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Yetişkinliğe Geçiş Sürecinde Gelişimsel Bir Kriz: Çeyrek Yaşam Krizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 898 - 920, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1253697

Öz

Yetişkinliğe geçişle ilgili kuram ve yaklaşımlar, değişen zaman ve koşullarla birlikte güncellenmektedir. Yirmi birinci yüzyılda yetişkinliğin tanımı, geleneksel yetişkin rollerine ulaşmanın yanı sıra bireylerin öznel algılarına göre de şekillenmektedir. Kariyer, eğitim ve romantik ilişki alanlarında yetişkin rollerine erişme yaşının belirgin olarak artması da yetişkinliğe geçişin daha uzun ve karmaşık bir dönem olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu dönemin beliren yetişkinlik olarak adlandırılması yaygın olarak kabul görmektedir. Beliren yetişkinlik kavramı, ergenlikten çıkmasına rağmen kendini yetişkin olarak adlandırmayan, pek çok olanağı deneme yoluyla kimlik keşfine devam eden bireyler için kullanılmaktadır. Bu dönem değişken doğası gereği belirsizlik ve istikrarsızlığı içinde barındırmaktadır. Bireyler, yaşamlarını sürdürmeleri için üstlenmeleri gereken pek çok yeni rolün getirdiği karmaşayla baş edemediklerinde kendilerini gelişimsel bir krizin içinde bulabilmektedir. Bu gelişimsel kriz, çeyrek yaşam krizi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çeyrek yaşam krizi, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecinde ilişkiler, kariyer ve finans alanlarında zorlayıcı yaşam deneyimlerini içermektedir. Beliren yetişkinlik ve genç yetişkinlik dönemleri arasında bireyler, içinde olmayı artık istemedikleri yetişkin rollerine “hapsolabilir”; erişmek istedikleri yetişkin rollerinin “dışında kalabilir”. Çeyrek yaşam krizi, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecinin zorlu doğası ve sonuçlarının anlaşılmasında önem kazanan bir kavram olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada çeyrek yaşam krizine ilişkin literatür, yetişkinliğe geçiş sürecindeki yaşantılara ışık tutmak amacı ile psikolojik ve sosyolojik bağlamlarda gözden geçirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, J., Richardson, J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as a career shock: Implications for careers and vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
  • Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age. J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century içinde (s. 3–19). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-001
  • Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Atak, H., & Çok, F. (2010). İnsan yaşamında yeni bir dönem: Beliren yetişkinlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(1), 39–50. https://journal.cogepderg.com/archives/archive-detail/article-preview/insan-yaamnda-yeni-bir-dnem-beliren-yetikinlik/27682
  • Atak, H. (2011). Gradual transition to adulthood: Is emerging adulthood the only main road?. Elementary Education Online, 10(1), 51–67. https://core.ac.uk/works/68154845
  • Atak, H., Tatlı, C. E., Çokamay, G., Büyükpabuşcu, H., & Çok, F. (2016). Yetişkinliğe geçiş: Türkiye’de demografik ölçütler bağlamında kuramsal bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(3), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.238184
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). US and UK labour markets before and during the Covid-19 crash. National Institute Economic Review, 252, R52–R69. https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.14
  • Berber, K. (2022). Üniversite sonrası kariyer geçiş sürecinde çeyrek yaşam krizi. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
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A Developmental Crisis in Transition to Adulthood: Quarter-Life Crisis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 898 - 920, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1253697

