Açık ve Uzaktan Öğrenme Sisteminde Kadın Öğrenen Anlatıları: Feminist Bakış Açısıyla Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 64 - 74, 30.04.2021
Dilek Şenocak
,
Aras Bozkurt
Öz
Açık ve Uzaktan Öğrenme (AUÖ) eğitsel anlamda eşitsizlikleri gidermenin yanı sıra cinsiyet eşitsizliğini de gidermede dönüştürücü sosyal
role sahip eğitsel bir araçtır. Bu düşünce doğrultusunda, bu çalışmada feminist bakış açısıyla AUÖ sisteminin kadın öğrenenlere sunduğu
fırsatlar ve eğitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliğinden doğan açıklığı kapatmakta sağladığı katkılar incelenmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nitel
araştırma paradigması benimsenmiş ve anlatı deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada AUÖ sisteminde yer alan kadın öğrenenlerin hikâyeleri
araştırma amacı doğrultusunda çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre araştırmada ele alınan kadınların günümüz şartlarında bile
eğitime ulaşmada, eğitimlerini tamamlamada kadın olmalarından kaynaklı çeşitli kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya kaldıkları görülmektedir.
AUÖ’nin esneklik ve özerklik sağlayarak sunduğu öğrenme fırsatlarıyla, bu çalışmada ele alınan kadınların hayata tutunmasında ve
toplumda sosyal adaleti sağlamada önemli bir görev üstlendiği düşünülmektedir
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Sisteminde yürütülen Benim Hikayem (Bozkurt ve Büyük, 2018) Projesi bağlamında toplanan kadın öğrenen hikayelerinden oluşturulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Adıgüzel, A. (2013). Kız çocuklarının okullulaşma engelleri ve çözüm önerileri (Şanlıurfa Örneği). Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 17(56), 325-344.
- Akhter, Z. (2019). Girls Not Brides: Concern of Distance Learning: Strategies to Prevent Child Marriage and Curse of Dowry: Bangladesh Perspective. In Pan Commonwealth Forum 9 (PCF9). Edinburgh, Scotland. http://oasis.col.org/handle/11599/3296 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2020)
- Aktas, S. G., Kumtepe, E. G., Kantar, Y. M., Ulukan, I. C., Aydin, S., Aksoy, T., & Er, F. (2019). Improving Gender Equality in Higher Education in Turkey. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 12(1), 167-189.
- Aneja, A. (2017). Blending in: Reconciling feminist pedagogy and distance education across cultures. Gender and Education, 29(7), 850-868.
- Apena, T. (2019). Educatıng against discrimination of female adult citizens in Nigeria: The open distance learning as a panacea. IFE PsychologIA, 27(2), 152-160.
- Artsın, M., & Deligöz, T. (2019). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede kadın çalışmaları. In Proceedings of International Open & Distance Learning Conference (IODL19) (pp. 695-700). Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- BBOG (2005). Baba beni okula gönder. http://www.doganholding.com.tr/kurumsal-sorumluluk/baba-beni-okula-gonder.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 29.12.2019)
- Bora, V., & Taş, A. (2017). Kız çocuklarının ortaöğretime gönderilmeme nedenleri. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 89-106.
- Bozkurt, A., & Büyük, K. (2018). Benim Hikayem. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi. ISBN: 978-975-06-3251-8
- Bozkurt, A. (2019a). From Distance Education to Open and Distance Learning: A Holistic Evaluation of History, Definitions, and Theories. In S. Sisman-Ugur, & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 252-273). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
- Bozkurt, A. (2019b). Intellectual roots of distance education: a progressive knowledge domain analysis. Distance Education, 40(4), 497-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2019.1681894
- Burcu, E., Yıldırım, F., Sırma, Ç. S., & Sanıyaman, S. (2015). Çiçeklerin kaderi: Türkiye’de kadınların erken evliliği üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Bilig, (73), 63-98.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Carr, A., Balasubramanian, K., Atieno, R., & Onyango, J. (2018). Lifelong learning to empowerment: Beyond formal education. Distance Education, 39(1), 69-86.
