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An Existential Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 87 - 92, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.1274816

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected individuals worldwide, both physically and psychosocially. The fact that COVID-19 is an unpredictable disease, threatening the health and safety of individuals, and the implementation of extraordinary procedures such as masks and quarantine precautions have caused individuals to experience uncertainty, limit their freedom, and think about death in this process. Individuals perceived the COVID-19 pandemic, which creates an unknown and deadly danger, as a threat to existence, and this has led to the emergence of existential concerns. As a result, individuals began to think more deeply about death and the meaning of life. Existential concerns associated with the pandemic process have affected individuals psychosocially to a significant extent and have caused problems such as psychological distress. Therefore, understanding the existential concerns caused by COVID-19 is crucial in determining and implementing psychosocial interventions to address these concerns. This review aims to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of existential theory and to review the search for meaning in life, existential concerns, and the methods used to manage these concerns, which emerged during the pandemic process.

Kaynakça

  • Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):1-9.
  • Yıldırım M, Kızılgeçit M, Seçer İ, Karabulut F, Angın Y, Dağcı A, et al. Meaning in life, religious coping, and loneliness during the coronavirus health crisis in Turkey. J Relig Health. 2021;60(4):1-15.
  • Kluge HHMP. Statement – Physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. 2020 [Erişim Tarihi 21 Kasım 2021]. Erişim adresi: https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic
  • Ghebreyesus TA. Addressing mental health needs: an integral part of COVID‐19 response. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(2):129-30.
  • Pradhan M, Chettri A, Maheshwari S. Fear of death in the shadow of COVID-19: The mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between neuroticism and death anxiety. Death Stud. (in press). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1833384
  • Menzies RE, Menzies RG. Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 2020;13(e19):1-11.
  • De Jong EM, Ziegler N, Schippers MC. From shattered goals to meaning in life: life crafting in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-6.
  • Geçtan E. Varoluş ve psikiyatri. İstanbul: Metis; 1990.
  • Sartre J-P. Varoluşçuluk. İstanbul: Say Yayınları; 1985.
  • Yalom ID. Existential psychotherapy. New York: BasicBooks; 1980.
  • Murdock NL. Psikolojik Danışma ve Psikoterapi Kuramları. Ankara: Nobel Akademik; 2019.
  • Cooper M. Existential therapies. London: Sage; 2016.
  • Frankl VE. İnsanın Anlam Arayışı. İstanbul: Okuyan Us; 2021.
  • Menzies RE, Neimeyer RA, Menzies RG. Death anxiety, loss, and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behaviour Change. 2020;37(3):111-5.
  • Weaver R, Bolkan C, Decker A. High death anxiety and ambiguous loss: Lessons learned from teaching through the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2021.1966775
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. (in press). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Curșeu PL, Coman AD, Panchenko A, Fodor OC, Rațiu L. Death anxiety, death reflection and interpersonal communication as predictors of social distance towards people infected with COVID 19. Curr Psychol. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01171-8
  • Razai MS, Oakeshott P, Kankam H, Galea S, Stokes-Lampard H. Mitigating the psychological effects of social isolation during the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;369:1-5.
  • Haller M, Norman SB, Davis BC, Capone C, Browne K, Allard CB. A model for treating COVID-19–related guilt, shame, and moral injury. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S174-S6.
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • Cavalera C. Covid-19 Psychological implications: The role of shame and guilt. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-4.
  • Hamama L, Levin-Dagan N. People who contracted COVID-19: the mediating role of shame and guilt in the link between threatening illness perception and mental health measures. Anxiety Stress Coping. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1964073