Öz

Theories and approaches about the transition to adulthood have been updated with time and conditions. In the twenty-first century, the definition of adulthood has evolved to reflect individuals’ subjective perceptions while also meeting traditional adulthood markers. The significant delay in the timing of attaining adult roles in career, education, and romantic relationships may indicate that transition to adulthood is now a longer and more complex period. This period is widely accepted as emerging adulthood. The concept of emerging adulthood is used for individuals who do not call themselves an adult despite the end of adolescence, and who continue to explore their identity by trying many possibilities. This life stage is also full of uncertainty and instability due to its erratic nature. Individuals may experience a developmental crisis when they are unable to cope with the complexity of the numerous new roles they must assume in order to survive. Quarter-life crisis refers to difficult life events in relationships, career, and finance during the transition to adulthood. Between emerging adulthood and young adulthood, individuals may get "locked into" adult positions they no longer want to be in, or they may be "locked out" of adult roles they desire to achieve. Quarter-life crisis emerges as an important notion in comprehending the challenging nature and consequences of the transition to adulthood. This study reviews the literature on quarter-life crisis within psychological and sociological contexts in order to shed light on experiences during the transition to adulthood.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, J., Richardson, J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as a career shock: Implications for careers and vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
  • Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age. J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century içinde (s. 3–19). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-001
  • Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press.
  • Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Atak, H., & Çok, F. (2010). İnsan yaşamında yeni bir dönem: Beliren yetişkinlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(1), 39–50. https://journal.cogepderg.com/archives/archive-detail/article-preview/insan-yaamnda-yeni-bir-dnem-beliren-yetikinlik/27682
  • Atak, H. (2011). Gradual transition to adulthood: Is emerging adulthood the only main road?. Elementary Education Online, 10(1), 51–67. https://core.ac.uk/works/68154845
  • Atak, H., Tatlı, C. E., Çokamay, G., Büyükpabuşcu, H., & Çok, F. (2016). Yetişkinliğe geçiş: Türkiye’de demografik ölçütler bağlamında kuramsal bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(3), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.238184
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2020). US and UK labour markets before and during the Covid-19 crash. National Institute Economic Review, 252, R52–R69. https://doi.org/10.1017/nie.2020.14
  • Berber, K. (2022). Üniversite sonrası kariyer geçiş sürecinde çeyrek yaşam krizi. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Berk, L. E. (2017). Physical and cognitive development in early adulthood. Exploring lifespan development içinde (s. 1212–1294). Sage Publications.
  • Baldwin, B. A. (1978). A paradigm for the classification of emotional crises: Implications for crisis intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48(3), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1978.tb01342.x
  • Black, A. S. (2004). “Halfway between somewhere and nothing”: An exploration of the quarter-life crisis and life satisfaction among graduate students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi Wichita State University. https://search.proquest.com/docview/305184827?accountid=165780
  • Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22(1), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1967.11822595
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  • Boyd, D. R., & Bee, H. L. (2015). Early adulthood physical and cognitive changes. Lifespan development içinde (s. 343–370). Pearson.
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  • Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2007). Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the emperor’s new clothes? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00017.x
  • Hartmann, D., & Swartz, T. T. (2006). The new adulthood? The transition to adulthood from the perspective of transitioning young adults. Advances in Life Course Research, 11, 253–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(06)11010-2
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  • James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2017). Crisis intervention strategies. Cengage Learning.
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  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. Evrim Yayınevi.
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  • Kanel, K. (2018). A guide to crisis intervention (6th ed.). Cengage.
  • Kins, E., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2011). “Why do they have to grow up so fast?” Parental separation anxiety and emerging adults' pathology of separation‐individuation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20786
  • Krahn, H. J., Howard, A. L., & Galambos, N. L. (2015). Exploring or floundering? The meaning of employment and educational fluctuations in emerging adulthood. Youth & Society, 47(2), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X12459061
  • Kuther, T. L. (2019). Self, identity, and personality. ifespan development in context: A topical approach içinde (s. 800–874). Sage Publications.
  • Lechner, C. M., Tomasik, M. J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2016). Preparing for uncertain careers: How youth deal with growing occupational uncertainties before the education-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95-96(2016), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.002
  • Levinson, D. J. (1977). The mid-life transition: A period in adult psychosocial development. Psychiatry, 40(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1977.11023925
  • McGee, R. E., & Thompson, N. J. (2015). Unemployment and depression among emerging adults in 12 states, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2010. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12, 140451. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140451
  • Montgomery, M. J., & Arnett, J. J. (2015). Erikson’s young adulthood and emerging adulthood today. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work, 25, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.5195/jcycw.2015.82
  • Morsünbül, Ü. (2013). Beliren yetişkinler mi, beliren üniversiteli yetişkinler mi? Risk alma ve kimlik biçimlenmesi üzerinden bir inceleme. İlköğretim Online, 12(3), 873–885. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ilkonline/issue/8584/106638
  • Mossakowski, K. N. (2011). Unfulfilled expectations and symptoms of depression among young adults. Social Science & Medicine, 73(5), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.021
  • Murphy, M. (2011). Emerging adulthood in Ireland: Is the quarter-life crisis a common experience? [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Technological University Dublin. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/aaschssldis/35
  • Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(7), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.7.887
