Acının Sosyolojisi: Afetler, Toplumsal Dayanıklılık ve Teodise Problemi

Öz

Toplumsal dayanıklılık, bir toplumun afetlere karşı direnç gösterme yeteneğini ifade eder. Toplumsal dayanıklılık ile teodise arasında ise dolaylı bir ilişki vardır, ancak bu ilişki daha genel anlamda insanların yaşadığı zorluklarla başa çıkma ve acılara anlam bulma süreçlerini kapsar. Bu bağlamda, toplumsal dayanıklılık ve teodise, insanların afetler ve zorluklar karşısında verdikleri tepkiler, anlamlar ve inançlar üzerine etkileşimde bulunabilir. Ancak, bu iki kavramın detayları ve ilişkileri, farklı inanç sistemleri, kültürel ve sosyal bağlamlar, felsefi düşünce okulları ve teolojik yaklaşımlar arasında değişiklik gösterebilir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, konunun sınırlandırılması amacına bağlı olarak sözü geçen değişikliklerin detayına inmeden kavramsal ve teorik planda bir değerlendirmeyle beraber modern sosyolojinin toplumda olağanüstü durumların en yaygını olan afetler karşısında takındığı rol üzerine eleştirel bir yaklaşımla kaleme alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toplusmal Dayanıklılık
• Sosyal Acı
• Teodise
• Sosyodise

The Sociology of Suffering: Disasters, Social Resilience and the Problem of Theodicy

Öz

Social resilience refers to a society's ability to resist disasters. There is an indirect relationship between social resilience and theodicy, but this relationship is more general in the sense that it encompasses the processes by which people cope with adversity and find meaning in suffering. In this context, social resilience and theodicy can interact on people's responses, meanings and beliefs in the face of disasters and adversity. However, the details and relationships of these two concepts may vary across different belief systems, cultural and social contexts, philosophical schools of thought and theological approaches. Therefore, this study is written with a critical approach on the role of modern sociology in the face of disasters, which are the most common phenomena in society, along with a conceptual and theoretical evaluation without going into the details of the aforementioned changes due to the aim of limiting the subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Community Resilience
• Social Suffering
• Theodicy
• Sociodise

Kaynakça

1. Agamben, G. (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford: Stanford University Press
2. Arendt, H. (1964) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press.
3. Bauman, Z. (1990) Thinking Sociologically. Oxford: Blackwell.
4. Bauman, Z. (1991) Modernity and Ambivalence. Cambridge: Polity Press.
5. Bauman, Z. (1993) Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.
6. Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chicago: University PressClifford.
7. Bourdieu. P., et al. (1999) The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Life, Cambridge Polity Press.
8. Cohen, S. (2001) States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering, Cambridge: Polity Press.