  • Saltzman LY, Hansel TC, Bordnick PS. Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S55-S7.
  • Killgore WD, Cloonan SA, Taylor EC, Dailey NS. Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:1-2.
  • Farr P. In This Moment, We Are All Dr. Rieux: COVID-19, Existential Anxiety, and the Absurd Hero. J Humanist Psychol. 2021;61(2):275-82.
  • Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973;36(4):409-27.
  • Barnett L. When death enters the therapeutic space: Existential perspectives in psychotherapy and counselling. New York: Routledge; 2008.
  • Kierkegaard S. Ölümcül Hastalık Umutsuzluk. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları; 2010.
  • Zika S, Chamberlain K. On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well‐being. Br J Psychol. 1992;83(1):133-45.
  • Venuleo C, Marinaci T, Gennaro A, Palmieri A. The meaning of living in the time of COVID-19. A large sample narrative inquiry. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-16.
  • Humer E, Schimböck W, Kisler I-M, Schadenhofer P, Pieh C, Probst T. How the covid-19 pandemic changes the subjective perception of meaning related to different areas of life in austrian psychotherapists and patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):1-12.
  • Trzebiński J, Cabański M, Czarnecka JZ. Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. J Loss Trauma. 2020;25(6-7):544-57.
  • Yıldırım M, Arslan G, Ahmad Aziz I. Why do people high in COVID-19 worry have more mental health disorders? The roles of resilience and meaning in life. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(3-4):505-12.
  • Arslan G, Yıldırım M, Leung MM. Mediating Effect of Personal Meaning in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction and Mental Health Problems Based on Coronavirus Suffering. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-8.
  • Arslan G, Yıldırım M. A Longitudinal Examination of the Association Between Meaning in Life, Resilience, and Mental Well-Being in Times of Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-7.
  • Eisenbeck N, Carreno DF, Pérez-Escobar JA. Meaning-Centered Coping in the Era of COVID-19: Direct and Moderating Effects on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-12.
  • Karataş Z, Tagay Ö. The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;172:1-7.
  • Park CL, Folkman S. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Rev Gen Psychol. 1997;1(2):115-44.
  • Khei ZAM. Dialectical thinking and meaning-making in negative experiences [PhD thesis]. Canada: Queen's University; 2019.
  • Yang Z, Ji L-J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhu L, Cai H. Meaning making helps cope with COVID-19: A longitudinal study. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;174:1-6.
  • Kapoor H, Kaufman JC. Meaning-making through creativity during COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-8.
  • Bermejo JC. Acompaniment in grief. Times of coronavirus. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-3.
  • Damirchi ES, Mojarrad A, Pireinaladin S, Grjibovski AM. The role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):182-8.
  • Rababa M, Hayajneh AA, Bani-Iss W. Association of Death Anxiety with Spiritual Well-Being and Religious Coping in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Relig Health. 2021;60(1):50-63.
  • Norman SB, Wilkins KC, Myers US, Allard CB. Trauma informed guilt reduction therapy with combat veterans. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014;21(1):78-88.
  • Sahoo S, Mehra A, Suri V, Malhotra P, Yaddanapudi LN, Puri GD, et al. Lived experiences of the corona survivors (patients admitted in COVID wards): a narrative real-life documented summaries of internalized guilt, shame, stigma, anger. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:1-3.
  • Strang P, Bergström J, Martinsson L, Lundström S. Dying from COVID-19: loneliness, end-of-life discussions, and support for patients and their families in nursing homes and hospitals. A national register study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(4):e2-e13.
  • Zhou X, Sedikides C, Mo T, Li W, Hong EK, Wildschut T. The restorative power of nostalgia: Thwarting loneliness by raising happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211041830
  • O’Sullivan R, Burns A, Leavey G, Leroi I, Burholt V, Lubben J, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Loneliness and Social Isolation: A Multi-Country Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):1-18.

