin-laden, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • U.S. Department of Defense, “Report on Progress toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan”, Report to Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, April 2010, http://www.defense.gov/pubs/ pdfs/Report_Final_SecDef_04_26_10.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2013).
  • “U.S. anti-terror Covert Ops”, Center for Research on Globalization, 18 November 2008, http://www.globalresearch.ca/u-s-anti-terror- covert-ops/11015, (Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2013)
  • “US Drone Strikes in Afghanistan Rose Sharply Last Year, UN Reports”, The http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/19/us-drone-strikes- Guardian, afghanistan-un-report, (Erişim tarihi: 21.02.2013). 2013,
  • WILLIAMSON Elizabeth ve SPIEGEL Peter, “Obama Says Afghan War 'of Necessity'”, The Wall Street Journal, 17 August 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125054391631638123.html, tarihi: 03.01.2013). (Erişim
  • “White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Afghanistan- and Pakistan_White_Paper.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013). 2009,

Obama'nın Afganistan Stratejisi: Değişim ve Süreklilik

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 49 - 83, 01.07.2013

M. Turgut Demirtepe Ve İbrahim Erdoğan

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası uluslararası sistem yapısı içerisinde egemen güç olma vasfını sürdüren yegane ülke olarak ABD'nin dış politikasında dönemler arası süreklilik ya da değişim yaşanıp yaşanmadığı tartışmaları literatürde geniş yer bulmuştur. Bu anlamda Obama'nın dört yıllık iktidarı sürecinde Bush dönemi politikalarıyla kesişme ya da çatışma noktaları mercek altına alınmış ve değişik görüşler öne sürülmüştür. Bu tartışmalara belki de en net kaynaklık edebilecek alan, küresel terörle savaş konsepti ile doğrudan irtibatlı olan ABD'nin Afganistan stratejisidir. Bush ve Obama dönemlerinde ABD'nin Afganistan stratejisinin belirlenmesinde tercihlerden çok, pragmatizmin ağırlıklı rol oynadığı sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Obama dönemi Afganistan stratejisi savunma bağlamında büyük oranda Bush dönemi stratejisini devam ettirmiş, ancak bu stratejiyi başarılı kılacak daha etkin bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Diğer taraftan ilgili stratejinin yalnızca güvenlik boyutunu öne çıkararak başarılı olunamayacağı düşüncesiyle, Afganistan'da sivil kapasiteyi artırarak yerel unsurları kendi yaşam alanlarını kontrol edebilen, daha sonra da ülkelerinin geleceğinde söz sahibi olabilen ortaklar konumuna getirme hedeflenmiştir. Yine, Taliban dahil yerel unsurlarla uzlaşma arayışına gidildiği, diplomatik çabalara ağırlık verilerek bölge ülkelerinin de çözüme dahil edilmeye çalışıldığı bir sürece girilmiştir. Obama dönemi Afganistan politikasının, Bush dönemi ile kıyaslandığında kısmen birbiriyle örtüşen kısmen de farklılaşan boyutlara sahip olduğu, ancak daha başarılı bir sonuç ürettiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD Dış Politikası Afganistan Güvenlik Savunma Diplomasi Kapasite İnşası.

