Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A Constructivist Approach to the Identity and Security Relationship: “The Identity of the Security” and “The Security of the Identity”

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 177 - 237, 01.06.2012

Öz

The constructivist approach, which attaches significance to “social construction” and “interaction” in international relations, claims that the meanings that are given by the traditional theories to the concepts of security and foreign policy must be reconsidered. According to the constructivists, abstract elements like culture and identity have a modifying and transformative effect on security and foreign policy analyses, which had long been ignored. Through constructivist presumptions, this article focuses on the close relationship between identity and security perception and claims that the foreign policies of the states must be analyzed in frame of the interaction between these two basic elements. Relying on the idea that the “anthropomorphization” of the state is possible, this article presents that a similar version of the interaction between an individual’s identity and security perception is being experienced between the identity and security perception of a state and aims to make a unique contribution to the IR literature by claiming that “the identity of the security” is as significant as “the security of the identity” in foreign policy analysis. 

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New York: Verso, London, 1991.
  • AYOOB Mohammed, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System, Lynne Rienner, London, 1995.
  • BERGER Peter and LUCKMANN Thomas, The Social Construction of Reality, Penguin Books, New York, 1979.
  • BLOOM William, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
  • BOZDAĞLIOĞLU Y., Turkish Foreign Policy and Turkish Identity: A Constructivist Approach, London: Routledge, New York, 2003.
  • BUZAN Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security in the Post Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1991.
  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole and DE WILDE Jaap, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, Boulder- London, 1998.
  • CAMPBELL David, Writing Security: The United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1992.
  • CASTELLS Manuel, The Power of Identity, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004.
  • CHACE James and CARR Caleb, America Invulnerable: The Quest for Absolute Security from 1812 to Starwars, Summit Books, New York, 1988.
  • CONNOLLY E. William, Kimlik ve Farklılık: Siyasetin Açmazlarına Dair Demokratik Çözüm Önerileri, Çeviren: Ferma Lekesizalın, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
  • ERIKSON Erik, Identity: Youth and Crisis, W. W. Norton & Co., 1994.
  • GELLNER Ernest, Uluslar ve Ulusçuluk, Çeviren: Büşra Ersanlı Behar ve Günay Göksu Özdoğan, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
  • GIDDENS Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984. HOBBES, Thomas, Leviathan, Forgotten Books, 1976.
  • HOBSBAWN J. Eric, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983.
  • HOBSBAWN J. Eric, 1780’den Günümüze Milletler ve Milliyetçilik, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
  • HOPF Ted, Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow,1955 and 1999, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002.
  • JOB B. L. (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States, CO: Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1992.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J., (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996.
  • KISSINGER Henry, Amerika’nın Dış Politikaya İhtiyacı Var mı?, Çeviren: Tayfun Evyapan, METU Press, Ankara, 2002.
  • KLOTZ Audie and LYNCH Cecelia, Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations, Armonk, London: M. E. Sharpe, New York, 2007.
  • LAPID Yosef and KRATOCHWIL Fredrich (ed.), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder London, 1996.
  • LOTT D. Anthony, Creating Insecurity: Realism, Constructivism and US Security Policy, Ashgate, Aldershot, Burlington, 2004.
  • MAALOUF Amin, Ölümcül Kimlikler, Çeviren: Aysel Bora, Yapı Kredi, İstanbul, 2000.
  • MCSWEENEY Bill, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
  • MILAS Herkül, Türk ve Yunan Romanlarında ‘Öteki’ ve ‘Kimlik’, İletişim, İstanbul, 2005.
  • MOLE Richard (ed.), Discursive Constructions of Identity in European Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.
  • MORGENTHAU J. Hans, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Alfred P. Knopf, New York, 1967.
  • ONUF Nicholas, Worlds of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1989.
  • ÖZKIRIMLI Umut, Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel bir Bakış, Sarmal Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1999.
  • RINGMAR Erik, Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
  • SAID Abdul Aziz, LERCHE Charles O., Jr. and LERCHE Charles O. III, Concepts of International Politics in Global Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995.
  • STEELE J. Brent, Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State, Routledge, London, 2007
  • WALTZ Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, Addison–Wesley Series in Political Science, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1979.
  • WENDT Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
  • WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, İngilizceye çeviren Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, Constructism in International Relations: The Politics of Reality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
  • ADLER Emanuel, “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 3, No. 3, 1997, 319-364.