COVID-19 Pandemisine Varoluşçu Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 87 - 92, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.1274816

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi, tüm dünyada bireyleri hem fiziksel hem de psikososyal açıdan ciddi bir şekilde etkilemiştir. COVID-19’un öngörülemeyen bir hastalık olması, bireylerin sağlık ve güvenliklerini tehlikeye atması, maske ve karantina önlemleri gibi olağandışı prosedürlerin uygulanması bireylerin bu süreçte belirsizlik yaşamalarına, özgürlüklerinin kısıtlanmasına ve ölüm üzerine düşünmelerine sebep olmuştur. Bireyler, bilinmeyen ve ölümcül bir tehlike yaratan COVID-19 pandemisini varoluşa karşı bir tehdit olarak algılamış ve bu durum varoluşsal kaygıların ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bunun sonucunda da bireyler ölüm ve yaşamın anlamı üzerine daha derin düşünmeye başlamışlardır. Pandemi süreciyle ilişkili varoluşsal kaygılar bireyleri psikososyal açıdan önemli bir ölçüde etkilemiş ve psikolojik distres gibi sorunlara neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle COVID-19’un ortaya çıkardığı varoluşsal kaygıların anlaşılması, bu kaygılara yönelik yapılacak psikososyal girişimlerin belirlenmesinde ve uygulanmasında kritik bir yere sahiptir. Bu derlemede, COVID-19 pandemisinin varoluşçu kuram çerçevesinde ele alınması ve bu doğrultuda pandemi sürecinde ortaya çıkan yaşamda anlam arayışının, varoluşsal kaygıların ve bu kaygıların yönetilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):1-9.
  • Yıldırım M, Kızılgeçit M, Seçer İ, Karabulut F, Angın Y, Dağcı A, et al. Meaning in life, religious coping, and loneliness during the coronavirus health crisis in Turkey. J Relig Health. 2021;60(4):1-15.
  • Kluge HHMP. Statement – Physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. 2020 [Erişim Tarihi 21 Kasım 2021]. Erişim adresi: https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic
  • Ghebreyesus TA. Addressing mental health needs: an integral part of COVID‐19 response. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(2):129-30.
  • Pradhan M, Chettri A, Maheshwari S. Fear of death in the shadow of COVID-19: The mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between neuroticism and death anxiety. Death Stud. (in press). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1833384
  • Menzies RE, Menzies RG. Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 2020;13(e19):1-11.
  • De Jong EM, Ziegler N, Schippers MC. From shattered goals to meaning in life: life crafting in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-6.
  • Geçtan E. Varoluş ve psikiyatri. İstanbul: Metis; 1990.
  • Sartre J-P. Varoluşçuluk. İstanbul: Say Yayınları; 1985.
  • Yalom ID. Existential psychotherapy. New York: BasicBooks; 1980.
  • Murdock NL. Psikolojik Danışma ve Psikoterapi Kuramları. Ankara: Nobel Akademik; 2019.
  • Cooper M. Existential therapies. London: Sage; 2016.
  • Frankl VE. İnsanın Anlam Arayışı. İstanbul: Okuyan Us; 2021.
  • Menzies RE, Neimeyer RA, Menzies RG. Death anxiety, loss, and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behaviour Change. 2020;37(3):111-5.
  • Weaver R, Bolkan C, Decker A. High death anxiety and ambiguous loss: Lessons learned from teaching through the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2021.1966775
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. (in press). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • Curșeu PL, Coman AD, Panchenko A, Fodor OC, Rațiu L. Death anxiety, death reflection and interpersonal communication as predictors of social distance towards people infected with COVID 19. Curr Psychol. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01171-8
  • Razai MS, Oakeshott P, Kankam H, Galea S, Stokes-Lampard H. Mitigating the psychological effects of social isolation during the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;369:1-5.
  • Haller M, Norman SB, Davis BC, Capone C, Browne K, Allard CB. A model for treating COVID-19–related guilt, shame, and moral injury. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S174-S6.
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
  • Cavalera C. Covid-19 Psychological implications: The role of shame and guilt. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-4.
  • Hamama L, Levin-Dagan N. People who contracted COVID-19: the mediating role of shame and guilt in the link between threatening illness perception and mental health measures. Anxiety Stress Coping. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1964073
  • Saltzman LY, Hansel TC, Bordnick PS. Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S55-S7.
  • Killgore WD, Cloonan SA, Taylor EC, Dailey NS. Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:1-2.