  • Newcomb-Anjo, S., Mulvihill, K., Karbainova, D., & Barker, E. T. (2022). Charting a course, weathering storms, and making lemonade: A person-centered mixed methods analysis of emotional wellbeing and dispositional strengths following university graduation. Journal of Adult Development, 29, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09394-8
  • Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2016). Psychosocial theory. Theories of Human Development içinde (s. 225–254). Psychology Press.
  • Okay-Somerville, B., & Scholarios, D. (2022). Focused for some, exploratory for others: Job search strategies and successful university-to-work transitions in the context of labor market ambiguity. Journal of Career Development, 49(1), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211016058
  • Özdoğan, H. K. (2022). Beliren yetişkinlerde ilişki doyumunun romantik yetkinlik ve çeyrek yaşam krizi açısından incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Panchal, S., & Jackson, E. (2007). ‘Turning 30’ transitions: Generation Y hits quarter-life. The Coaching Psychologist, 3(2), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2007.3.2.46
  • Papadopoulos, L. (2014, 20 Eylül). Quarter-life crisis: The survival guide for twentysomethings. The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/quarter-life-crisis-the-survival-guide-for-twentysomethings-cd7bx6dktt3
  • Rasmussen, N. J. (2009). “Lives overpromised": The transition to adulthood and the 'quarter-life crisis' [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Massey University.
  • Reese, H. W., & Smyer, M. A. (1983). The dimensionalization of life events. E. J. Callahan & K. A. McCluskey-Fawcett (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Nonnormative life events içinde (s. 1–33). Academic Press.
  • Richardson, V., & Loughran, H. (2011). A developmental approach. H. Loughran (Ed.), Understanding crisis therapies: An integrative approach to crisis intervention and post traumatic stress içinde (s. 40–55). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Robbins, A., & Wilner, A. (2001). Quarterlife crisis: The unique challenges of life in your twenties. Penguin.
  • Robinson, O. (2008). Developmental crisis in early adulthood: A composite qualitative analysis [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. University of London. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498883
  • Robinson, O. C., & Smith, J. A. (2010). Investigating the form and dynamics of crisis episodes in early adulthood: The application of a composite qualitative method. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 7(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880802699084
  • Robinson, O., Wright, G., & Smith, J. A. (2013). The holistic phase model of early adult crisis. Journal of Adult Development, 20(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-013-9153-y
  • Robinson, O. C. (2015). Emerging adulthood, early adulthood and quarter-life crisis: Updating Erikson for the 21st century. Rita Žukauskienė (Ed.), Emerging adulthood in a European context içinde (s. 17–30). Routledge.
  • Robinson, O. C. (2018). A longitudinal mixed-methods case study of quarter-life crisis during the post-university transition: Locked-out and locked-in forms in combination. Emerging Adulthood, 7(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818764144
  • Robinson, O. C. (2019). How to turn your quarter-life crisis into quarter-life catalyst. https://www.firstdirect.com/uncovered/heads-up/quarter-life-catalyst
  • Robinson, O.C., Cimporescu, M. & Thompson, T. (2021). Wellbeing, developmental crisis and residential status in the year after graduating from higher education: A 12-month longitudinal study. Journal of Adult Development, 28(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09361-1
  • Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00658.x
  • Sandoval, J. (2013). Conceptualizations and principles of crisis counseling, intervention, and prevention. J. Sandoval (Ed.), Crisis counseling, intervention and prevention in the schools içinde (s. 1–18). Routledge.
  • Saraiva, L. M., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Separation-individuation of Portuguese emerging adults in relation to parents and to the romantic partner. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(4), 499–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.663889
  • Schneider, B., Klager, C., Chen, I. C., & Burns, J. (2016). Transitioning into adulthood: Striking a balance between support and independence. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732215624932
  • Schwartz, S. J. (2016). Turning point for a turning point: Advancing emerging adulthood theory and research. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815624640
  • Stalder, B. E. (2012). School-to-work transitions in apprenticeship-based VET systems: The Swiss approach. Experience of school transitions içinde (s. 123–139). Springer.
  • Standing, G. (2014). The precariat. Contexts, 13(4), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504214558209
  • Standing, G. (2018). The precariat: Today’s transformative class? Development, 61, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-018-0182-5
  • Susanlı, Z. B. (2016). Understanding the NEET in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2016.04.02.004
  • Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century içinde (s. 21–55). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-002
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022a). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Evlenme-ve-Bosanma-Istatistikleri-2021-45568
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022b). Doğum istatistikleri, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum-Istatistikleri-2021-45547
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022c). İşgücü istatistikleri, Haziran 2022. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Haziran-2022-45651
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022d). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=45500
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022e). İstatistiklerle gençlik, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Genclik-2021-45634
  • Vatansever, A. (2013). Prekarya geceleri: 21. yüzyıl dünyasında geleceği olmayan beyaz yakalıların rüyası. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 1–20. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/euljss/issue/6284/84331
  • Yeler, Z. (2021). Çeyrek yaşam krizinde büyüme korkusu ve psikolojik esnekliğin rolü. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Yeler, Z., Berber, K., Özdoğan, H. K., & Çok, F. (2021). Quarter life crisis among emerging adults in Turkey and its relationship with intolerance of uncertainty. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(61), 245–262. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/63470/960767
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Figen Çok 0000-0003-2406-1345

Hatice Kübra Özdoğan 0000-0003-4905-7123

Kübra Berber 0000-0003-0758-1736

Zehra Yeler 0000-0002-8192-6504

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çok, F., Özdoğan, H. K., Berber, K., Yeler, Z. (2023). Yetişkinliğe Geçiş Sürecinde Gelişimsel Bir Kriz: Çeyrek Yaşam Krizi. Humanistic Perspective, 5(2), 898-920. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1253697


Humanistic Perspective - 2019


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