Spor Stadyumlarımda Şiddet ve Antisosyal Davranışla İlişkili Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 6, 187 - 210, 21.03.2025

Anna Orfanidou , Nıkolaos Panagıotou

https://doi.org/10.62156/habitus.1588451

Öz

Spor stadyumlarında şiddet davranışlarının ortaya çıkması, toplum ve her ülkenin siyasi otoritelerini önemli ölçüde ilgilendiren sosyal ve sportif bir sorundur. Stadyumlarda şiddet olaylarını azaltmak için stratejiler geliştirebilmek amacıyla, öncelikle bu davranışlara katkıda bulunan faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve anlaşılması gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, stadyumlarda taraftarlar arasında şiddet davranışlarının ortaya çıkmasına yol açan faktörleri incelemektir. Araştırma örneklemi, futbol maçı öncesinde iki stadyumun dışında yüz yüze anket uygulanan 600 kişiden oluşmuştur. Araştırma bulguları, stadyumlarda en yaygın şiddet biçimlerinin sözlü hakaret ve müstehcen dil kullanımı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyinin, şiddet davranışıyla ilişkili istatistiksel olarak anlamlı faktörler olduğu bulunmuştur. Alkol tüketimi ve madde kullanımı da şiddet davranışlarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şiddet davranışı, Stadyumlar, Cinsiyet, Alkol, Maddeler

Exploring Factors Associated With Violence and Antisocial Behavior In Sports Stadiums

Öz

The manifestation of violent behaviors in sports stadiums is a social and athletic issue that significantly concerns society and the political authorities of each country. In order to develop strategies to reduce incidents of violence in stadiums, it is essential to first identify and understand the factors that contribute to these behaviors. The aim of this research was to investigate the factors that lead to the manifestation of violent behaviors among fans in stadiums. The research sample consisted of 600 Greek spectators, who were given face-to-face questionnaires outside twostadiumsin Thessaloniki prior to the start of a football match.The study's findings revealed that verbal abuse and obscene language are the most common forms of violence in stadiums. Additionally, gender and educational background were found to be statistically significant factors associated with violent behavior. Alcohol consumption and substance use were also positively correlated with violent behavior.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Violent Behavior, Stadiums, Gender, Alcohol, Substances.

Kaynakça

• Andres, L. Fabel, M. & Rainer, H. (2023). How much violence does football hooliganism cause?, Journal of Public Economics, 225, 104970. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104970
• Brandao, T. Murad, M., Belmond, R. et al. (2020). Alcohol and violence: Brazilian Organized Football Fans, Movimento, 26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.90431
• Card, D., Dahl, G. (2011). Family Violence and Football: The Effect of Unexpected Emotional Cues on Violent Behavior. Q J Econ, 126(1), 103-143. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr001
• Cleland, J., Cashmore, E. (2015). Football fans’ views of violence in British football, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40(2), 124-142. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723515615177
• Da Silva Dantas, M. G. Sampaio, L. M. B. & Gasparetto, T. (2023). Antisocial behavior in football matches: Do changes in alcohol sales policy increase violent acts?, International Journal of Drug Policy, 123, 104273. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104273
• de Hollanda, B. B. B. (2021). Spectator Violence in Stadiums: Why do the Hooligans Fight? An Essay in Honor of Eric Dunning, FuLiA/UFMG, 6(2), 1-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35699/2526-4494.2021.20274
• Dinani, M. M., Pandari, A. R., Divjan, Z et al. (2023). Prevention and control of violence and aggression in football fans: Implications for sport psychologists, fans, and policymakers, Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2023.2258487
• dos Reis, H. H. B., Lopes, F. T. P. & Martins, M. Z. (2015). Eric Dunning’s Explanations About Hooliganism in Brazil: A Critical Reflection, Movimento, 21(3), 617-632.
• Elkhatir, A., Chakit, M. & Ahami, A. (2023). Factors influencing violent behavior in football stadiums in Kenitra city (Morocco). Central European Management Journal. Doi: https://doi.org/10.57030/23364890.cemj.31.2.85
• Graham, K., West, P. & Wells, S. (2000). Evaluating theories of alcohol-related aggression using observation of young adults in bars, Addiction, 95, 847-863. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9568473.x
• Gumusgul, O., Acet, M. (2016). The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behavior and Hooliganism, Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research, 121, 30-37. Doi: 10.1515/pcssr-2016-0015
• Harte, B., Romano, R. (2021). Violent Spectators: Enhanced Security as a Deterrent Against Extreme Stadium Violence. Ανακτήθηκε από: https://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2021/negocios/ijssth/06-Brian-Harte.pdf
• Kingsland, M.,Wolfenden, L., Rowland, B. C. et al. (2013). Alcohol consumption and sport: a cross-sectional study of alcohol management practices associated with at-risk alcohol consumption at community football clubs, BMC Public Health, 13(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-762
• Marc, F., Helmut, R. (2021). How Much Violence Does Football Hooliganism Cause?, Munich: Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/248976
• Menaker, B. E., Barry, A. E. & Howell, S. M. (2018). Identifying the influence of opponent ranking and game characteristics on Alcohol-Related stadium ejections, The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(2), 117-128. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-018-0504-0
• Nepomuceno, T. C. C., de Carvalho, V. D. H., Silva, L. C. E. et al.(2022). Exploring the Bedouin Syndrome in the Football Fan Culture: Addressing the Hooliganism Phenomena through Networks of Violent Behavior, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159711
• Nepomuceno, T. C. C., De Moura, J. A., Silva, L. C. E et al. (2017). Alcohol and violent behavior among football spectators: An empirical assessment of Brazilian’s criminalization, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 51, 34-44. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.05.001
• Newson, M. (2017). Football, Fan Violence and Identity Fusion, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54(4). Doi: 10.1177/1012690217731293