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ACTIVATION STRATEGIES TO STRUGGLE AGAINST YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT: ARE THEY STRONG POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR TRANSITION TO EMPLOYMENT?

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 11, 76 - 105, 15.04.2016

Öz

Because of its high level relative to general and adult unemployment rates, youth un-employment has been a major concern for many developing and developed countries. Failure to effectively benefit from the potential of youth population brings along signifi-cant costs in economic and social fields. There is no doubt that this situation plays an important role in the fight against youth unemployment in many countries to take the first place among the political priorities.

Education policies, economic policies and labor market policies are the major policy fields standing out for the fight against youth unemployment. In this paper, it is tried to be determined that how strong policy options are activation strategies and active labor market policies that have gained much importance in recent years in OECD and EU countries to struggle against youth unemployment. In this context, the findings of vari-ous studies trying to determine the effectiveness of activation strategies to struggle against youth unemployment are evaluated. As a result of this evaluation, while it is identified that different activation strategies have different results in terms of employ-ment effects, it is seen that activations strategies, generally, have modestly positive employment effects.

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA
  • Banerji, A., Saksonovs, S., Lin, H. ve Blavy, R. (2014). Youth Unemployment in Ad-vanced Economies in Europe: Searchingfor Solutions, IMF Stuff Discussion Note.
  • Barbier, J. C. ve Ludwig-Mayerhofer, W. (2004). Introduction: The Many Worlds of Activation, European Societies 6 (4), 423-436.
  • Bonoli, G. (2010). The Political Economy of Active Labour Market Policy, Edin-burgh: Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, RECWOWE Publication.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Künn, S. (2011). Start-up Subsidies for the Unemployed: Long-term Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity, Journal of Public Economics, 95, 311-331.
  • Caliendo, M., Künn, S. ve Schmidl, R. (2011). Fighting Youth Unemployment: The Effects of Active Labor Market Policies, IZA Discussion Paper, No: 6222.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Künn, S.(2013). Regional Effect Heterogeneity of Start-up Subsi-dies for the Unemployed, IZA Discussion Paper, No: 7560.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Schmidl, R. (2016). Youth Unemployment and Active Labor Mar-ket Policies in Europe, IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 5(1), 1-30.
  • Coenjaerts, C., Ernst, C., Fortuny, M., Rei, D., ILO ve Pilgrem, Markus (2009). Youth Employment, in: OECD, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, OECD, Paris.
  • Eichhorst, W. ve Konle-Seidl, R. (2008). Contingent Convergence: A Comparative Analysis of Activation Policies, IZA, Discussion Papers, No: 3905.
  • Eichhorst, W. ve Rinne, U. (2014). Promoting Youth Employment through Activa-tion Strategies, ILO, Employment Working Paper, No: 163.
  • Escudero, V. ve Lopez Mourelo, E. (2015). TheYouth Guarantee Program in Euro-pe: Features, Implementation and Challenges, ILO Research Department Working Paper, No: 4.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, UK: Polity Press.
  • Freeman, R. B. ve Wise, D. A. (1982). The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Natu-re, Causes and Consequences, NBER, University of Chicago Press, 1-16.
  • Görlich, D., Stepanok, I. ve Al-Hussami, F. (2013). Youth Unemployment in Euro-pe and the World: Causes, Consequences and Solutions, IFW, Kiel Policy Brief, No: 59.
  • IEG (2013). World Bank and IFC Support for Youth Employment Programs, Was-hington DC: World Bank.
  • ILO (2015a). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015: Scaling up investments in decent jobs for youth, Geneva.
  • ILO (2015b). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2015, Geneva.
  • Immervoll, H. ve Scarpetta, S. (2012). Activation and Employment Support Poli-cies in OECD Countries. An Overview of Current Approaches , IZA, Journal of Labour Policy, 1(9), 1-20.
  • Immervoll, H. (2012). Activation Policies in OECD Countries: An Overview of Current Approaches, The World Bank Social Protection&Labor Policy Note.
  • ILO (2013). Youth Guarantees: A Response to the Youth Employment Crisis?, Employment Policy Brief.
  • Kluve, J. (2010). The Effectiveness of European Active Labour Market Programs, Labour Economics, 17, 904-918.
  • Kluve, J. (2014). Active Labour Market Policies with a Focus on Youth, Working Paper prepared for the European Training Foundation.
  • Martin, J. P. (2014). Activation and Active Labour Market Policies in OECD Count-ries: Stylized Facts and Evidence on their Effectiveness, IZA Policy Paper, No: 84.
  • Mroz, T. A. ve Savage, T. H., (2006). The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemploy-ment, The Journal of Human Resources, 41(2), 259-293.
  • O’Higgins, N. (2001). Youth Unemployment and Employment Policy: A Global Perspective, ILO, Geneva.
  • O’Higgins, N. (2010). The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis on Youth Employment: Measures for Labour Market Recovery in the European Union, Canada and the United States, ILO, Employment Working Paper, No: 70.
  • OECD (2013). OECD Employment Outlook 2013, OECD Publishing.
  • Ryan, P. (2001). The School-to-WorkTransition: A Cross National Perspective, Jo-urnal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIX, 34-92.
  • Venn, D. (2012). Eligibility Criteria for Unemployment Benefits: Quantitative In-dicators for OECD and EU Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Wor-king Papers, No.131, OECD Publishing.
  • Vogel, P. (2015). Generation Jobless? Turning the Youth Unemployment Crisis in-to Opportunity, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2013: Jobs, Washington D.C.

