Bir Klonun Günlüğünden: Posthümanizm, Transhümanizm, Distopya ve 'Beni Asla Bırakma'
Yıl 2022,
, 144 - 160, 30.06.2022
Hacer Gözen
,
Timucin Bugra Edman
,
Arda Arıkan
,
Ülfet Dağ
,
Osman Dülger
,
Burcu Güdücü
Öz
2017 Nobel Edebiyat ödülü sahibi Kazuo Ishiguro’nun Beni Asla Bırakma (2005) adlı eseri bir umut romanı olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çoğu okuyucu için de bu, ön plana çıkan bir bakış açısı olacaktır. Ancak bu romana daha farklı bir bakış açısı getirmek de mümkündür. Eğer Beni Asla Bırakma adlı romana bir de bilim kurgu açısından bakacak olursak Aldous Huxley’nin Cesur Yeni Dünya romanında veya Yvgeny Zamyatin’in Biz adlı eserlerinde olduğu gibi okuyucusunu adeta insanlığın dünya içindeki yerini ve geleceğini sorgulamaya iten hem distopik hem de posthümanist bir eser çıkacaktır karşımıza. Bugün yasalar henüz el vermediği için insan klonlanmaya başlanmamış olsa bile dünyanın birçok saygın üniversitesi bünyesinde hayvanlar üzerinde deneyler yapılarak insan organı ‘üretme’ çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir. Organ nakli konusunda da büyük gelişmeler elde edilmekte ve bu yolla birçok insan uzun yıllar hayatta kalabilmektedir. Öyleyse yakın gelecekte tıpkı üzerinde deney yapılan hayvanlar gibi insanların da laboratuvar ortamında üretilerek organ nakli için kullanılabileceklerini farz etmek, çok da mantık dışı bir yaklaşım olmayacaktır. Japonya’nın Nagazaki kentinde doğan Ishiguro’nun, atom bombasının etkilerini yaşayan bir yazar olarak, insanlığı mükemmel günlerin beklemediğini öngören bir eser kaleme alması şaşırtıcı değildir. Şu hâlde Beni Asla Bırakma adlı roman, birbirini seven iki yüreğin geleceğe dair safiyane mutluluk arzularının dışa vurumu gibi görünse de evrensel insani değerlerin ve ahlakın gelecekteki olası değişimini de okurlarına düşündürterek insanın arzularının ve gücünün sınırlarını sorgulayan bilincin ironik bir şekilde dışa vurumu da olabilir. Bu makale, Nobel ödüllü yazar Ishiguro’nun bu eserinin bir distopya evrenindeki posthümanist izlerini takip etmeye çalışacaktır.
Kaynakça
- Archer, M. S. (2019). Bodies, persons and human enhancement Why these distinctions matter. I. Al-Amoudi ve J. Morgan (Yay. haz.), Realist Responses to Post-Human Society: Ex Machina içinde (ss. 10-31). NY: Routledge.
- Aristoteles, (2018). Politika. (F. Akderin, Çev.) (4. baskı). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- Atwood, M. (2014). Başka dünyalar bilimkurgu ve hayal gücü. (S. Siral, Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.
- Badmington, N. (2004). Alien chic: Posthumanism and the other within. London: Routledge.
Badmington, N. (ed.). (2000). Posthumanism. Houndmills: Macmillan.
- Bain, C. Mari, J., & Delmonico, F. L. (2018, Haziran 26). ACAMS Today. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://www.acamstoday.org/organ-trafficking-the-unseen-form-of-human-trafficking/
- Birnbatcher, D. (2008). Posthumanity, transhumanism and human nature. B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 95-106). Cardiff: Springer.
- Blake, C. Molloy, C., & Shakespeare, S. (Yay. haz.). (2012). Beyond human from animality to transhumanism. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Bolter, J. D. (2016). Posthumanism. K. B. Jensen & R. T. Craig, J. D. Pooley ve E. W. Rothenbuhler (Yay. haz.), The international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy içinde. JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. (Online: DOI: 10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect220)
- Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential risks: Analyzing human extinction scenarios and related hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9, https://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf
- Bostrom, N. (2003). Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry, 37(4), 493–506.
- Bostrom, N. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), Nisan.
- Bostrom, N. (2008). Why I want to be a posthuman when I grow up? B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 107-136). Cardiff: Springer.
- Bostrom, N. (2009). The Transhumanist FAQ. D M. Kaplan Rowman (Yay. haz.), Reading in the philosophy of technology içinde (ss. 395-413). USA: Littlefield Publishers.