- Chan, K. (2019). Empowerment through awareness: evaluating nonprofit intervention methods towards girls’ education in Israel, Thailand, Cambodia, And Sri Lanka (Lisans Tezi). University of North Georgia. Dahlonega, the USA. https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=honors_theses (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2020)
- Chung, Y. A. (2016). A feminist pedagogy through online education. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 22(4), 372-391.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cronin. C. (2019). Open education: Design and policy considerations. In H. Beetham, & R. Sharpe (Eds.), Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Principles and practices of design. London: Routledge.
- Delprato, M., Akyeampong, K., Sabates, R., & Hernandez-Fernandez, J. (2015). On the impact of early marriage on schooling outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia. International Journal of Educational Development, 44, 42-55.
- Demiray, E. (2014). Education of women and women’s expectations from distance education on the issues concerning them. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(4), 332-349.
- Denzin, N.K. (1970). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Chicago: Aldine.
- Ersoy, A., & Bozkurt, M. (2017). Anlatı araştırması. A. Saban., & A. Ersoy (Ed.), Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri (2. Baskı). Ankara; Anı Yayıncılık.
- Gokool-Ramdoo, S. (2005). The Online Learning Environment: Creating a space for women learners?. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 6(3), 1-15.
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (2019). 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, Temel Bulgular. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA_2018_ana_Rapor.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2019)
- Herman, C., & Kirkup, G. (2017). Combining feminist pedagogy and transactional distance to create gender-sensitive technology-enhanced learning. Gender and Education, 29(6), 781-795.
Herman, C. & Chicot, K. (2017). Reboot your STEM career. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/stemreboot (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019)
- Hodgkinson-Williams, C. A., & Trotter, H. (2018). A social justice framework for understanding Open Educational Resources and Practices in the Global South. Journal of Learning for Development, 5(3), 204-224.
- Holmberg, B. (2005). The evolution, principles and practices of distance education (Vol. 11). Oldenburg: Bis.
- Jung, I., & Hong, S. (2014). An elaborated model of student support to allow for gender considerations in Asian distance education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(2), 170-188. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v15i2.1604
- Kahn, S., & Ginther, D. (2017). Women and STEM (No. 23525). National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA: USA. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23525.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:25.12.2019)
- Khan, S. (2016). Impact of father education on female education in Pashtun society of district Charsadda, Pakistan. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 1013-1019.
- Lambert, S., & Czerniewicz, L. (2019). Open education as social-justice: a writing workshop [O-032]. https://oer19.oerconf.org/sessions/open-education-as-social-justice-a-writing-workshop-o-032/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21. 12. 2019).
- Lambert, S. R. (2018). Changing our (dis) course: A distinctive social justice aligned definition of Open Education. Journal of Learning for Development-JL4D, 5(3), 225-244.
- Lambert, S. R. (2020). Do MOOCs contribute to student equity and social inclusion? A systematic review 2014–18. Computers & Education, 145, 103693, 1-17.
- Lazou, C., & Bainbridge, S. (2019). Fundamental issues and challenges facing women in distance education. Athabasca University, Master of Education in Distance Education Online Course (MDDE) 651-Gender Issues in Distance Education. Athabasca, Alberta, Canada.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.
- Mandie-Filer, A. (2017). Women in Papua New Guinea: Distance education as a means for educational advancement. In Toward New Horizons for Women in Distance Education (pp. 129-136). New York: Routledge.
- Milli Eğitim Temel Kanunu (1973, 24 Haziran). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 14574). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020)
- Msoffe, R. M. (2016). Inequality in gender roles, a challenge to open and distance learning: a case of female students in diploma in primary teacher education–The Open University of Tanzania. European Journal of Education Studies, 2(11), 134-154.
- Njaya, T. (2015). Women empowerment through open and distance learning in Zimbabwe. Journal of Humanities and. Social Science, 20(2), 83–90.
- Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelinde Türkiye’de Kadın ve Eğitim. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 33, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.03093
- Öztürk, Ö., Öztürk, Ö., & Tapan, B. (2016). Kadına yönelik şiddetin kadın ve toplum sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 3(4), 139-144.
- Öztürk, T., Köseoğlu, S., Uçar, H., Bozkurt, A., & Karahan, E. (2019). The paradox of distance education in girls' education. In proceedings of VIth International Eurasian Educational Research Congress (pp. 2230-2236). Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Patterson, W. (2008). Narratives of events: Labovian narrative analysis and its limitations. M. Andrews, C. Squire ve M.
Tamboukou (Ed.). Doing narrative research içinde (s. 22-40). London: Sage
- Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newburry Park, California: Sage.
- Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. London: Sage.
- Roy, M. (2015). Some perspective of open and distance education in India. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(9), 501-506.
- Rumble, G. (2019). The planning and management of distance education. New York: Routledge.
- Shokeen, D. A. (2017). Women Empowerment through Open and Distance Learning in India. In Digital Proceedings of
ICDE International Conference 2017. Pune, India.
- Shrewsbury, C. M. (1993). What is feminist pedagogy?. Women's Studies Quarterly, 21(3/4), 8-16.
- Tait, A. (2013). Distance and e-learning, social justice, and development: The relevance of capability approaches to the mission of open universities. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 14(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v14i4.1526
- The Global Gender Gap Report (2018). http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2019).
- Tunç, A. İ. (2009). Kız çocuklarının okula gitmeme nedenleri Van ili örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 237-269.
- Türk Ceza Kanunu Temel İlkeler, Tanımlar ve Uygulama Alanı (2014, 12 Ekim). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 25611). http://www.ceza-bb.adalet.gov.tr/mevzuat/5237.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020)
- UNICEF (2003). Haydi Kızlar Okula: Kız çocuklarının okullaşmasına destek kampanyası. http://www.unicef.org.tr/files/bilgimerkezi/doc/Haydi%20Kizlar%20Okula%20Brosur.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01. 2020)
- UNICEF (2018). Gender Equality: Global Annual Results Report 2018. https://www.unicef.org/media/54911/file/Global_Annual_Results_Report_2018_Gender_Equality.pdf.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2019).
- UNICEF (2019). Gender Equality: Accelerating progress and opportunities for everyone. https://www.unicef.org/gender-equality (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2019).
- von Prümmer, C. (2000). Women and distance education. New York: Routledge.
- Wedemeyer, C. A. (1981). Learning at the back door: Reflections on non-traditional learning in the lifespan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
- WEPs Uygulama Rehberi (2017). Kadının Güçlenmesi Prensipleri: Eşitlik Kazandırır. https://www.globalcompactturkiye.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/WEPs_Rehber.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019)
- Yadav, M. (2019). Challenges to higher education and role of open university: Women education & empowerment. IME Journal, 13(1), 38-44.
- Yavuz, M., Özkaral, T., & Yıldız, D. (2016). Kız Öğrencilerin Örgün Eğitimlerini Sürdürmeme Nedenleri. 21. Yüzyılda Eğitim ve Toplum Eğitim Bilimleri ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(14), 261-273.
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin. ISBN:9789750239991
Women Learners’ Narratives in an Open and Distance Learning System: A Critical Evaluation from a Feminist Perspective
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 64 - 74, 30.04.2021
Dilek Şenocak
,
Aras Bozkurt
Öz
Open and Distance Learning (ODL) is an educational tool with a transformational social role in eliminating gender inequality as well as
educational inequalities. In line with this idea, the aim of this study is to examine the opportunities offered by an ODL system to female
learners and its contributions in closing the gap arising from gender inequality in education through the lens of feminist pedagogy. To this
end, a qualitative research paradigm was adopted, and a narrative research design was conducted to analyze the stories of women in an
ODL system. The findings of the study reveal that women in the study still encounter some barriers and constraints on access to education
and school completion because they are women. ODL, with its flexible and autonomous learning environment, is thought to play a key
role for the women in the study to cling to hope and to ensure social justice in the society
Kaynakça
- Adıgüzel, A. (2013). Kız çocuklarının okullulaşma engelleri ve çözüm önerileri (Şanlıurfa Örneği). Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 17(56), 325-344.
