-

Öz

This study aims to research the causes of faculty members’ silence and whether they differ significantly according to some demographic variables. The population of the study includes faculty members of Kocaeli University, Sakarya University and Namık Kemal University (except Faculty of Medicine), and the sample includes 459 faculty members. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA with the help of SPSS. In this study, we determined that faculty members remain silent due to organisational regulations, acquiescence, fear of damaging relations with co-workers, fear of damaging relations with supervisor, self-defense and lack of self-confidence respectively. Causes of faculty members’ silence were found to differ according to age, level of education, academic title and duration of employment in the organisation. Findings of the study showed that instructors, research assistants and lecturers are more silent compared to assistant professors, associate professors and professors. Instructors are the most silent while professors are the least silent.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Faculty member’s silence, organisational silence, employee silence, faculty members

Öğretim Elemanlarının Sessiz Kalma Nedenleri

Öz

Bu çalışma, üniversitelerde görev yapan öğretim elemanlarının sessiz kalma nedenlerini ve bu nedenlerin bazı demografik değişkenlere göre değişip değişmediğini araştıran betimsel ilişkisel bir çalışmadır. Çalışmanın evrenini Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sakarya Üniversitesi ve Namık Kemal Üniversitesi’nde (Tıp Fakültesi hariç) çalışan öğretim elemanları, örneklemini ise bu üniversitelerde çalışan 459 öğretim elemanı oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler betimsel istatistik, t-testi ve ANOVA kullanılarak SPSS paket programı yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular, öğretim elemanlarının sırasıyla kurumsal düzenlemeler, geri çekilme, iş arkadaşlarıyla ilişkileri koruma, yöneticiyle ilişkileri koruma, kendini koruma ve kendine güven eksikliği nedeniyle sessiz kaldıklarını göstermektedir. Öğretim elemanlarının sessiz kalma nedenleri cinsiyete, yaşa, eğitim durumuna, unvana ve kurumda çalışma süresine göre değişmektedir. Araştırma bulguları, öğretim görevlileri, araştırma görevlileri ve okutmanların profesör, doçent ve yardımcı doçentlere göre daha sessiz olduğunu göstermektedir. En sessiz grup okutmanlar, en az sessiz grup ise profesörlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Öğretim elemanlarının sessizliği, örgütsel sessizlik, işgören sessizliği, öğretim elemanları

Kaynakça

1. Arney, J. A. (2007) Ethics and Organisational Structure: A Study of Organisational Values. Unpublished dissertation, University of Colorado, Colorado.
2. Alparslan, A., M. (2010). Örgütsel sessizlik iklimi ve işgören sessizlik davranışları arasındaki etkileşim: Mehmet Akif Ersoy üniversitesi öğretim elemanları üzerinde bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
3. Bayram, T., Y. (2010). Üniversitelerde örgütsel sessizlik. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bolu.
4. Brinsfield, C. D. (2009). Employee silence: Investigation of dimensionality, development of measures and examination of related factors. Unpublished dissertation, The Ohio State University, the U.S.A.
5. Brinsfield, C. D., Edwards, M. S. & Greenberg, J. (2009). Voice and silence in organisations: historical review and current conceptualizations. Jerald Greenberg, Marissa S. Edwards (Ed.), Voice and silence in organisations (pp. 3-36). UK: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
6. Brockner, J. (1998). The effects of work layoffs on survivors: research, theory and practice. B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (vol. 10)(pp. 213-255). Greenwich,CT: JAI Press.
7. Burris, E. R. (2005). The politics of speaking out: responses to voice in organizations. Unpublished Dissertation, Cornell University, New York, the U.S.A.
8. Chiang, H., & Pepper, G. A. (2006). Barriers to nurses’ reporting of medication administration errors in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(4), 392-399.

9. Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2003). Raising voice, risking retaliation: Events following interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 247-265.
10. Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., &Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 65568
11. Çakıcı, A. (2008). Örgütlerde sessiz kalınan konular, sessizliğin nedenleri ve algılanan sonuçlara ilişkin bir araştırma. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 117-134.
12. Detert, J. R. (2003). To speak or not to speak: the multi-level influences on voice and silence in organizations. Unpublished Dissertation, Harvard Univercity, the U.S.A.
13. Detert, J. R. & Edmondson, A. C.(2005). No exit, no voice: the bind of risky voice opportunities in organisations. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 5-49.
14. Dutton, J. E., Ashford, S. J., Lawrence, K. A., & Miner-Rubino, K. (2002). Red light, green light: Making sense of the organizational context for issue selling. Organization Science, 13(4), 355-369.
15. Edmondson, A. C. (1996). Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32(1), 5-28.
16. Graham, J. W. (1986). Principled organizational dissent: a theoretical essay. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 1-5
17. Gundlach, M. J., Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2003). The decision to blow the whistle: a social information processing framework. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 107-123.
18. Harlos, K. P. (2001). When organisational voice systems fail: More on the deaf-ear syndrome and frustration effects. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 37, 324-342
19. Henik, E. G. (2008). Mad as hell or scared stiff? The effects of value conflict and emotions on potential whistleblowers. Unpublished dissertation. University of California-Berkeley, the U.S.A.
20. Henriksen, K. & Dayton, E. (2006). Organisational silence and hidden threats to patient safety. Health Services Research, 41(4), 1539-1554.
21. Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty: Responses to declines in firms, organisations and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
22. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
23. Kahveci, G. & Demirtaş, Z. (2013). Okul yöneticisi ve öğretmenlerin sessizlik algıları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38, 167, 506
24. Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
25. Kish-Gephart, J.J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K. & Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by fear: the nature, forces and consequences of fear at work. Research in Organisational Behaviour, 29, 163-193.
26. Lieberman, S. (1956). The effects of changes in roles on the attitudes of role occupants. Human Relations, 9, 385402
27. Maier, S. F. & Watkins, L. R. (2005). Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Neuroscience and BioBehavioral Reviews, 29, 829-841. MEB. Milli Eğitim Temel Kanunu. [Çevrim-içi: http://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/html/88.html ], Erişim tarihi: 28 Nisan 20
28. Milliken, F. J., & Morrison, E. W. (2003). Shades of silence: emerging themes and future directions for research on silence in organisations. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1563-1568.
29. Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W. & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: ıssues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453-1476.
30. Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organisational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25, 706-725.
31. Özgan, H. & Külekçi, E. (2012). Öğretim elemanlarının sessizlik nedenleri ve üniversitelerine etkileri. E-international Journal of Educational Research, 3(4) 33-49.
32. Parker, L. (1993). When to fix it and when to leave: relationships among perceived control, self-efficacy, dissent and exit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 949-959.
33. Pierce, E., Smolinski, C. A., Rosen, B. (1998). Why sexual harassment complaints fall on deaf ears. Academy of Management Executive, 12, 41-54.
34. Perlow, L. A., & Repenning, N. P. (2009). The dynamics of silincing conflict. Research in Organisational Behaviour, 29, 195-223.
35. Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived ınjustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 331-369.
36. Premeaux, S. F. & Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the silence: the moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1539-1562.
37. Rosen, S., & Tesser, A. (1970). On reluctance to communicate undesirable information: The MUM effect. Sociometry, 33, 253-263.
38. Sprague, J., & Ruud, G. L. (1988). Boat-rocking in the high-technology culture. American Behavioral Scientist, 32(2), 169-19
39. Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Employee silence on critical work issues: Effects of precedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61, 37-68.
40. Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458.
41. Van Dyne, L., Arg, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.
42. Wasti, S. A., Tan, H. H., & Erdil, S. E. (2010). Antecedents of trust across foci: A comparative study of Turkey and China. Management and Organisation Review, 1-24.
43. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
44. Yükseköğretim Kurulu. Yükseköğretim Kanunu. [Çevirim-içi: http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/1002/ ], Erişim tarihi:28 Nisan 2011.