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar: INDYK Martin S., LIEBERTHAL Kenneth G. ve O’HANLON Michael E., Bending History: Barack Obama’s Foreign Policy, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2012.
  • MANN James, The Obamians: The Struggle inside the White House to Redefine American Power, Viking, New York, 2012.
  • PLOUFFE David, The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama’s Historic Victory, Viking, New York, 2009.
  • SANGER David E., Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, Crown, New York, 2012.
  • SINGH Robert, Barack Obama’s post-American Foreign Policy: The Limits of Engagement, Bloomsbury Academic, London ve New York, 20 WOODWARD Bob, Obama’s Wars, Simon & Schuster, Washington, DC, 2010. Makaleler:
  • BAPAT Navin A., “A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Afghan Surge”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 2010, Sayı: 6 (3), 217-236.
  • HALPER Stefan, “President Obama at mid-term”, International Affairs, 2011, Sayı: 87 (1), 1-11.
  • LINDSAY James M., “George W. Bush, Barack Obama and the Future of US Global Leadership”, International Affairs, 2011, Sayı: 87 (4), 765-7
  • MILNE David, “Pragmatism or What? The Future of US Foreign Policy”, International Affairs, 2012, Sayı: 88 (5), 935-951.
  • OBAMA Barack, “Renewing American Leadership”, Foreign Affairs, July–August 2007, Sayı: 84 (4), 2-16.
  • TADDEO Valentina, “US Response to Terrorism: A Strategic Analysis of the Afghanistan Campaign”, Journal of Strategic Security, 2010, Sayı: 3 (2), 27-38.
  • WILLIAMS M. J., “The Coming Revolution in Foreign Affairs: Rethinking American National Security”, International Affairs, 2008, Sayı: 84 (6), 1109-1129. İnternet Kaynakları:
  • “Afghanistan Expects Bloody 2009”, AFP, 05 January 2009, http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2009/january/jan52009.h tml#1, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013).
  • ARMITAGE Richard L. ve BERGER Samuel R., “US Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan”, Independent Task Force Report No. 65, Council on Foreign Relations, November 2010, http://www.cfr.org/ pakistan/us-strategy-pakistan-afghanistan/p23253, 002013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • BELASCO Amy, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11”, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf, Research 002013). Service, 29 March (Erişim tarihi:
  • BENNETT John T., “President Obama Goes All In on The Taliban”, US News, 02 May 2012, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/ 2012/05/02/president-obama-goes-all-in-on-the-taliban, (Erişim tarihi: 02013).
  • BORGER Julian, “US will Appoint Afghan 'Prime Minister' to Bypass Hamid http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/22/us-afghan-plan-to- bypass-karzai, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2013). 22 March
  • BUSH George W., “President Delivers State of the Union Address”, For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary, 29 January 2002, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/ 20020129-11.html, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013).
  • BUSH George W., “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People”, For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary, 20 September 2001, http://georgewbush-whitehouse. archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html, (Erişim tarihi: 002013).
  • CAMPHAUSEN R. C., “The Spoils of War: China in Afghanistan”, Digital Journal, 30 December 2009, http://digitaljournal.com/ article/284717, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013).
  • CAVALLARO James ve diğerleri, “Living Under Drones_ Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan”, Special Report, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (Stanford Law School) and Global Justice Clinic (NYU School of Law), September 2012, http://livingunderdrones.org/report/, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • CHRISTIA Fotini ve Michael Semple, “Flipping the Taliban: How to Win in Afghanistan”, Foreign Affairs, 2009, 88 (4), 34-45, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65151/fotini-christia-and- michael-semple/flipping-the-taliban, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013).
  • COLL Steve, “What If We Fail in Afghanistan”, The New Yorker, 16 November 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/stevecoll/ 2009/11/what-if-we-fail-in-afghanistan.html, 002013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • DE YOUNG Karen, “Neighboring Countries Ponder a post-occupation Afghanistan”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/04/
  • AR2010110406990.html, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013). 2010,
  • “Fact Sheet: The U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 01 May 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/01/fact-sheet-us- afghanistan-strategic-partnership-agreement, (Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2013).
  • FERRIS-ROTMAN Amie, “Russia Vying for Afghan Relationship amid http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/16/russia-afghanistan-security- idAFLDE7360QY20110516?sp=true, (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2013).
  • FLINTOFF Corey, “Can Obama and Karzai Mend U.S.-Afghan Relations?”, NPR, 11 May 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=126742141, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2013).
  • JACKSON David, “Obama’s Surge in Afghanistan Ends”, USA Today, 21 September 2012, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ theoval/post/2012/09/21/obamas-surge-in-afghanistan-ends/70000832/ 1#.USVIiKVUE2s, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • KILCULLEN David ve EXUM Andrew McDonald, “Death From Above, Outrage down below”, The New York Times, 16 May 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/opinion/17exum.html?pagewante d=all, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • LUBOLD Gordon, “The Surge in Afghanistan Ends”, Foreign Policy, 14 2012/09/14/the_surge_in_afghanistan_ends, 02013). 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/ (Erişim tarihi:
  • MASTERS Jonathan, “Targeted Killings”, Council on Foreign Relations, 08 February 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/ targeted-killings/p9627, (Erişim tarihi: 21.02.2013)