- Akhter, Z. (2019). Girls Not Brides: Concern of Distance Learning: Strategies to Prevent Child Marriage and Curse of Dowry: Bangladesh Perspective. In Pan Commonwealth Forum 9 (PCF9). Edinburgh, Scotland. http://oasis.col.org/handle/11599/3296 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2020)
- Aktas, S. G., Kumtepe, E. G., Kantar, Y. M., Ulukan, I. C., Aydin, S., Aksoy, T., & Er, F. (2019). Improving Gender Equality in Higher Education in Turkey. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 12(1), 167-189.
- Aneja, A. (2017). Blending in: Reconciling feminist pedagogy and distance education across cultures. Gender and Education, 29(7), 850-868.
- Apena, T. (2019). Educatıng against discrimination of female adult citizens in Nigeria: The open distance learning as a panacea. IFE PsychologIA, 27(2), 152-160.
- Artsın, M., & Deligöz, T. (2019). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede kadın çalışmaları. In Proceedings of International Open & Distance Learning Conference (IODL19) (pp. 695-700). Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- BBOG (2005). Baba beni okula gönder. http://www.doganholding.com.tr/kurumsal-sorumluluk/baba-beni-okula-gonder.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 29.12.2019)
- Bora, V., & Taş, A. (2017). Kız çocuklarının ortaöğretime gönderilmeme nedenleri. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 89-106.
- Bozkurt, A., & Büyük, K. (2018). Benim Hikayem. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi. ISBN: 978-975-06-3251-8
- Bozkurt, A. (2019a). From Distance Education to Open and Distance Learning: A Holistic Evaluation of History, Definitions, and Theories. In S. Sisman-Ugur, & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 252-273). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
- Bozkurt, A. (2019b). Intellectual roots of distance education: a progressive knowledge domain analysis. Distance Education, 40(4), 497-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2019.1681894
- Burcu, E., Yıldırım, F., Sırma, Ç. S., & Sanıyaman, S. (2015). Çiçeklerin kaderi: Türkiye’de kadınların erken evliliği üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Bilig, (73), 63-98.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Carr, A., Balasubramanian, K., Atieno, R., & Onyango, J. (2018). Lifelong learning to empowerment: Beyond formal education. Distance Education, 39(1), 69-86.
- Chan, K. (2019). Empowerment through awareness: evaluating nonprofit intervention methods towards girls’ education in Israel, Thailand, Cambodia, And Sri Lanka (Lisans Tezi). University of North Georgia. Dahlonega, the USA. https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=honors_theses (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2020)
- Chung, Y. A. (2016). A feminist pedagogy through online education. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 22(4), 372-391.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Cronin. C. (2019). Open education: Design and policy considerations. In H. Beetham, & R. Sharpe (Eds.), Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Principles and practices of design. London: Routledge.
- Delprato, M., Akyeampong, K., Sabates, R., & Hernandez-Fernandez, J. (2015). On the impact of early marriage on schooling outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia. International Journal of Educational Development, 44, 42-55.
- Demiray, E. (2014). Education of women and women’s expectations from distance education on the issues concerning them. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(4), 332-349.
- Denzin, N.K. (1970). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Chicago: Aldine.
- Ersoy, A., & Bozkurt, M. (2017). Anlatı araştırması. A. Saban., & A. Ersoy (Ed.), Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri (2. Baskı). Ankara; Anı Yayıncılık.
- Gokool-Ramdoo, S. (2005). The Online Learning Environment: Creating a space for women learners?. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 6(3), 1-15.
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (2019). 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, Temel Bulgular. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA_2018_ana_Rapor.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2019)
- Herman, C., & Kirkup, G. (2017). Combining feminist pedagogy and transactional distance to create gender-sensitive technology-enhanced learning. Gender and Education, 29(6), 781-795.