  • ARIBOĞAN Deniz Ülke, “Güvenliksiz Barıştan, Barışsız Güvenliğe”, Toktamış Ateş (der.), ABD Dış Politikasında Yeni Yönelimler ve Dünya, Ümit Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2004, 38-64.
  • ATEŞ Davut, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivizm: Ortayol Yaklaşımının Epistemolojik Çerçevesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt. X, Sayı. 1, Haziran 2008, 213-235.
  • BALDWIN David, “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 23, No. 1, 1997, 5-26.
  • BAYLIS John, “International and Global Security in the Post-Cold War Era”, John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 2005, 297-325.
  • BRUBAKER Roger and COOPER Frederick, “Beyond ‘Identity’”, Theory and Society, Vol: 29, No. 1, February 2000, 1-47.
  • CHECKEL T. Jeffrey, “International Norms and Domestic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist-Constructivist Divide”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 3, No. 4, 1997, 473-495.
  • ÇALIŞ Şaban ve ÖZLÜK Erdem, “Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihinin Yapısökümü: İdealizm-Realizm Tartışması”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 2007, Sayı: 18, 225-245.
  • FERGUSON H. Yale and MANSBACH W. Richard, “Between Celebration and Despair: Constructive Suggestions for Future International Theory”, International Studies Quarterly, No. 35, 1991, 363-386.
  • GASSET Y. Ortega, “Öteki’nin Yarattığı Tehlike ve Ben’in Yarattığı Şaşkınlık”, İnsan ve Herkes, Çeviren: Neyire Gül Işık, Metis, İstanbul, 1995, 143-170.
  • GEORGE Jim and CAMPBELL David, “Patterns of Dissent and the Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 34, No. 3, 1990, 269-293.
  • GIDDENS Anthony, “The Self: Ontological Security and Existential Anxiety” Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Polity Press, New York, 1991.
  • GLEASON Philip, “Identifying Identity: A Semantic History”, The Journal of American History, Vol: 69, No. 4, March 1983, 910-931. HERZ H. John, “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma”, World Politics 2, January 1950, 157-180.
  • HOGG A. Michael and McGARTY Craig, “Self-Categorization and Social Identity”, Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances, London: Harvester, Wheatsheaf, New York, 1990, 10-27.
  • HOPF Ted, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory”, International Security, Vol: 23, No.1, 1998, 171-200.
  • HUDSON M. Valerie and VORE S. Christopher, “Dış Politika Analizinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını”, Erol Göka, Işık Kuşçu (der.), Uluslararası İlişkilerin Psikolojisi, ASAM, Ankara, 2002, 1-53.
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, (ed.), “Bridging the Gap: Towards a Realist-Constructivist Dialogue”, International Studies Review, Vol: 6, No. 2, 2004a, 337-352.
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, (Forum Editor) “Is the State a Person? Why Should We Care?”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004b, 255-316
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, “Hegel’s House, or People are States too”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004c, 281-287.
  • JAVED Umbreen, “The Changing Trends of Security: Influence on South Asia”, J.R.S.P., Vol: 45, No. 1, 2008, 59-73.
  • KARAKAŞLI Karin, “Sakınılan Göze Öteki Batar”, Radikal 2, 7 Haziran 2009.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J. (ed), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, 1-32.
  • KEITH Michael and PILE Steve, “The Place of Politics” Michael Keith and Steve Pile (eds.), Place and the Politics of Identity, New York: Routledge, London, 1996, 1-40.
  • KEYMAN F., “Eleştirel Düşünce: İletişim, Hegemonya, Kimlik/Fark”, Atila Eralp (der.), Devlet Sistem ve Kimlik, İletişim, İstanbul, 1996, 227-260.
  • KOWERT Paul, “Ulusal Kimlik: İçsel ve Dışsal”, Uluslararası İlişkilerin Psikolojisi, ASAM, Ankara, 2002.
  • KUBALKOVA Vendulka, ONUF Nicholas and KOWERT Paul, “Constructing Constructivism”, V. Kubalkova, N. Onuf and P. Kowert (eds.), International Relations in a Constructed World, Armonk, M. E. Sharpe, New York, 1998, 3-21.
  • KÜÇÜK Mustafa, “Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramında Konstrüktivist Dönüşü Anlamak”, Ege Akademik Bakış, Vol: 9, No. 2, 2009, 771-795.
  • LAPID Yosef, “The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 33, No. 3, September 1989, 235-254.