  • MILLER Greg, “Plan for Hunting Terrorists Signals U.S. Intends to Keep Adding Names to Kill Lists”, The Washington Post, 23 October 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/19/us-drone-strikes- afghanistan-un-report, (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2013)
  • “Mullen: Pakistan's ISI Spy Agency has 'Militant Links'”, BBC News, 21 April 13153538, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia
  • NATO/ISAF, Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF): Training and http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2012_12/20121205_121 205-ansf-backgrounder-en.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • OBAMA Barack, “The War We Need to Win”, Woodrow Wilson Center, 1 August 2007, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/events/docs/ abgmasp0807.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01. 2013).
  • “Obama Orders 17,000 US Troops to Afghanistan”, Reuters, 18 February 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/02/18/us-usa-afghan- troops-idUKTRE51G6F920090218, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • “Obama to Send 30,000 More US Troops to Afghanistan”, BBC News, 02 December 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8388939.stm, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • PAULSON Scott, “President Obama Wants to Extend Billions of Dollars in Aid to Afghanistan”, Examiner, 07 July 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/president-obama-to-extend-billions- of-dollars-aid-to-afghanistan, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013).
  • PLANTY Donald J. ve PERITO Robert M., “Police Transition in Afghanistan”, Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, February 2013, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2013).
  • “Remarks by President Obama in Address to the Nation from Afghanistan”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 01 May 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/01/ remarks-president-address-nation-afghanistan, 02013). (Erişim tarihi:
  • “Remarks by the President on a New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan”, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 27 March 2009,
  • President-on-a-New-Strategy-for-Afghanistan-and-Pakistan, tarihi: 14.02.2013). (Erişim
  • ROSALSKY Greg, “As Afghan Security Forces Training Flounders, Pentagon Alters Progress Levels, Hearing Testimony Shows”, Huffington Post, 27 July 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ 2012/07/25/afghan-security-forces-training_n_1703000.html, (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2013).
  • RUBIN Alissa J., “Afghans to Form Local Forces to Fight Taliban”, The New York Times, 14 July 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/ 2010/07/15/world/asia/15afghan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0, (Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2013).
  • RUBIN Barnett R., “Saving Afghanistan”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007, 86 (1), http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ 62270/barnett-r-rubin/saving-afghanistan, (Erişim tarihi: 03.01.2013)
  • SHACHTMAN Noah, “Military Stats Reveal Epicenter of U.S. Drone War”, Wired Magazine, 11 September 2012, http://www.wired.com/ dangerroom/2012/11/drones-afghan-air-war/, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2013).
  • SCHMITT Eric ve SHANKER Thom, “General Calls for More U.S. Troops to Avoid Afghan Failure”, The New York Times, 20 September 2009, 21afghan.html?_r=0, (Erişim tarihi: 05.01.2013). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/world/asia/
  • “Special Operations Triple in Afghanistan-McChrystal”, The New York Times, 10 June 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/ 2010/06/10/world/international-uk-afghanistan-usa-forces.html?ref= world, (Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2013).
  • STARR Barbara, “Obama Approves Afghanistan Troop Increase”, CNN, 17/politics/obama.troops_1_afghanistan-troop-increase-troop- levels?_s=PM:POLITICS, (Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2013).
  • STEBNER Beth, “Revealed: U.S. Carried Out 333 Drone Strikes in Afghanistan This Year Alone - More Than the Entire Drone Strikes in Pakistan Over the Past Eight Years Combined”, Daily Mail, 21 December 2251418/Revealed-U-S-carried-333-drone-strikes-Afghanistan-year-- entire-drone-strikes-Pakistan-past-years-COMBINED.html, tarihi: 28.01.2013). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- (Erişim
  • “Two-thirds of top Qaeda Leaders 'Removed' Since 2009 -Obama Aide”, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-18/news/sns-rt-usa- qaedaofficiall1e8nidh9-20121218_1_al-qaeda-core-obama-aide- osama-bin-laden, (Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2013).
  • U.S. Department of Defense, “Report on Progress toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan”, Report to Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, April 2010, http://www.defense.gov/pubs/ pdfs/Report_Final_SecDef_04_26_10.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2013).
  • “U.S. anti-terror Covert Ops”, Center for Research on Globalization, 18 November 2008, http://www.globalresearch.ca/u-s-anti-terror- covert-ops/11015, (Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2013)
  • “US Drone Strikes in Afghanistan Rose Sharply Last Year, UN Reports”, The http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/19/us-drone-strikes- Guardian, afghanistan-un-report, (Erişim tarihi: 21.02.2013). 2013,
  • WILLIAMSON Elizabeth ve SPIEGEL Peter, “Obama Says Afghan War 'of Necessity'”, The Wall Street Journal, 17 August 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125054391631638123.html, tarihi: 03.01.2013). (Erişim
  • “White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Afghanistan- and Pakistan_White_Paper.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 14.02.2013). 2009,
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

M. Turgut Demirtepe Ve İbrahim Erdoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Erdoğan, M. Turgut Demirtepe Ve İbrahim. “Obama’nın Afganistan Stratejisi: Değişim Ve Süreklilik”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 9, sy. 17 (Temmuz 2013): 49-83.
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