  • Farr P. In This Moment, We Are All Dr. Rieux: COVID-19, Existential Anxiety, and the Absurd Hero. J Humanist Psychol. 2021;61(2):275-82.
  • Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973;36(4):409-27.
  • Barnett L. When death enters the therapeutic space: Existential perspectives in psychotherapy and counselling. New York: Routledge; 2008.
  • Kierkegaard S. Ölümcül Hastalık Umutsuzluk. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları; 2010.
  • Zika S, Chamberlain K. On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well‐being. Br J Psychol. 1992;83(1):133-45.
  • Venuleo C, Marinaci T, Gennaro A, Palmieri A. The meaning of living in the time of COVID-19. A large sample narrative inquiry. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-16.
  • Humer E, Schimböck W, Kisler I-M, Schadenhofer P, Pieh C, Probst T. How the covid-19 pandemic changes the subjective perception of meaning related to different areas of life in austrian psychotherapists and patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):1-12.
  • Trzebiński J, Cabański M, Czarnecka JZ. Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. J Loss Trauma. 2020;25(6-7):544-57.
  • Yıldırım M, Arslan G, Ahmad Aziz I. Why do people high in COVID-19 worry have more mental health disorders? The roles of resilience and meaning in life. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(3-4):505-12.
  • Arslan G, Yıldırım M, Leung MM. Mediating Effect of Personal Meaning in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction and Mental Health Problems Based on Coronavirus Suffering. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-8.
  • Arslan G, Yıldırım M. A Longitudinal Examination of the Association Between Meaning in Life, Resilience, and Mental Well-Being in Times of Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-7.
  • Eisenbeck N, Carreno DF, Pérez-Escobar JA. Meaning-Centered Coping in the Era of COVID-19: Direct and Moderating Effects on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-12.
  • Karataş Z, Tagay Ö. The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;172:1-7.
  • Park CL, Folkman S. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Rev Gen Psychol. 1997;1(2):115-44.
  • Khei ZAM. Dialectical thinking and meaning-making in negative experiences [PhD thesis]. Canada: Queen's University; 2019.
  • Yang Z, Ji L-J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhu L, Cai H. Meaning making helps cope with COVID-19: A longitudinal study. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;174:1-6.
  • Kapoor H, Kaufman JC. Meaning-making through creativity during COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-8.
  • Bermejo JC. Acompaniment in grief. Times of coronavirus. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1-3.
  • Damirchi ES, Mojarrad A, Pireinaladin S, Grjibovski AM. The role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(3):182-8.
  • Rababa M, Hayajneh AA, Bani-Iss W. Association of Death Anxiety with Spiritual Well-Being and Religious Coping in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Relig Health. 2021;60(1):50-63.
  • Norman SB, Wilkins KC, Myers US, Allard CB. Trauma informed guilt reduction therapy with combat veterans. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014;21(1):78-88.
  • Sahoo S, Mehra A, Suri V, Malhotra P, Yaddanapudi LN, Puri GD, et al. Lived experiences of the corona survivors (patients admitted in COVID wards): a narrative real-life documented summaries of internalized guilt, shame, stigma, anger. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:1-3.
  • Strang P, Bergström J, Martinsson L, Lundström S. Dying from COVID-19: loneliness, end-of-life discussions, and support for patients and their families in nursing homes and hospitals. A national register study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(4):e2-e13.
  • Zhou X, Sedikides C, Mo T, Li W, Hong EK, Wildschut T. The restorative power of nostalgia: Thwarting loneliness by raising happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. (in press). 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211041830
  • O’Sullivan R, Burns A, Leavey G, Leroi I, Burholt V, Lubben J, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Loneliness and Social Isolation: A Multi-Country Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19):1-18.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Simay Ezgi Budak 0000-0001-6914-1635

Yeter Sinem Üzar Özçetin Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3744-1398

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Budak SE, Üzar Özçetin YS. COVID-19 Pandemisine Varoluşçu Bir Yaklaşım. HUHEMFAD. 2023;10(1):87-92.