Herman, C. & Chicot, K. (2017). Reboot your STEM career. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/stemreboot (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2019)
- Hodgkinson-Williams, C. A., & Trotter, H. (2018). A social justice framework for understanding Open Educational Resources and Practices in the Global South. Journal of Learning for Development, 5(3), 204-224.
- Holmberg, B. (2005). The evolution, principles and practices of distance education (Vol. 11). Oldenburg: Bis.
- Jung, I., & Hong, S. (2014). An elaborated model of student support to allow for gender considerations in Asian distance education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(2), 170-188. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v15i2.1604
- Kahn, S., & Ginther, D. (2017). Women and STEM (No. 23525). National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA: USA. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23525.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:25.12.2019)
- Khan, S. (2016). Impact of father education on female education in Pashtun society of district Charsadda, Pakistan. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 1013-1019.
- Lambert, S., & Czerniewicz, L. (2019). Open education as social-justice: a writing workshop [O-032]. https://oer19.oerconf.org/sessions/open-education-as-social-justice-a-writing-workshop-o-032/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21. 12. 2019).
- Lambert, S. R. (2018). Changing our (dis) course: A distinctive social justice aligned definition of Open Education. Journal of Learning for Development-JL4D, 5(3), 225-244.
- Lambert, S. R. (2020). Do MOOCs contribute to student equity and social inclusion? A systematic review 2014–18. Computers & Education, 145, 103693, 1-17.
- Lazou, C., & Bainbridge, S. (2019). Fundamental issues and challenges facing women in distance education. Athabasca University, Master of Education in Distance Education Online Course (MDDE) 651-Gender Issues in Distance Education. Athabasca, Alberta, Canada.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.
- Mandie-Filer, A. (2017). Women in Papua New Guinea: Distance education as a means for educational advancement. In Toward New Horizons for Women in Distance Education (pp. 129-136). New York: Routledge.
- Milli Eğitim Temel Kanunu (1973, 24 Haziran). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 14574). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1739.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020)
- Msoffe, R. M. (2016). Inequality in gender roles, a challenge to open and distance learning: a case of female students in diploma in primary teacher education–The Open University of Tanzania. European Journal of Education Studies, 2(11), 134-154.
- Njaya, T. (2015). Women empowerment through open and distance learning in Zimbabwe. Journal of Humanities and. Social Science, 20(2), 83–90.
- Özaydınlık, K. (2014). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelinde Türkiye’de Kadın ve Eğitim. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 33, 93-112. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.03093
- Öztürk, Ö., Öztürk, Ö., & Tapan, B. (2016). Kadına yönelik şiddetin kadın ve toplum sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 3(4), 139-144.
- Öztürk, T., Köseoğlu, S., Uçar, H., Bozkurt, A., & Karahan, E. (2019). The paradox of distance education in girls' education. In proceedings of VIth International Eurasian Educational Research Congress (pp. 2230-2236). Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Patterson, W. (2008). Narratives of events: Labovian narrative analysis and its limitations. M. Andrews, C. Squire ve M.
Tamboukou (Ed.). Doing narrative research içinde (s. 22-40). London: Sage
- Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newburry Park, California: Sage.
- Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. London: Sage.
- Roy, M. (2015). Some perspective of open and distance education in India. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(9), 501-506.
- Rumble, G. (2019). The planning and management of distance education. New York: Routledge.
- Shokeen, D. A. (2017). Women Empowerment through Open and Distance Learning in India. In Digital Proceedings of
ICDE International Conference 2017. Pune, India.
- Shrewsbury, C. M. (1993). What is feminist pedagogy?. Women's Studies Quarterly, 21(3/4), 8-16.
- Tait, A. (2013). Distance and e-learning, social justice, and development: The relevance of capability approaches to the mission of open universities. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 14(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v14i4.1526
- The Global Gender Gap Report (2018). http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2019).
- Tunç, A. İ. (2009). Kız çocuklarının okula gitmeme nedenleri Van ili örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 237-269.
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