  • LOCK Edward, “International Politics as Politics: Changing US Foreign Policy Discourse”, Paper Presented at the Oceanic Conference on International Studies, ANU, Canberra, 14-16 July 2004. MEARSHEIMER J. John, “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, Vol: 19, No. 3, 1994-95, 5-49.
  • MERCER Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, Vol: 49, No. 2, Spring 1995, 229-252
  • MITZEN Jennifer, “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 12, No. 3, 2006, pp. 341-370.
  • NEUMANN B. Iver, “Avrupa Kimliği, AB Genişlemesi ve Entegrasyon/Dışlama Bağıntısı”, Avrasya Dosyası, Avrupa Birliği Özel, Vol: 5, No. 4, 1999.
  • NIVA Steve, “Contested Sovereignities and Postcolonial Insecurities in the Middle East”, Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999, 147-172.
  • ÖVET Talha, “Avrupa ‘Öteki’si”, TASAM Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı. 11, 2007, 94-103.
  • ÖZCAN Gencer, “Doksanlı Yıllarda Türkiye’nin Değişen Güvenlik Ortamı”, Gencer Özcan ve Şule Kut (der.), En Uzun On Yıl: Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar, Boyut Kitapları, İstanbul, 1998, 13-43.
  • REUS-SMIT Christian, “Constructivism”, S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak (eds.), Theories of International Relations, Pelgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005, 188-212.
  • SAIDEMAN Steven, “Thinking Theoretically about Identity and Foreign Policy”, Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002. 169-200.
  • SMITH Steve, “The Contested Concept of Security”, Ken Booth (ed.) Critical Security Studies & World Politics, Viva Books, New Delhi, 2005, 27-62.
  • SMITH Steve and ACHARYA Amitav, “The Concept of Security Before and After September 11”, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Working Paper, No. 23, Singapore, May 2002.
  • STARGARDT Nicholas, “Origins of the Constructivist Theory of the Nation”, Sukumar Periwal (ed.), Notions of Nationalism, London, New York: Central European University Press, Budapest, 1995, 83-106.
  • STRYKER Sheldon and STATHAM Anne, “Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory”, Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, New York, 1955, 311-378.
  • TELHAMI Shibley and BARNETT Michale, “Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002, 1-26.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Societal Security: The Concept”, Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, Pinter Publishers, London, 1993, 17-40.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Insecurity and Identity Unlimited”, Copenhagen, Center for Peace and Conflict Research, Working Papers, 14, 1994.
  • WALT M. Stephen, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 35, No. 2, 1991, 211-239.
  • WELDES Jutta, “The Cultural Production of Crisis: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba”, Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999, 35-63.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Vol: 46, No: 2, Spring 1992, 391-425.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, Vol: 88, No. 2, June 1994, 384-397.
  • WENDT Alexander, “The State as Person in International Relations Theory”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004, 289-316.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Constructing International Politics”, Stephen Chan and Cerwyn Moore (eds.), Theories of International Relations, Vol: IV, Sage Publications, London, 2005, 201-211.
  • WOLFERS Arnold, “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol: 67, No. 4, 1952, 481-502.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, “Constructivism and Identity: A Dangerous Liaison”, Stefano Guzzini and Anna Leander (eds.), Constructivism and International Relations: Alexander Wendt and His Critics, New York: Routledge, 2006, London, 93-117.
  • AKDEMİR Erhan, “11 Eylül 2001, 11 Mart 2004 ve 7 Temmuz 2005 Terörist Saldırılarının Ardından İslam’ın Avrupa’da Algılanışı”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt. 8, Sayı.1, Yıl. 2009, 1-27, http://ataum.ankara.edu.tr/16.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2009).