- Bostrom, N. ve ark. (2003). The Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction, Version 2.1. The World Transhumanist Association. E-kitap. Alınma tarihi 28 Şubat 2021, https://www.nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf
- Braidotti, R. (2013). The posthuman. Cambridge: Polity.
- Çakıcı, M. (2021, 4 Şubat). Elon Musk, beyin çipi takılmış bir maymunla video oyun oynadı: Sıra insanlara geliyor. Alınma tarihi Şubat 26, 2021, from https://kayiprihtim.com/haberler/bilim/elon-musk-neuralink-beyin-cipi-maymundeney
- Callus, I., & Herbrechter, S. (2012). Introduction: Posthumanist subjectivities, or, Coming after the Subject. Subjectivity, 5(3), 241−264.
- Cavallaro, D. (2000). Cyberpunk and cyberculture: The virtual subject in postmodern science fiction. New Brunswick: Athlone Press.
- Cole-turner, R. (Ed.). (2011). Transhumanism and transcendence christian hope in an age of technological enhancement. Georgetown: Georgetown University press.
- Dağ, A. (2017). Hümanizmin radikalleşmesi olarak transhümanizm. Felsefi Düşün, 9, 46-68.
- Damrosch, D. (2013). Dünya edebiyatı nedir? (O. Köseoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Douglas V. P. (2017). Dehumanization in theory: anti-humanism, nonhumanism, post-humanism, and trans-humanism. Journal of Critical Realism, 16(4), 353-367. DOI:10.1080/14767430.2017.1340010
- Emiroğlu, K., Öztürk, C., Bayram, B., & Arslan, R. (2006). Gündelik hayatımızın tarihi. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Ettinger, R. C. W. (1972). Man into Superman. New York: St. Martin’s.
- FM-2030. (1989). Are you a transhuman? New York: Warner Books.
- Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. London: Profile Books.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism. Foreign Policy, Eylül/Ekim, 42-43.
- Fukuyama, F., & Furger, F. (2007). Beyond bioethics: A proposal for modernizing the regulation of human biotechnologies. Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
- Halberstam, J., & Livingston, I. (Ed.). (1995). Posthuman bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Haney II, W. S. (2006). Cyberculture, cyborgs and science fiction consciousness and the posthuman. New York, NY: Rodopi.
- Harari, Y. N. (2015). Sapiens: hayvanlardan tanrilara insan türünün kisa bir tarihi. (Genç Ertuğrul, Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif.
- Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hassan, I. (1977). Prometheus as performer: Toward a posthumanist culture? The Georgia Review, 31(4), 830–850.
- Hayles, N. K. (2010). How we became posthuman: Virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Herbrechter, S. (2013). Posthumanism: A critical analysis. London: Bloomsbury.
- Hoberek, A. (2007). Introduction: After postmodernism. Twentieth-Century Literature, 53(3), 233−247.
- Huxley, J. (1957). New bottles for new wine: Ideology and scientific knowledge. New York: Harper.
- Ishiguro, K. (2019). Beni asla bırakma: Roman. (Haydaroğlu Mine, Çev.) (20.bsk.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Joy, B. (2000). Why the future doesn’t need us. Wired, 8(4). Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020 https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/
- Kurzweil, R. (1999). The age of spiritual machines, when computers exceed human intelligence. NY: Penguin. (Ebook)
- Kurzweil, R. (2005). The singularity is near, when humans transcend biology. England: Penguin.
- Leslie, J. (1996). The end of the world: The science and ethics of human extinction. London: Routledge.
- Lilley, S. (2013). Transhumanism and society: The social debate over human enhancement. USA: Springer Briefs in Philosophy springer.
- Maccarini, A. M. (2019). Trans-human (life-)time emergent biographies and the ‘deep change’ in personal reflexivity. I. Al-Amoudi ve J. Morgan (Yay. haz.), Realist Responses to Post-Human Society: Ex Machina içinde (ss. 138-164). NY: Routledge
- Miah, A. (2008). Posthumanism: A critical history. B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 71-94). Cardiff: Springer.
National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. (1970, January 1). Methods and Mechanisms of Genetic Manipulation and Cloning of Animals. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215769/
- Nayar, P. K. (2014). The fiction of bioethics: Posthumanism in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go. Notes on Contemporary Literature, 44(3), 9-12.
- Nichols T. P., & Campano, G. (2017). Post-humanism and literacy studies. Language Arts, 94(4), 245-251.
