Çamur Arıtımının Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi- Genel Bakış

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 78 - 92, 01.10.2017

Pelin Yapıcıoğlu Özlem Demir

Öz

Arıtma çamurları, atıksu arıtma proseslerinin son ürünü olarak oluşur ve çamur yönetimi, arıtma tesislerinin işletiminde hem
ekonomik hem de çevresel açıdan öneme sahiptir. Arıtma çamurlarının yönetimi çevreye olumsuz etkileri olan başlıca
proseslerden birisidir. Atıksuların arıtılması sonucu oluşan arıtma çamurları, patojenler, ağır metaller, iz ve kalıcı organik
kirleticiler içerebilir. Buna karşın; stabilize edilmiş çamur ise nütrient içeriği sebebiyle gübre olarak kullanılabilir. Bununla
birlikte, ısıl değeri uygun olursa ek yakıt olarak da kullanılabilir. Arıtma çamurları bu sebeplerle aynı zamanda yenilenebilir
enerji ve ham madde kaynağıdır. Susuzlaştırma, yoğunlaştırma, stabilizasyon, çürütme, kompostlama, piroliz, insinerasyon,
kurutma, ıslak oksidasyon, süper kritik ıslak oksidasyon, düzenli depolama ve fosfor geri kazanımı uygulanan çamur arıtım
metotlarıdır. Sürdürülebilir çamur yönetimini sağlamak için yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi, çamur arıtım teknolojilerinin
çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. Yaşam döngüsü
değerlendirme (YDD), bir ürün ya da hizmetin yaşam döngüsü boyunca beşikten mezara kadar, girdilerinin, çıktılarının ve
potansiyel çevresel etkilerinin gözden geçirilip değerlendirilmesini sağlayan bütünsel bir çevresel etki değerlendirme aracıdır.
Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirme, bir ürün ya da hizmetin beşikten mezara yaklaşımıyla çevresel etkilerin analizini öngörür.
Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirme, çevresel tehlikeleri tanımlamada kullanılan genişletilmiş bir çevresel etki değerlendirme
metodolojisidir. Bu çalışmada, çamur arıtım metotlarının yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmeleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar,
çamur arıtımının yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesinde, ORWARE, SimaPro, MARTES, TEAM by, Ecobilan, UMBERTO, LCAiT,
SiSOSTAQUA, BioWin*, STAN*, WWEST, BEAM, GaBi 6 ve GEMIS modellerinin sıklıkla tercih edildiğini göstermektedir.
İncelenen 40 çalışma sonucunda, çamur arıtım tekniklerinin küresel ısınma potansiyeli, insan toksisitesi, asidifikasyon
potansiyeli ve abiyotik kaynak tüketimi gibi majör çevresel etki kategorilerine yol açtığı bulunmuştur. IPCC, Ecoinvent, CML
2002 ve IMPACT 2002+ çamur arıtımı için kullanılan temel yaşam döngüsü etki değerlendirme metotlarıdır. Sürdürülebilir
çamur yönetimini sağlamak için yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi, çamur arıtım teknolojilerinin çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi
ve karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirme; Arıtma Çamuru; Sürdürülebilirlik; Çevresel Etki

Kaynakça

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