  • FEARON James, What is Identity (As We Now Use the World)?, (http://www.stanford.edu/~jfearon/papers/iden1v2.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 23.06.2008)

Kimlik ve Güvenlik İlişkisine Konstrüktivist Bir Yaklaşım: “Kimliğin Güvenliği” ve “Güvenliğin Kimliği”

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 177 - 237, 01.06.2012

Öz

Uluslararası ilişkilerde "sosyal inşa"nın ve "etkileşim"in önemine dikkat çeken konstrüktivist (inşacı) yaklaşım, geleneksel teorilerin güvenlik ve dışpolitika kavramlarına yüklediği anlamların yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerektiği iddiasındadır. Konstrüktivistlere göre, kültür ve kimlik gibi soyut unsurlar, güvenlik ve dışpolitika analizleri üzerinde, uzun yıllar ihmal edilmiş olan, değiştirici ve dönüştürücü bir etkiye sahiptir. Konstrüktivist varsayımlardan yola çıkarak, kimlik ve güvenlik algısının birbiri ile olan yakın ilişkisine odaklanan bu makale, devletlerin ortaya koyduğu dışpolitikaların, bu iki temel unsur arasındaki etkileşim çerçevesinde analiz edilmesi gerektiğini öne sürmektedir. Devletin "insansılaştırılmasının" mümkün olduğu inancından hareketle, makale, bireyin kimliği ve güvenliğe dair algısı arasındaki etkileşimin bir benzerinin, devletin kimliği ve güvenliğe dair algısı arasında yaşandığını ortaya koymakta ve dışpolitika analizinde "kimliğin güvenliği" kadar, "güvenliğin kimliği"nin de önem arz ettiğini ileri sürerek, Uluslararası İlişkiler literatürüne özgün bir katkı sağlamaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New York: Verso, London, 1991.
  • AYOOB Mohammed, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System, Lynne Rienner, London, 1995.
  • BERGER Peter and LUCKMANN Thomas, The Social Construction of Reality, Penguin Books, New York, 1979.
  • BLOOM William, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
  • BOZDAĞLIOĞLU Y., Turkish Foreign Policy and Turkish Identity: A Constructivist Approach, London: Routledge, New York, 2003.
  • BUZAN Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security in the Post Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1991.
  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole and DE WILDE Jaap, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, Boulder- London, 1998.
  • CAMPBELL David, Writing Security: The United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1992.
  • CASTELLS Manuel, The Power of Identity, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004.
  • CHACE James and CARR Caleb, America Invulnerable: The Quest for Absolute Security from 1812 to Starwars, Summit Books, New York, 1988.
  • CONNOLLY E. William, Kimlik ve Farklılık: Siyasetin Açmazlarına Dair Demokratik Çözüm Önerileri, Çeviren: Ferma Lekesizalın, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
  • ERIKSON Erik, Identity: Youth and Crisis, W. W. Norton & Co., 1994.
  • GELLNER Ernest, Uluslar ve Ulusçuluk, Çeviren: Büşra Ersanlı Behar ve Günay Göksu Özdoğan, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
  • GIDDENS Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984. HOBBES, Thomas, Leviathan, Forgotten Books, 1976.
  • HOBSBAWN J. Eric, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983.
  • HOBSBAWN J. Eric, 1780’den Günümüze Milletler ve Milliyetçilik, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
  • HOPF Ted, Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow,1955 and 1999, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002.
  • JOB B. L. (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States, CO: Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1992.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J., (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996.
  • KISSINGER Henry, Amerika’nın Dış Politikaya İhtiyacı Var mı?, Çeviren: Tayfun Evyapan, METU Press, Ankara, 2002.
  • KLOTZ Audie and LYNCH Cecelia, Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations, Armonk, London: M. E. Sharpe, New York, 2007.
  • LAPID Yosef and KRATOCHWIL Fredrich (ed.), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder London, 1996.
  • LOTT D. Anthony, Creating Insecurity: Realism, Constructivism and US Security Policy, Ashgate, Aldershot, Burlington, 2004.
  • MAALOUF Amin, Ölümcül Kimlikler, Çeviren: Aysel Bora, Yapı Kredi, İstanbul, 2000.
  • MCSWEENEY Bill, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
  • MILAS Herkül, Türk ve Yunan Romanlarında ‘Öteki’ ve ‘Kimlik’, İletişim, İstanbul, 2005.
  • MOLE Richard (ed.), Discursive Constructions of Identity in European Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.
  • MORGENTHAU J. Hans, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Alfred P. Knopf, New York, 1967.
  • ONUF Nicholas, Worlds of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1989.
  • ÖZKIRIMLI Umut, Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel bir Bakış, Sarmal Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1999.
  • RINGMAR Erik, Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
  • SAID Abdul Aziz, LERCHE Charles O., Jr. and LERCHE Charles O. III, Concepts of International Politics in Global Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995.
  • STEELE J. Brent, Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State, Routledge, London, 2007
  • WALTZ Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, Addison–Wesley Series in Political Science, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1979.
  • WENDT Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
  • WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, İngilizceye çeviren Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, Constructism in International Relations: The Politics of Reality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
  • ADLER Emanuel, “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 3, No. 3, 1997, 319-364.
