MAINTAINING TRACEABILITY IN HALAL FOOD PRODUCTION WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND BLOCKCHAIN

Öz

The demand for halal food products has been on the rise in recent years and is expected to continue growing in the near future. Consequently, the importance of factors such as Halal certification, Halal standards, and Halal traceability is becoming more prominent. Halal traceability is essential for ensuring that Halal food production is conducted correctly. It guarantees product quality throughout the supply chain and verifies product identity to protect consumers. Halal traceability also helps boost consumer confidence in food safety. Furthermore, the implementation of Halal traceability can reduce the costs associated with product recalls. Reducing product recalls, particularly in terms of Halal assurance, enhances customer trust in the integrity of the Halal sector. Techniques such as Blockchain and artificial intelligence have become widespread in supply chain tracking. As a result, maintaining the integrity of the Halal food supply chain has become much managable. The Halal food supply chain is complex and faces many challenges that can affect food safety and quality. From the sourcing of food ingredients to final production and distribution, there are numerous points where contamination can occur. Therefore, ensuring that Halal food meets the highest safety and quality standards is vital. Artificial intelligence in Halal food safety is important for increasing accuracy and efficiency, enhancing traceability and transparency, and providing real-time monitoring and analysis. Additionally, artificial intelligence can provide predictive capabilities to prevent contamination, facilitate the certification process, and offer valuable insights into the Halal food industry. This paper aims to explore how Halal food auditing works, the importance of food traceability systems, the need for traceability implementation in food supply chains, and the critical role it plays in ensuring safety and quality within food supply chains.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Halal food
• artificial intelligence
• blockchain
• supply chain
• halal traceability

YAPAY ZEKA VE BLOKZİNCİR KULLANIMI İLE HELAL GIDA ÜRETİMİNDE İZLENEBİLİRLİĞİN SÜRDÜRÜLMESİ

Öz

Helal gıda ürünlerine olan talep son yıllarda artış göstermektedir ve yakın gelecekte de bunun artmaya devam etmesi beklenmektedir. Bu yüzden, Helal sertifikasyonu, Helal standartları ve Helal izlenebilirliği gibi faktörlerin önemi daha da belirginleşmektedir. Helal izlenebilirliği, Helal gıda üretiminin doğru bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlamak için esastır. Tedarik zinciri boyunca ürün kalitesini garanti eder ve tüketicileri korumak için ürün kimliğini doğrular. Helal izlenebilirliği ayrıca tüketicilerin gıda güvenliğine olan güvenini artırmaya yardımcı olur. Dahası, Helal izlenebilirliğinin uygulanması ürün geri çağırmalarıyla ilişkili maliyetleri azaltabilir. Özellikle Helal güvencesi açısından ürün geri çağırmalarını azaltmak, müşterilerin Helal sektörünün bütünlüğüne olan güvenini artırır. Blockchain ve yapay zeka gibi teknikler, tedarik zinciri takibinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış ve bu sayede de Helal gıda tedarik zincirinin bütünlüğünün korunması çok daha kolay bir hale gelmiştir. Helal gıda tedarik zinciri, oldukça karmaşıktır ve gıda güvenliğini ve kalitesini etkileyebilecek birçok zorlukla karşı karşıyadır. Gıda bileşenlerinin tedarikinden nihai üretim ve dağıtıma kadar, gıda kontaminasyonlarında meydana gelebilecek birçok bulaş noktası vardır. Bu nedenle, Helal gıdanın en yüksek güvenlik ve kalite standartlarını karşılamasını sağlamak hayati önem taşır. Yapay zekanın Helal gıda güvenliğinde kullanımı, doğruluk ve verimliliği artırması, gıda izlenebilirliği ve şeffaflığını geliştirmesi ve gerçek zamanlı izleme ve analiz gibi birçok fayda sağlaması açısından önemlidir. Ek olarak yapay zeka, kontaminasyonu önlemek, sertifikasyon sürecini kolaylaştırmak ve Helal gıda endüstrisine değerli içgörüler sunmak için önemli yetenekler sağlayabilir. Bu makale, Helal gıda denetiminin nasıl çalıştığını, gıda izlenebilirlik sistemlerinin önemini, gıda tedarik zincirlerinde izlenebilirlik uygulamasına duyulan ihtiyacı ve gıda tedarik zincirlerinde güvenliği ve kaliteyi sağlamada oynadığı kritik rolü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Helal gıda
• yapay zeka
• blok zinciri
• tedarik zinciri
• helal izlenebilirlik

