Program Dışı Etkinliklerin Öğrenci Gelişimine Etkisi

Öz

Program dışı etkinliklerin; öğrencilerin akademik başarısını desteklediği, onların toplumsal ve kişisel gelişimlerine katkı sağladığı, okula ve okulun çevresine uyumlarını kolaylaştırdığı, akran ilişkilerini geliştirdiği, kendi ilgi ve yeteneklerinin farkına varmalarını sağladığı ve problem davranışlarını azalttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple bu kavram hem ülkemizde hem de dünyada popülaritesini ve önemini giderek arttıran bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Program dışı etkinliklerin öğrencilerin akademik, sosyal, duygusal ve kişisel anlamda çok yönlü gelişimlerine katkılarını incelemeyi amaçlayan bu makale sistematik olmayan bir derleme olarak desenlenmiştir. Literatürdeki deneysel çalışmalara özel önem verilerek program dışı etkinliklerin öğrenci gelişimine etkisinin incelendiği 25 çalışmanın sonuçları derlenmiştir. Bu derleme ile program dışı etkinlik uygulamalarının öğrencilerin akademik başarılarını, kişilerarası ilişkilerini, uyum sağlama kapasitelerini, öğrenme becerilerini olumlu yönde etkilediği öte yandan bu olumlu etkilerin sağlanabilmesi adına öğrenci özellikleri ve zaman yönetiminin dikkate alınması gerektiği, etkinliklere katılma noktasında; ülkeler, okullar ve bireyler arasında fırsat ve imkân eşitsizliği yaşandığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmış olup bu sonuçlar ışığında bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Program dışı etkinlikler
• Ders dışı etkinlikler
• Müfredat dışı etkinlikler
• Akademik başarı
• Öğrenci gelişimi

The Impact of Extracurricular Activities on Student Development

Öz

It is thought that extracurricular activities support the academic success of students, contributes to their social and personal development, facilitates their adaptation to the school and the school environment, improves peer relations, makes them aware of their own interests and abilities, and reduces problem behaviors. For this reason, this concept emerges as a concept that is increasing its popularity and importance both in our country and in the world. This article, which aims to examine the contributions of extra-curricular activities to the multifaceted academic, social, emotional and personal development of students, is designed as a non-systematic review. The results of 25 studies in which the effect of extra-curricular activities on student development was examined by paying special attention to experimental studies in the literature were compiled. With this review, it is stated that extracurricular activities affect students' academic success, interpersonal relationships, their capacity to adapt, on the other hand, in order to ensure these positive effects, it has been concluded that student characteristics and time management should be taken into account, that there is an inequality of opportunities and opportunities between countries, schools and individuals at the point of participating in activities, and some suggestions have been presented in the light of these results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Extracurricular activities
• academic achievement
• studenr development

Kaynakça

1. Ahadiat, N. ve Smith, K.J. (1994). A factor-analytic investigation of employee selection factors of significance to recruiters of entry-level accountants. Issues in Accounting Education, 99(1) 59-79.
2. Alnaeem, L. (2021). Involvement in Extracurricular Activities and Overcoming High Levels of Communication Apprehension among Saudi EFL Majors. Arab World English Journal, 12 (2) 185-208. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.13
3. Annu, S. ve Sunita, M. (2015). Extracurricular activities and student’s performance in secondary school of government and private schools. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 1(1), 53-61.
4. Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M. ve Gardner, P. (2012). Clarifying the meaning of extracurricular activity: A literature review of definitions. American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 5(6), 693-704. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v5i6.7391
5. Bodur, Z. ve Yıldırım, M. (2018). Sınıf dışı etkinliklerinin ortaokul yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları ve bilimsel süreç becerileri üzerine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 47(47), 125-140.
6. Bolat, Y. (2017). Eğitim program okuryazarlığı kavram ve eğitim program okuryazarlığ ölçeği Turkish Studies, 12(18), 121-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12103
7. Bolat, Y. ve Köroğlu, M. (2020). Out-of-school learning and scale of regulating out-ofschool learning: Validity and reliability study. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 5(13), 1630-1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijetsar.258
8. Brown, B.K. ve Campion, M.A. (1994). Biodata phenomenology: Recruiters’ perceptions and use of biographical information in résumé screening. Journal of Applied Psychology, (79) 897–908.