GENÇ İŞSİZLİĞİ İLE MÜCADELEDE AKTİFLEŞTİRME STRATEJİLERİ: İSTİHDAMA GEÇİŞTE GÜÇLÜ BİR POLİTİKA ARACI MI?

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 11, 76 - 105, 15.04.2016

Öz

Genç işsizliği ile mücadelede eğitim politikaları, ekonomi politikaları ve işgücü piyasası politikaları öne çıkan başlıca politika alanlarıdır. Bu çalışmada, son yıllarda OECD ve AB ülkelerinde politika düzeyinde önemi giderek artan aktifleştirme stratejilerinin ve bu kapsamda aktif işgücü piyasası politikalarının genç işsizliği ile mücadelede ne derece güçlü bir politika seçeneği olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, aktifleştirme uygulamalarının spesifik olarak genç işsizliği ile mücadeledeki etkinliğini tespit etmeye yönelik çeşitli araştırmaların bulguları değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda, farklı türlerdeki aktifleştirme uygulamalarının istihdama etkisi bakımından farklı sonuçlara sahip olduğu tespit edilmekle birlikte, genel olarak pozitif istihdam etkisinin sınırlı düzeyde kaldığı görülmektedir.

Genç işsizliği, birçok gelişmekte olan ve gelişmiş ülkede genel ve yetişkin işsizlik oranlarının oldukça üzerinde seyretmesi nedeniyle önemli bir endişe kaynağıdır. Genç nüfus potansiyelinden etkin şekilde yararlanamamak ekonomik ve toplumsal alanda ciddi maliyetleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu durum şüphesiz, genç işsizliği ile mücadelenin birçok ülkenin politik öncelikleri arasında ilk sıralarda yer almasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Genç İşsizliği, Genç işsizliği ile Mücadele,  Aktifleştirme Stratejisi, Aktif İşgücü Piyasası Politikaları

 





Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA
  • Banerji, A., Saksonovs, S., Lin, H. ve Blavy, R. (2014). Youth Unemployment in Ad-vanced Economies in Europe: Searchingfor Solutions, IMF Stuff Discussion Note.
  • Barbier, J. C. ve Ludwig-Mayerhofer, W. (2004). Introduction: The Many Worlds of Activation, European Societies 6 (4), 423-436.
  • Bonoli, G. (2010). The Political Economy of Active Labour Market Policy, Edin-burgh: Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, RECWOWE Publication.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Künn, S. (2011). Start-up Subsidies for the Unemployed: Long-term Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity, Journal of Public Economics, 95, 311-331.
  • Caliendo, M., Künn, S. ve Schmidl, R. (2011). Fighting Youth Unemployment: The Effects of Active Labor Market Policies, IZA Discussion Paper, No: 6222.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Künn, S.(2013). Regional Effect Heterogeneity of Start-up Subsi-dies for the Unemployed, IZA Discussion Paper, No: 7560.
  • Caliendo, M. ve Schmidl, R. (2016). Youth Unemployment and Active Labor Mar-ket Policies in Europe, IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 5(1), 1-30.
  • Coenjaerts, C., Ernst, C., Fortuny, M., Rei, D., ILO ve Pilgrem, Markus (2009). Youth Employment, in: OECD, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, OECD, Paris.
  • Eichhorst, W. ve Konle-Seidl, R. (2008). Contingent Convergence: A Comparative Analysis of Activation Policies, IZA, Discussion Papers, No: 3905.
  • Eichhorst, W. ve Rinne, U. (2014). Promoting Youth Employment through Activa-tion Strategies, ILO, Employment Working Paper, No: 163.
  • Escudero, V. ve Lopez Mourelo, E. (2015). TheYouth Guarantee Program in Euro-pe: Features, Implementation and Challenges, ILO Research Department Working Paper, No: 4.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, UK: Polity Press.
  • Freeman, R. B. ve Wise, D. A. (1982). The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Natu-re, Causes and Consequences, NBER, University of Chicago Press, 1-16.
  • Görlich, D., Stepanok, I. ve Al-Hussami, F. (2013). Youth Unemployment in Euro-pe and the World: Causes, Consequences and Solutions, IFW, Kiel Policy Brief, No: 59.
  • IEG (2013). World Bank and IFC Support for Youth Employment Programs, Was-hington DC: World Bank.
  • ILO (2015a). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015: Scaling up investments in decent jobs for youth, Geneva.
  • ILO (2015b). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2015, Geneva.
  • Immervoll, H. ve Scarpetta, S. (2012). Activation and Employment Support Poli-cies in OECD Countries. An Overview of Current Approaches , IZA, Journal of Labour Policy, 1(9), 1-20.
  • Immervoll, H. (2012). Activation Policies in OECD Countries: An Overview of Current Approaches, The World Bank Social Protection&Labor Policy Note.
  • ILO (2013). Youth Guarantees: A Response to the Youth Employment Crisis?, Employment Policy Brief.
  • Kluve, J. (2010). The Effectiveness of European Active Labour Market Programs, Labour Economics, 17, 904-918.
  • Kluve, J. (2014). Active Labour Market Policies with a Focus on Youth, Working Paper prepared for the European Training Foundation.
  • Martin, J. P. (2014). Activation and Active Labour Market Policies in OECD Count-ries: Stylized Facts and Evidence on their Effectiveness, IZA Policy Paper, No: 84.
  • Mroz, T. A. ve Savage, T. H., (2006). The Long-Term Effects of Youth Unemploy-ment, The Journal of Human Resources, 41(2), 259-293.
  • O’Higgins, N. (2001). Youth Unemployment and Employment Policy: A Global Perspective, ILO, Geneva.
  • O’Higgins, N. (2010). The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis on Youth Employment: Measures for Labour Market Recovery in the European Union, Canada and the United States, ILO, Employment Working Paper, No: 70.
  • OECD (2013). OECD Employment Outlook 2013, OECD Publishing.
  • Ryan, P. (2001). The School-to-WorkTransition: A Cross National Perspective, Jo-urnal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIX, 34-92.
  • Venn, D. (2012). Eligibility Criteria for Unemployment Benefits: Quantitative In-dicators for OECD and EU Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Wor-king Papers, No.131, OECD Publishing.
  • Vogel, P. (2015). Generation Jobless? Turning the Youth Unemployment Crisis in-to Opportunity, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2013: Jobs, Washington D.C.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Banu Metin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Metin, B. (2016). GENÇ İŞSİZLİĞİ İLE MÜCADELEDE AKTİFLEŞTİRME STRATEJİLERİ: İSTİHDAMA GEÇİŞTE GÜÇLÜ BİR POLİTİKA ARACI MI?. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek Ve Toplum Dergisi, 5(11), 76-105.