Kaynakça

1. Abidin, N. Z., and Perdana, F. F. (2020). A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Blockc-hain Technology in Halal Food Product Verifi-cation. J. Halal Industry Services. 3, 2637–0891. doi:10.36877/jhis.a0000079
2. ABT, (2022). Advanced Biotech. Improving Traceability and Transparency in Halal Supply Chains. Nov 17, 2022 https://adv-bio.com/improving-traceability-and-transparency-in-halal-supply-chains/
3. Ab-Rashid, N., Supian, K. and Bojei, J. (2018). Relationship between Halal Traceability System Adoptions on Halal Food Supply Chain Integ-rity and Performance. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 8(1), 569-579.
4. Ahmed, H. M. (2023a). Could Artificial Intelli-gence Be A Game-Changer in Halal Marke-ting?. The Halal Times. https://www.halaltimes.com/could-artificial-intelligence-be-a-game-changer-in-halal-marketing/
5. Ahmed, H. M. (2023b). How To Improve Halal Food Safety by Using AI ?. The Halal Times. https://www.halaltimes.com/how-to-improve-halal-food-safety-by-using-ai/
6. Akgündüz, A. (2012). Helal Gıda Meselesi: Avrupa’da Helal Gıda Problemleri ve Çözüm Yolları. İhracat İçin Helal Sertifikası Sempoz-yumu Bildirileri. S:1-14. 14 Şubat 2012. Güney Marmara Kalkınma ajansı. Balıkesir.
7. Ali, M. H., and Suleiman, N. (2016). Sustainab-le Food Production: Insights of Malaysian Halal Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 181, 303–314. [online] Available.at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925527316301086. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.06.003
8. Ali, A., Xiaoling, G., Sherwani, M., & Ali, A. (2017). Factors affecting Halal meatpurchase intention. British Food Journal.