  • ARIBOĞAN Deniz Ülke, “Güvenliksiz Barıştan, Barışsız Güvenliğe”, Toktamış Ateş (der.), ABD Dış Politikasında Yeni Yönelimler ve Dünya, Ümit Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2004, 38-64.
  • ATEŞ Davut, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivizm: Ortayol Yaklaşımının Epistemolojik Çerçevesi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt. X, Sayı. 1, Haziran 2008, 213-235.
  • BALDWIN David, “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 23, No. 1, 1997, 5-26.
  • BAYLIS John, “International and Global Security in the Post-Cold War Era”, John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 2005, 297-325.
  • BRUBAKER Roger and COOPER Frederick, “Beyond ‘Identity’”, Theory and Society, Vol: 29, No. 1, February 2000, 1-47.
  • CHECKEL T. Jeffrey, “International Norms and Domestic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist-Constructivist Divide”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 3, No. 4, 1997, 473-495.
  • ÇALIŞ Şaban ve ÖZLÜK Erdem, “Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihinin Yapısökümü: İdealizm-Realizm Tartışması”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 2007, Sayı: 18, 225-245.
  • FERGUSON H. Yale and MANSBACH W. Richard, “Between Celebration and Despair: Constructive Suggestions for Future International Theory”, International Studies Quarterly, No. 35, 1991, 363-386.
  • GASSET Y. Ortega, “Öteki’nin Yarattığı Tehlike ve Ben’in Yarattığı Şaşkınlık”, İnsan ve Herkes, Çeviren: Neyire Gül Işık, Metis, İstanbul, 1995, 143-170.
  • GEORGE Jim and CAMPBELL David, “Patterns of Dissent and the Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 34, No. 3, 1990, 269-293.
  • GIDDENS Anthony, “The Self: Ontological Security and Existential Anxiety” Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Polity Press, New York, 1991.
  • GLEASON Philip, “Identifying Identity: A Semantic History”, The Journal of American History, Vol: 69, No. 4, March 1983, 910-931. HERZ H. John, “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma”, World Politics 2, January 1950, 157-180.
  • HOGG A. Michael and McGARTY Craig, “Self-Categorization and Social Identity”, Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances, London: Harvester, Wheatsheaf, New York, 1990, 10-27.
  • HOPF Ted, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory”, International Security, Vol: 23, No.1, 1998, 171-200.
  • HUDSON M. Valerie and VORE S. Christopher, “Dış Politika Analizinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını”, Erol Göka, Işık Kuşçu (der.), Uluslararası İlişkilerin Psikolojisi, ASAM, Ankara, 2002, 1-53.
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, (ed.), “Bridging the Gap: Towards a Realist-Constructivist Dialogue”, International Studies Review, Vol: 6, No. 2, 2004a, 337-352.
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, (Forum Editor) “Is the State a Person? Why Should We Care?”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004b, 255-316
  • JACKSON Patrick Thaddeus, “Hegel’s House, or People are States too”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004c, 281-287.
  • JAVED Umbreen, “The Changing Trends of Security: Influence on South Asia”, J.R.S.P., Vol: 45, No. 1, 2008, 59-73.
  • KARAKAŞLI Karin, “Sakınılan Göze Öteki Batar”, Radikal 2, 7 Haziran 2009.
  • KATZENSTEIN P. J. (ed), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, 1-32.
  • KEITH Michael and PILE Steve, “The Place of Politics” Michael Keith and Steve Pile (eds.), Place and the Politics of Identity, New York: Routledge, London, 1996, 1-40.
  • KEYMAN F., “Eleştirel Düşünce: İletişim, Hegemonya, Kimlik/Fark”, Atila Eralp (der.), Devlet Sistem ve Kimlik, İletişim, İstanbul, 1996, 227-260.
  • KOWERT Paul, “Ulusal Kimlik: İçsel ve Dışsal”, Uluslararası İlişkilerin Psikolojisi, ASAM, Ankara, 2002.
  • KUBALKOVA Vendulka, ONUF Nicholas and KOWERT Paul, “Constructing Constructivism”, V. Kubalkova, N. Onuf and P. Kowert (eds.), International Relations in a Constructed World, Armonk, M. E. Sharpe, New York, 1998, 3-21.
  • KÜÇÜK Mustafa, “Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramında Konstrüktivist Dönüşü Anlamak”, Ege Akademik Bakış, Vol: 9, No. 2, 2009, 771-795.