9. Chan, Y. K. (2016). Investigating the relationship among extracurricular activities, learning approach and academic outcomes: A case study. Active Learning in Higher Education, 17(3), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787416654795
10. Campion, M.A. (1978). Identification of variables most influential in determining interviewers’ evaluations of applicants in a college placement center. Psychological Reports, (42) 947–952.
11. Chia, Y. M. (2005). Job offers of multi-national accounting firms: The effects of emotional intelligence, extra-curricular activities, and academic performance. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 14(1) 75–93.
12. Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M. ve Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social İssues, 59(4), 865-889.
13. Ergül, O. K., Alp, H., & Çamlıyer, H. (2018). Ders dışı etkinlikler kapsamında uygulanan fiziksel aktivite programının ilköğretim öğrencilerinin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 208-222.
14. Eğilmez, E. (Yönetmen). (1977). Hababam sınıfı tatilde [Film]. Arzu Film. Erişim Adresi: https://www.arzufilm.com.tr/title-item/hababam-sinifi-tatilde/
15. Fredricks, J. A. (2012). Extracurricular participation and academic outcomes: Testing the over-scheduling hypothesis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(3), 295-306.
16. Gündoğdu, C., Karataş, Ö. ve Nacar, E. (2011). Ders dışı etkinliklerin uygulamalarında okul müdürlerinin sorunları. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 6(1), 65-72.
17. Herdman, E. A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 3(1), 2-4.
18. Jamal, A. A. (2012). Developing interpersonal skills and professional behaviors through extracurricular activities participation: A perception of King Abdulaziz University medical students. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Medical Sciences, 98(373), 1–43.
19. Kerr, B.A. ve Colangelo, N. (1988). The college plans of academically talented students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 67(1), 42-48.
20. Kinicki, A.J. ve Lockwood, C.A. (1985). The interview process: An examination of factors recruiters uses in evaluating job applicants. Journal of Vocational Behavior, (26) 117–125.
21. Kocayiğit, A. ve Ekinci, N. (2020). Ortaöğretim okullarında uygulanan program dışı etkinliklerin öğretmen görüşlerine göre değerlendirilmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(29), 1810-1848. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.749109
22. LaForge-MacKenzie, K., Cost, K. T., Tsujimoto, K. C., Crosbie, J., Charach, A., Anagnostou, E., ... ve Korczak, D. J. (2022). 2.80 The Role of Participating in Extracurricular Activities and School Sports on Child and Youth Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(10), 209. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.09.224
23. López-López, J. A, Page, M. J, Lipsey, M. W. ve Higgins, J. P. T. (2018). Dealing with effect size multiplicity in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Res Syn Meth. 2018 (9), 336– 351.
24. Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Extracurricular activities. Schooling, 1(1), 1-4.
25. Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D. ve Farmer, T.W. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 409-418.
26. Marsh, H. W., ve Kleitman, S. (2002). Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad, and the nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, (72), 464–514.
27. Massoni, E. (2011). Positive effects of extra curricular activities on students. Essai, 9(1), 84-87.
28. McNeal Jr, R. B. (1999). Participation in high school extracurricular activities: Investigating school effects. Social Science Quarterly, 291-309.
29. McGaha, V. ve Fitzpatrick, J. (2010). Employment, academic and extracurricular contributors to college aspirations. Journal of College Admission, 207, 22-29.
30. Nemanick, R.C. ve Clark, E.M. (2002). The differential effects of extracurricular activities on attributions in résumé evaluation. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, (10), 206–217.
31. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Ders Dışı Eğitim Çalışmalarına Dair Esaslar Genelgesi. (2010, 19 Ağustos). Sayı: 2571/53578. Erişim adresi: http://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/1111.pdf.
32. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Eğitim Kurumları Sosyal Etkinlikler Yönetmeliği. (2017, 8 Haziran). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 30090). Erişim adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170608-5.htm.