9. Atman, Ü. C. (2004). Gıda Katkı Maddeleri ve Gıda Kontrolü. STED, 13(3):86-88. http://www.ttb.org.tr/STED/sted0304/gida.pdf
10. AWS, (2023). Blok zinciri teknolojisi nedir. https://aws.amazon.com/tr/what-is/blockchain Batu, A. (2012a). Helal (Mahzursuz) Gıda Bel-gelendirmesindeki Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerile-ri. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 7 (2), 60-75.
11. Batu, A. (2012b). Türkiye’de Helal (Mahzursuz) Gıda ve Helal Belgelendirme Sistemi. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 7(1), 51-61.
12. Batu, A. and Regenstein, J. M. (2014). Halal Food Certification Challenges and Their Impli-cations for Muslim Societies Worldwide. Tur-kish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 9 (11), 111-130.
13. Brosnan T and Sun DW. (2004). Improving quality inspection offood products by computer Vision: a review”. Journal of Food Engineering 61 (2004): 3-16.
14. Çakır, S. (2013). Yediklerimiz Helal Olsun. Işık Yayınları, Çağlayan Matbaası. Gaziemir-İzmir. 259 sayfa. Helal Gıda Sertifikası, sayfa 183. ISBN: 978-975-278-905-0
15. Çelen, M. (2010a). Fıkıhsız Helal Gıda Olmaz. Helal ve Sağlıklı Gıda ve Doğal Beslenme. http://www.helalvedogal.com/fikihsiz-helal-gida-olmaz/
16. Çelen, M. (2010b). Dünya’da Helal Sertifika-lama. HEDEM Helal Gıda Denetim ve Sertifi-kalandırma Merkezi. http://www.helaldenetim.com/makale.aspx?makaleid=83.
17. Deloitte, (2020). Using Blockhain to Drive Supply Chain Transparency. Available at:https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/operations/articles/blockchainsupply-chain-innovation.html (Retrieved June 26, 2020).
18. Dinh, T. N., Thai, M. T. (2018). AI and blockchain: A disruptive integration. Computer, 51(9), 48-53.
19. Du C J and Sun D W. (2006). Learning tech-niques used in computer vision for food quality evaluation: a review”. Journal of Food Engineering 72 (2006): 39-55.
20. FAO, (2017). Food Traceability Guidance. San-tiago: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
21. Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Demartini, C., Pranteda, C., Santamaria, V. (2018). To blockchain or not to blockchain: That is the question. IT Professional, 20(2), 62-74.
22. Hakiye, A. (2023). The influence of halal awareness, halal certificate, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, attitude and trust on purchase intention of culinary products among Muslim costumers in Turkey. Internati-onal Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 32(1):100726
23. Haleem, A., Khan, M. I., Khan, S., & Jami, A. R. (2020). Research status in Halal: a review and bibliometric analysis. Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications.
24. Handayani, D. I., Hafiz, M., Mohamed, M., Ab, M. S., Haleem, A., Khan, M. I., Khan, S., Jami, A. R., Utara, U. S., Nur, T., Purwanto, S., Win-darwati, S., Poniman, D., Purchase, S., & Sned-don, J. (2019). Traceability in Halal Food Supply Chains from a Business Network Pers-pective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Scien-ces, 2(01), 33–41.
25. İmamoğlu, S. Z., Erat, S. ve İnce, H. (2023). Blokzincir ve Yapay Zeka (pp.237-256). In book: Yönetim Biliminde Yapay Zeka. 306 Sayfa. Yayınevi. Nobel Bilimsel Eserler. ISBN978-625-393-012-7
26. İstanbulChain, (2021). Hash Nedir?. https://medium.com/@iublocktech/hash-nedir-398faa583940
27. Jannah, S.M. and Al-Banna, H. (2021). Halal Awarness and Halal Traceability: Muslim Consumers’ and Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives. Jour-nal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 7(2), 285–316.
28. Karger, E. (2020). Combining blockchain and artificial intelligence – Literature review and state of the art. In Forty-First International Con-ference on Information Systems, (pp. 1-17). India.
29. Khanzode, K. C. A., Sarode, R. D. (2020). Ad-vantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence and machine learning: A literature review. International Journal of Library & Infor-mation Science, 9(1), 30-36.
30. Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Sivarajah, U., Kaur, J. (2023). Artificial intelligence and blockchain integration in business: trends from a bibliomet-ric-content analysis. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(2), 871-896.
31. McAllister, P., et al. (2018). Combining deep residual neural network features with supervised machine learning algorithms to classify diverse food image datasets. Computers in Biology and Medicine 95 (2018): 217-233.
32. Meyem, (2022). Helal Belgelendirme. Meyem - Mesleki Yeterlilik ve BelgelendirmeMerkezi. https://meyem.com.tr/hizmetler-helal-belgelendirme.html
33. Maifiah, M. H. M., Ahmad, A. N., & Iskandar, M. A. (2020). A conceptual framework highlighting barriers in cold chain management for Halal food products in South-East Asian count-ries. In Halal Logistics and Supply Chain Ma-nagement in Southeast Asia (pp. 51-66). Rout-ledge.
34. Mohamed, Y. H., Abdul Rahim, A. R., & Ma’aram, A. (2020). The effect of halal supply chain management on halal integrity assurance for the food industry in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
35. Mirghani, M.E.S., Elnour, A.A.M. (2023). Concept and Significance of the Halal Traceability System. In: Ahmed Osman, O., Moneim Elhadi Sulieman, A. (eds) Halal and Kosher Food. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41459-6_4.
36. Muhamad, N., Leong, V. S., & Isa, N. M. (2017). Does the country of origin of a halal logo matter? The case of packaged food purchases. Review of International Business and Strategy, 27(4), 484–500.