9. Das, V. (1995) Critical Events: An Anthropological Perspective on Contemporary India, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
10. Das, V. (1996) Language and Body: Transactions in the Construction of Pain, Daedalus, 125(1), 67–91.
11. Das, V. (1997a) Sufferings, Theodicies, Disciplinary Practices, Appropriations, International Social Science Journal 49: 563–7.
12. Das, V. (1997b) Language and Body: Transactions in the Construction of Pain, in Kleinman, A., Das. V. and Lock, M. Social Suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Das, V., Kleinman, A., Ramphele, M., Lock, M. (eds) (2001) Remaking a World: Violence, Social Suffering and Recovery, Berkeley: University of California Press.
14. Das, V. (2007) Life and Worlds: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary, Berkeley: University of California Press.
15. Douglas, M. (1992) Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory. London: Routledge. Douglas, M. and Wildavsky, A. (1982) Risk and Culture: An Essay in the Selection and Interpretation of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
16. Frank, A. (2001) Can we Research Suffering?, Qualitative Health Research, 11(3): 353-62
17. Freud, S. (1930) Civilisation and its Discontents. London: Hogarth Press.
18. Freud, S. (2010) The Future of an Illusion. Pacific Publishing Studio.
19. Geertz, C. (1993) “Religion as a Cultural System.” In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 87–125. London: Fontana Press.
20. Gouldner, A. (1968) The Sociologist as Partisan: Sociology and the Welfare State, The American Sociologist, 3:103-116.
21. Graubard, S.R. (1996) Preface to the Issue “Social Suffering, Daedalus 125(1), v–x.
22. Halpern, C. (2002) Suffering, Politics and Power: A Genealogy in Modern Political Theory, Albany: State University of New York Press.
23. Hick, J. (2007) Evil and the God of Love. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
24. Holling, C. S. (1973): Resilience and stability of ecological systems. In: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1–23.
25. Holling, C. S. (1986): The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems: local surprise and global change. In: Clark, W. C. and Munn, R. E. (eds.): Sustainable development of the biosphere. London, 292–317.
26. Holling, C. S. (2001): Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. In: Ecosystems 4, 390–405.
27. Kleinman, A. (1995) Pitch, Picture, Power: The Globalization of Local Suffering and the Transformation of Social Experience, Ethnos, 60(3-4):181-91.
28. Kleinman, A. (1999) Experience and Its Moral Modes: Culture, Human Conditions and Disorder, in Peterson, G. B. (ed) The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press.
29. Kleinman, A. (2006) What Really Matters: Living a Moral Life Amidst Uncertainty and Danger, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Kleinman A. and Kleinman, J. (1997) The Appeal of Experience; The Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times, Berkeley: University of California Press.
31. Kleinman, A. Das, V. and Lock, M. (eds) (1997) Social Suffering, Berkeley: University of California Press.
32. Levinas, E. (1988) Useless Suffering, in Bernasconi, Robert and Wood, David (eds) The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the Other, London: Routledge
33. Lutzer, Erwin W. (2011) An act of God? Answers to tough questions about God’s role in natural disasters. Carol Stream: Tyndale House.
34. Lyman, S.M. (1995) Social Theory and Social Movements: Sociology as Sociodicy, in S.M. Lyman (ed.) Social Movements: Critiques, Concepts, Case-Studies. London: Macmillan.
35. Mann, M. (1999) The Dark Side of Democracies, New Left Review 235, 18–45.
36. Merton, R. (1957) Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
37. Molesky, M. (2015) This gulf of fire: The Great Lisbon Earthquake, or Apocalypse in the Age of Science and Reason. Vintage Books.
38. Morgan, D. G. and Wilkinson, I. (2001) The Problem of Suffering and the Sociological Task of Theodicy, European Journal of Social Theory, 4(2): 199-214.
39. Nussbaum, M. C. (1996) Compassion: The Basic Social Emotion, Social Philosophy and Policy, 13(1): 27-58.
40. Nussbaum, M. C. (2001) Upheavals of Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. Parsons, T. 1966 Introduction, in Weber, M. The Sociology of Religion, London: Methuen.
42. Rose, N. (1996) The death of the social?: Refiguring the Territory of Government, Economy and Society, 25(3): 327–64.
43. Rouzati, Nasrin. (2018) Evil and Human Suffering in Islamic Thought—Towards a Mystical Theodicy, Religions, 9(2): 47-67.
44. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1992) Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil, Berkeley: University of California Press.
45. Scheper-Highes, N. (1997) Peace Time Crimes, Social Identities 3:471-97.
46. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1998) Undoing: Social Suffering and the Politics of Remorse in the New South Africa, Social Justice, 25(4):114-42.
47. Schopenhauer, A. (1970) On the Suffering of The World, Translated by R. J. Hollingdale, New York: Penguin Books. Sontag, S. (2003) Regarding the Pain of Others, London: Hamish Hamilton
48. Spelman, E. V. (1997) Fruits of Sorrow: Framing Our Attention to Suffering, Boston: Beacon
49. Steiner, G. (1967) Language and Silence. London: Faber & Faber.
50. Turner, B.S. (1992a) Regulating Bodies, London: Routledge.
51. Turner, B.S. (1992b) The Concept of “The World” in Sociology: A Commentary on Roland Robertson’s Theory of Globalization, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31(3), 296–323.
52. Turner, B.S. (1996) For Weber: Essays on the Sociology of Fate. London: Sage.
53. Vidich, A.J. and Lyman, S.M. (1985) American Sociology: Worldly Rejections of Religion and Their Directions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
54. Wall, P. and Jones, M. (1998) Defeating Pain: The War against a Silent Epidemic. London: Plenum Books.
55. Vidich, A.J. and Lyman, S.M. (1985) American Sociology: Worldly Rejections of Religion and Their Directions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
56. Weber. M. (1970) ‘Politics as a Vocation’ and ‘Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions’, in C. W. Mills and H. H. Gerth (eds) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. London: Routledge.
57. Weil, S. (1950) The Love of God and Affliction, in Waiting on God. Glasgow: William Collins.
58. Wilkinson, I. (2001a) Thinking with Suffering, Cultural Values, 5(4): 421-444.
59. Wilkinson, I (2001b) Anxiety in a Risk Society, London: Routledge.
60. Wilkinson, I. (2005) Suffering: A Sociological Introduction, Cambridge: Polity Press.
61. Wilkinson, I (2010) Risk, Vulnerability and Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
62. Wilkinson, I. (2013) The Problem of Suffering as a Driving Force of Rationalization and Social Change, British Journal of Sociology, 64(1): 123-41.