- Pepperell, R. (2003). The post human condition: Consciousness beyond the brain. Oregon: Intellect Books.
- Regis, E. (1990). Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition. New York: Perseus.
- Rubin, C. T. (2008). What is the Good of Transhumanism? B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 137-156). Cardiff: Springer.
- Tangermann, V. (2018, January 17). The future is here: six of today's most advanced, real-life cyborgs. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://futurism.com/six-of-todays-most-advanced-real-life-cyborgs
- Wolfe, C. (2010). What is posthumanism? Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
From a Clone’s Diary: Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Dystopia and 'Never Let Me Go'
Yıl 2022,
, 144 - 160, 30.06.2022
Hacer Gözen
,
Timucin Bugra Edman
,
Arda Arıkan
,
Ülfet Dağ
,
Osman Dülger
,
Burcu Güdücü
Öz
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Literature recipient Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go (2005) can be considered a novel of hope. For most readers, this will be a prominent view. However, it is possible to bring a different perspective to this novel. If we look at the novel Never Let Me Go in terms of science fiction, we will find a dystopian and posthumanist story that pushes the reader to question the place and future of humanity in the present world, as in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World or Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We. Ishiguro, who was born in Nagasaki, Japan, and having experienced the effects of the atomic bomb disaster, is likely to predict that a perfect future is not in store for us. Today, we know that even if human cloning has not yet begun due to its illegal status, human beings continue to work for 'producing' artificial human organs by conducting experiments on animals within many respected universities worldwide. Significant advances in organ transplants are also being achieved, enabling humans to live longer. Thus, it can be assumed that human beings can be artificially produced in laboratories for organ transplantation purposes as though they are laboratory animals. Even though the novel, Never Let Me Go, seems like the expression of the ultimate desires of happiness for the future of two loving hearts, it may also be the ironic expression of consciousness that questions the limits of human desires and power by displaying the possible future change of universal human values and morality. This article aims to unearth the posthumanist traces of the Nobel Prize-winning author Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go in which a dystopian universe serves as the setting.
Kaynakça
- Archer, M. S. (2019). Bodies, persons and human enhancement Why these distinctions matter. I. Al-Amoudi ve J. Morgan (Yay. haz.), Realist Responses to Post-Human Society: Ex Machina içinde (ss. 10-31). NY: Routledge.
- Aristoteles, (2018). Politika. (F. Akderin, Çev.) (4. baskı). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- Atwood, M. (2014). Başka dünyalar bilimkurgu ve hayal gücü. (S. Siral, Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.
- Badmington, N. (2004). Alien chic: Posthumanism and the other within. London: Routledge.
Badmington, N. (ed.). (2000). Posthumanism. Houndmills: Macmillan.
- Bain, C. Mari, J., & Delmonico, F. L. (2018, Haziran 26). ACAMS Today. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://www.acamstoday.org/organ-trafficking-the-unseen-form-of-human-trafficking/
- Birnbatcher, D. (2008). Posthumanity, transhumanism and human nature. B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 95-106). Cardiff: Springer.
- Blake, C. Molloy, C., & Shakespeare, S. (Yay. haz.). (2012). Beyond human from animality to transhumanism. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Bolter, J. D. (2016). Posthumanism. K. B. Jensen & R. T. Craig, J. D. Pooley ve E. W. Rothenbuhler (Yay. haz.), The international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy içinde. JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. (Online: DOI: 10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect220)
- Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential risks: Analyzing human extinction scenarios and related hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9, https://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf
- Bostrom, N. (2003). Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry, 37(4), 493–506.
- Bostrom, N. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), Nisan.
- Bostrom, N. (2008). Why I want to be a posthuman when I grow up? B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 107-136). Cardiff: Springer.
- Bostrom, N. (2009). The Transhumanist FAQ. D M. Kaplan Rowman (Yay. haz.), Reading in the philosophy of technology içinde (ss. 395-413). USA: Littlefield Publishers.
- Bostrom, N. ve ark. (2003). The Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction, Version 2.1. The World Transhumanist Association. E-kitap. Alınma tarihi 28 Şubat 2021, https://www.nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf
- Braidotti, R. (2013). The posthuman. Cambridge: Polity.
- Çakıcı, M. (2021, 4 Şubat). Elon Musk, beyin çipi takılmış bir maymunla video oyun oynadı: Sıra insanlara geliyor. Alınma tarihi Şubat 26, 2021, from https://kayiprihtim.com/haberler/bilim/elon-musk-neuralink-beyin-cipi-maymundeney
- Callus, I., & Herbrechter, S. (2012). Introduction: Posthumanist subjectivities, or, Coming after the Subject. Subjectivity, 5(3), 241−264.