  • LAPID Yosef, “The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 33, No. 3, September 1989, 235-254.
  • LOCK Edward, “International Politics as Politics: Changing US Foreign Policy Discourse”, Paper Presented at the Oceanic Conference on International Studies, ANU, Canberra, 14-16 July 2004. MEARSHEIMER J. John, “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, Vol: 19, No. 3, 1994-95, 5-49.
  • MERCER Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, Vol: 49, No. 2, Spring 1995, 229-252
  • MITZEN Jennifer, “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol: 12, No. 3, 2006, pp. 341-370.
  • NEUMANN B. Iver, “Avrupa Kimliği, AB Genişlemesi ve Entegrasyon/Dışlama Bağıntısı”, Avrasya Dosyası, Avrupa Birliği Özel, Vol: 5, No. 4, 1999.
  • NIVA Steve, “Contested Sovereignities and Postcolonial Insecurities in the Middle East”, Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999, 147-172.
  • ÖVET Talha, “Avrupa ‘Öteki’si”, TASAM Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı. 11, 2007, 94-103.
  • ÖZCAN Gencer, “Doksanlı Yıllarda Türkiye’nin Değişen Güvenlik Ortamı”, Gencer Özcan ve Şule Kut (der.), En Uzun On Yıl: Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar, Boyut Kitapları, İstanbul, 1998, 13-43.
  • REUS-SMIT Christian, “Constructivism”, S. Burchill, A. Linklater, R. Devetak (eds.), Theories of International Relations, Pelgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005, 188-212.
  • SAIDEMAN Steven, “Thinking Theoretically about Identity and Foreign Policy”, Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002. 169-200.
  • SMITH Steve, “The Contested Concept of Security”, Ken Booth (ed.) Critical Security Studies & World Politics, Viva Books, New Delhi, 2005, 27-62.
  • SMITH Steve and ACHARYA Amitav, “The Concept of Security Before and After September 11”, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Working Paper, No. 23, Singapore, May 2002.
  • STARGARDT Nicholas, “Origins of the Constructivist Theory of the Nation”, Sukumar Periwal (ed.), Notions of Nationalism, London, New York: Central European University Press, Budapest, 1995, 83-106.
  • STRYKER Sheldon and STATHAM Anne, “Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory”, Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, New York, 1955, 311-378.
  • TELHAMI Shibley and BARNETT Michale, “Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, London: Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2002, 1-26.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Societal Security: The Concept”, Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, Pinter Publishers, London, 1993, 17-40.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Insecurity and Identity Unlimited”, Copenhagen, Center for Peace and Conflict Research, Working Papers, 14, 1994.
  • WALT M. Stephen, “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 35, No. 2, 1991, 211-239.
  • WELDES Jutta, “The Cultural Production of Crisis: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba”, Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999, 35-63.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Vol: 46, No: 2, Spring 1992, 391-425.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, Vol: 88, No. 2, June 1994, 384-397.
  • WENDT Alexander, “The State as Person in International Relations Theory”, Review of International Studies, Vol: 30, No. 2, 2004, 289-316.
  • WENDT Alexander, “Constructing International Politics”, Stephen Chan and Cerwyn Moore (eds.), Theories of International Relations, Vol: IV, Sage Publications, London, 2005, 201-211.
  • WOLFERS Arnold, “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol: 67, No. 4, 1952, 481-502.
  • ZEHFUSS Maja, “Constructivism and Identity: A Dangerous Liaison”, Stefano Guzzini and Anna Leander (eds.), Constructivism and International Relations: Alexander Wendt and His Critics, New York: Routledge, 2006, London, 93-117.
  • AKDEMİR Erhan, “11 Eylül 2001, 11 Mart 2004 ve 7 Temmuz 2005 Terörist Saldırılarının Ardından İslam’ın Avrupa’da Algılanışı”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt. 8, Sayı.1, Yıl. 2009, 1-27, http://ataum.ankara.edu.tr/16.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2009).
  • FEARON James, What is Identity (As We Now Use the World)?, (http://www.stanford.edu/~jfearon/papers/iden1v2.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 23.06.2008)
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Helin Sari Ertem Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ertem, Helin Sari. “Kimlik Ve Güvenlik İlişkisine Konstrüktivist Bir Yaklaşım: “Kimliğin Güvenliği” Ve ‘Güvenliğin Kimliği’”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 8, sy. 16 (Haziran 2012): 177-237.