37. Mohamed, Y. H., Rahman, A., Rahim, A., Binti, A., & Ghazli, M. (2016). Halal Traceability in Enhancing Halal Integrity for Food Industry in Malaysia – Halal Traceability in Enhancing Halal Integrity for Food Industry in Malaysia – A Review. March.
38. Özdemir, Y., Cam, Ö. N. and Kayahan, S. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in Food Safety Control. Acta Scientific Computer Sciences, 3(7), 23-28.
39. Özbay-Doğu, S. ve Şireli, U. T. (2005). Gıdalarda İzlenebilirlik. Gıda, 40 (5): 295-302
40. Patel K K., et al. (2012). “Machine vision system: a tool for quality inspection of food and agricultural products”. Journal of Food Science and Technology 49 (2012): 123-141.
41. Prayudanti, A. A. and Sucipto, S. (2021). Halal and safety traceability of material, production, and serving of local food in Surabaya: A review. 2021 International Conference on Green Agro-industry and Bioeconomy. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 924 (2021) 012002. IOP Publishing.
42. Poniman, D., Purchase, S., & Sneddon, J. (2015). Traceability systems in the Western Australia halal food supply chain. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 324–348.
43. Raspor, P. (2005). Bio-Markers: Traceability in Food Safety Issues. Acta Biochim Pol, 52 (3): 659-664.
44. Reiff, N. (2020). Blockchain Explained. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp#:∼:textEach%20computer%20in%20the%20blockchain,cpies%20of%20the%20same%20blockchain (Retrieved June 02, 2020).
45. Riaz, M. N. and Chaudry, M.M. (2004). Halal Food Production. CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W.Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. USA.
46. Saigal, P. (2020). Merger of artificial intelligen-ce and blockchain. P. Raj, K. Saini ve C. Surianarayanan (Eds.), Blockchain technology and applications içinde (pp. 139-158). New York: CRC Press.
47. Sakr, A.H. (1988). A Handbook of Muslim Foods. Publish by Foundation for Islamic Knowledge, Lombard IL. USA.
48. Salah, K., Rehman, M. H., Nizamuddin, N., and Al-Fuqaha, A. (2019). Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges, IEEE Access, 7 (1), 10127-10149.
49. Sarmah, S. S. (2018). Understanding blockc-hain technology. Computer Science and Engineering, 8(2), 23-29.
50. Seabiscuit, (2024). Yapay zekanın Helal sektöründe nasıl devrim yarattığını keşfedin. https://www.seabiscuit.ai/ai-in-idustry/a/ai-in-the-halal-industry/r/rec3ej4lVc7tz1fCZ
51. Saifudin, A. M., Siti, O., and Ezanee, E. (2017). Exploring in Setting a Model for Islamic Supply Chain in Malaysia. Int. Rev. Management Marketing 7 (1), 95–102.
52. Sun, D.W. and Brosnan, T. (2003). Pizza quality evaluation usingcomputer vision—Part 1 Pizza base and sauce spread. Journal of Food Engineering 57 (2003): 81-89.
53. Sigmacert, (2021). Sigmacert Uluslararası Belgelendirme Eğitim ve Test Hizmetleri LTD. ŞTİ. H.T.05 Helal Uygunluk Değerlendirme Faaliyetleri ve İzlenebilirlik Klavuzu. https://www.sigmacert.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/H.T.05-Helal-Uygunluk-Degerlendirme-Faaliyetleri-ve-Izlenebilirlik-Kilavuzu-REV03-23.01.2021-7.pdf
54. Shafii, Z., Khadijah, W. M. N. W. S., Nilai, B. B., & Sembilan, N. (2012). Halal Traceability Framework for Halal Food Production Faculty of Economics and Muamalat , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia ,. 17, 1–5.
55. SMIIC, (2012). The Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries, available at: https://www.smiic.org/en
56. Samsi, S. Z. M., Tasnim, R., & Ibrahim, O. (2011). Stakeholders’ Role for an Efficient Traceability System in Halal Industry Supply Chain. https://doi.org/10.5176/978-981-08-8227-3_erp-scm16
57. Tan, A., Gligor, D., & Ngah, A. (2020). Applying Blockchain for Halal food traceabi-lity. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 25(6), 947–964.
58. Vikaliana, R., Evitha, Y., Harimurti3, C., Sabaruddin, L. and Komala, A. L. (2021). A Literature Highlight: How A Traceability System Can Support Halal Supply Chain? Budapest Interna-tional Research and Critics Institute-Journal,, 4,(4), 7620-7628.
59. Yusaini, H., M., Abd Rahman, A. R., Azanizawati, M., & Mohd Ghazli, H. (2016). Halal Traceability in Enhancing Halal Integrity for Food Industry in Malaysia – A Review.International Research Journal of Engi-neering and Technology, 3(3), 68–74.
60. Zulfakar, M. H., Anuar, M. M., & Talib, M. S. A. (2014). Conceptual Framework on Halal Food Supply Chain Integrity Enhancement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 58–67.
61. Tezcan, M. (1997). Yemek Kültürü Üzerine Dinsel Etkiler, Türk Mutfak Kültürü Üzerine Arastırmalar: Türk Halk Kültürünü Arastırma ve Tanıtma Vakfı Yayın No:20, 1997/139-146, Ankara.
62. Topbaş, O. N. (2014). Genç Dergisi. Yıl: 2014 Ay: Nisan Sayı: 91
63. Türkoğlu, İ. and Pekcan, G. (2013). Menstrual Döngü Sürecinde Dinlenme Metabolik Hızı, Vücut Bileşimi ve Besin Alımındaki Bireysel Farklılıkların Saptanması. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 41(3), 212-220.
64. Williams, D. (1995). Breast-Feeding Best Bet For Food and Drug Administration (İnternet). 1995 Şubat; http://www.bpni.org/Article/Breast-Feeding_Best_Bet_for_Babies.pdf
65. Yalızuçanlar, S. (2013). “Sohbet Canı Semirtir, Ruhun Gıdalandığı Sohbeti” Elmalıda Kişilik Oluşumu ve Nefsin Terbiyesi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Akdeniz Kültür ve İletişim Kulubü, Antalya, 2013, s.51.
66. Yeşilay, (2024). Sigara ve alkol anne sütünü zehir-liyor.https://www.yesilay.org.tr/tr/haberler/sigara-ve-alkol-anne-sutunu-zehirliyor