- Cavallaro, D. (2000). Cyberpunk and cyberculture: The virtual subject in postmodern science fiction. New Brunswick: Athlone Press.
- Cole-turner, R. (Ed.). (2011). Transhumanism and transcendence christian hope in an age of technological enhancement. Georgetown: Georgetown University press.
- Dağ, A. (2017). Hümanizmin radikalleşmesi olarak transhümanizm. Felsefi Düşün, 9, 46-68.
- Damrosch, D. (2013). Dünya edebiyatı nedir? (O. Köseoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Douglas V. P. (2017). Dehumanization in theory: anti-humanism, nonhumanism, post-humanism, and trans-humanism. Journal of Critical Realism, 16(4), 353-367. DOI:10.1080/14767430.2017.1340010
- Emiroğlu, K., Öztürk, C., Bayram, B., & Arslan, R. (2006). Gündelik hayatımızın tarihi. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Ettinger, R. C. W. (1972). Man into Superman. New York: St. Martin’s.
- FM-2030. (1989). Are you a transhuman? New York: Warner Books.
- Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. London: Profile Books.
- Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism. Foreign Policy, Eylül/Ekim, 42-43.
- Fukuyama, F., & Furger, F. (2007). Beyond bioethics: A proposal for modernizing the regulation of human biotechnologies. Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
- Halberstam, J., & Livingston, I. (Ed.). (1995). Posthuman bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Haney II, W. S. (2006). Cyberculture, cyborgs and science fiction consciousness and the posthuman. New York, NY: Rodopi.
- Harari, Y. N. (2015). Sapiens: hayvanlardan tanrilara insan türünün kisa bir tarihi. (Genç Ertuğrul, Çev.). İstanbul: Kolektif.
- Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hassan, I. (1977). Prometheus as performer: Toward a posthumanist culture? The Georgia Review, 31(4), 830–850.
- Hayles, N. K. (2010). How we became posthuman: Virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Herbrechter, S. (2013). Posthumanism: A critical analysis. London: Bloomsbury.
- Hoberek, A. (2007). Introduction: After postmodernism. Twentieth-Century Literature, 53(3), 233−247.
- Huxley, J. (1957). New bottles for new wine: Ideology and scientific knowledge. New York: Harper.
- Ishiguro, K. (2019). Beni asla bırakma: Roman. (Haydaroğlu Mine, Çev.) (20.bsk.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
- Joy, B. (2000). Why the future doesn’t need us. Wired, 8(4). Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020 https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/
- Kurzweil, R. (1999). The age of spiritual machines, when computers exceed human intelligence. NY: Penguin. (Ebook)
- Kurzweil, R. (2005). The singularity is near, when humans transcend biology. England: Penguin.
- Leslie, J. (1996). The end of the world: The science and ethics of human extinction. London: Routledge.
- Lilley, S. (2013). Transhumanism and society: The social debate over human enhancement. USA: Springer Briefs in Philosophy springer.
- Maccarini, A. M. (2019). Trans-human (life-)time emergent biographies and the ‘deep change’ in personal reflexivity. I. Al-Amoudi ve J. Morgan (Yay. haz.), Realist Responses to Post-Human Society: Ex Machina içinde (ss. 138-164). NY: Routledge
- Miah, A. (2008). Posthumanism: A critical history. B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 71-94). Cardiff: Springer.
National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. (1970, January 1). Methods and Mechanisms of Genetic Manipulation and Cloning of Animals. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215769/
- Nayar, P. K. (2014). The fiction of bioethics: Posthumanism in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go. Notes on Contemporary Literature, 44(3), 9-12.
- Nichols T. P., & Campano, G. (2017). Post-humanism and literacy studies. Language Arts, 94(4), 245-251.
- Pepperell, R. (2003). The post human condition: Consciousness beyond the brain. Oregon: Intellect Books.
- Regis, E. (1990). Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition. New York: Perseus.
- Rubin, C. T. (2008). What is the Good of Transhumanism? B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) içinde (ss. 137-156). Cardiff: Springer.
- Tangermann, V. (2018, January 17). The future is here: six of today's most advanced, real-life cyborgs. Alınma tarihi Ocak 28, 2020, https://futurism.com/six-of-todays-most-advanced-real-life-cyborgs
- Wolfe, C. (2010). What is posthumanism? Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.