33. Moriana, J. A., Alos, F., Alcala, R., Pino, M. J., Herruzo, J. ve Ruiz, R. (2006). Extra-curricular activities and academic performance in secondary students. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 4(1), 35-46.
34. OECD (2014), Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2014-en.
35. Özkan, U. B. (2020). PISA-2015 verilerine göre öğrencilerin ders dışı etkinliklere katılımlarının akademik başarılarına etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.504780.
36. Paquero, A. A. (2011). Immigrant youth involvement in school-based extracurricular activities. The Journal of Educational Research, (104), 19-27.
37. Petracovschi, S., Runcan, P., Neniu, R. ve Clitan, G. (2012). The social integration of children with weight issues using the curricular and extracurricular physical education activities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2872-2876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.580.
38. Pham, H. T., Le, T. L., Duong, Q. H., Vu, T. N., Nguyen, T. N. ve Nguyen, T. N. A. (2021). Dataset on the effect of extracurricular activities on positive youth development. Data in Brief, 38, 107363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107363.
39. Pinto, L. H. ve Ramalheira, D. C. (2017). Perceived employability of business graduates: The effect of academic performance and extracurricular activities. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.005.
40. Pros, R. C., Muntada, M. C., Busquets, C. G., Martín, M. B. ve Sáez, T. D. (2015). Night-rest patterns, extracurricular sports activities and academic achievement in primary education students. Revista De Psicologia Del Deporte, 24(1), 53-59. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/128708.
41. Raymond, M.A., Carlson, L. ve Hopkins, C.D. (2006). Do perceptions of hiring criteria differ for sales managers and sales representatives? Implications for marketing education. Journal of Marketing Education, 28(1) 43–55.
42. Rubin, R.S., Bommer, W. H. ve Baldwin, T.T. (2002). Using extracurricular activity as an indicator of interpersonal skill: Prudent evaluation or recruiting malpractice? Human Resource Management, (41), 441– 454.
43. Sarı, M. (2012). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin ders dişi etkinliklere katiliminin incelenmesi. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science/Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 5(1), 72-89.
44. Shulruf, B. (2010). Do extra-curricular activities in schools improve educational outcomes? A critical review and meta-analysis of the literature. International Review of Education, 56(5), 591-612. DOI 10.1007/s11159-010-9180-x.
45. Siddiky, M. R. (2019). Developing co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities for all-round development of the undergraduate students: A study of a selected public university in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 10(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v10i1.101
46. Simoncini, K. ve Caltabiono, N. (2012). Young school-aged children’s behaviour and their participation in extra-curricular activities. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37(3), 35–42.
47. Stearns, E. ve Glennie, E. J. (2010). Opportunities to participate: Extracurricular activities’ distribution across and academic correlates in high schools. Social Science Research, 39(2), 296-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.08.001.
48. Sun, C. (2022). The long-term mechanism of extracurricular activities in primary and secondary schools: Using the four festivals and one party in Huai’an No.1 Mountain Middle School as a case study. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 11(1), 1517-1521.
49. Tchibozo, G. (2007). Extracurricular activity and the transition from higher education to work: A survey of graduates in the United Kingdom. Higher Education Quarterly, 61(1), 37– 56.
50. Toyokawa, T. ve Toyokawa, N. (2002). Extracurricular activities and the adjustment of Asian international students: A study of Japanese students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(4), 363-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00010-X
51. Yıldırım, Y. (2019). Okul dışı etkinlik temelli değerler eğitimi programının öğrencilerin etkin vatandaşlık değerlerine etkisi [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi] Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.