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THE CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHİP BETWEEN PHYSICAL SYMBOLS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT

Yıl 2014, , 1 - 25, 30.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.17065/huiibf.87376

Öz

The Conceptual Study of the Relationship between Physical Symbols and Psychological Empowerment weakness of the employees and thereby to increase the self efficacy of individuals. In this way, the physical symbols in the organizations through transmitted meanings and messages may have an impact on individuals to feel themselves empowered psychologically. By the theoretical relationships set up in the study, a proposal was developed to be tested in the further research

Kaynakça

  • Argyris, C. (1998) “Empowerment: The Emperor's New Clothes”, Harvard Business Review, 76, 98-106.
  • Armutlu, C., G. Arı Sağlam, (2010) “Yönetim Modalarının Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerine Yansımaları Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz”, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 37, 1-23.
  • Bako, R.K. (2010) “Organizational Discourses as Status Symbols”, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Philologica, 2(1), 151-160.
  • Belk, R.W. (1988) ”Possessions and Extended Self”, Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.
  • Bennis, W. (1984) “The Competencies of Leadership”, Training Development Journal, 38(8), 15–9.
  • Bennis, W.G., B. Nanus (1985) Leaders, New York: Harper & Row.
  • Bolat, T. (2003) “Personeli Güçlendirme: Davranışsal ve Bilişsel Boyutta İncelenmesi ve Benzer Yönetim Kavramları ile Karşılaştırılması”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 17(3/4), 199-219.
  • Cast, A.D., P.J. Burke (2002) “A Theory of Self-Esteem”, Social Forces, 80(3), 1041- 1068.
  • Chebat, J. C, P. Kollias (2000) “The Impact of Empowerment on Customer Contact Employees' Roles in Service Organizations”, Journal of Services Research, 3(1), 66–81.
  • Conger, J.A. (1989) “Leadership: The Art of Empowering Others”, Academy of Management Executive, 1(1), 17–25.
  • Conger, J.A., R.N. Kanungo (1988) “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice”, Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–82.
  • Coşkun, R. (2009) “Yönetim-Organizasyon Ders Kitaplarında Biçim ve İdeoloji”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(1), 239-258.
  • Dandridge, T.C., I. Mitroff, W.F. Joyce (1980) “Organizational Symbolism: A Topic to Expand Organizational Analysis”, Academy of Management Review, 5, 77- 82.
  • Davis, T.R. (1984) “The Influence of the Physical Environment in Offices”, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 271-283.
  • Ebers, M. (1985) “Understanding Organizations: The Poetic Mode”, Journal of Management, 11(2), 51-62.
  • Erdem, F., Ç. Şatır (2000) “Farklı Örgütlerde Kültürel Yapının Metaforlarla Analizi”, 8. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, 25-27 Mayıs, 25-35.
  • Ergeneli, A., G. Arı Sağlam, S. Metin (2007) “Psychological Empowerment and Its Relationship to Trust in Immediate Managers”, Journal of Business Research, 60, 41-49,
  • Ertürk , A. (2010) “Exploring Predictors of Organizational Identification: Moderating Role of Trust on the Associations Between Empowerment, Organizational Support, and Identification”, European Journal of Work and Organziational Psychology, 19(4), 409-441.
  • Fiske, J. (1996) İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, (Çev. S. İrvan), Ankara: Bilim Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fuller, S.R. (2008) “Organizational Symbolism: A multidimensional Coceptualization”, The Journal of Global Business and Management, 4, 168-174.
  • Geertz , C. (1971) Myth, Symbol, and Culture, New York: Norton.
  • Goodsell, C.T. (1977) “Bureaucratic Manipulation of Physical Symbols: An Empirical Study”, American Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 79-91.
  • Henry, P.C. (2005) “Social Class, Market Situation, and Consumers’ Metaphors of (Dis)empowerment”, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 766-778.
  • Hofstede, G. (1984) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- related Values, (Abridged Ed.), London: Sage.
  • Joseph, N., N. Alex, (1972) “The Uniform: A Sociological Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 719–730.
  • Klagge, J. (1998) “The Empowerment Squeeze - Views from the Middle Management Position”, Journal of Management Development, 17(7/8), 548–59.
  • Kiduff, M, Mehra, A. (1997) “Postmodernism and Organizational Research”, Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 453-481.
  • Labianca, G., B. Gray, D.J. Brass, (2000) “A Grounded Model of Organizational Schema Change During Empowerment”, Organization Science, 11(2), 235- 257.
  • Linstead, S., R. Grafton-Small (1992) “On Reading Organizational Culture”, Organization Studies, 13, 331-355.
  • Levi- Strauss, C. (2013) Mit ve Anlam, (Çev. G.Y. Demir), İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Morgan, G. (1985) “Spinning on Symbolism: Some Developmental Issues in Organizational Symbolism”, Journal of Management, 11(2), 29.
  • Morgan, G. (1998) Yönetim ve Örgüt Teorilerinde Metafor, (Çev: G. Bulut), İstanbul: Mess Yayınları,.
  • Nelson, D.L., J.C. Quick (1997) Organizational Behavior-Foundations, Realities and Challenges, Minneapolis: West Publishing Company.
  • Niehoff, B.P, R.H. Moorman, G. Blakely, J. Fuller (2001) “The Influence of Empowerment and job Enrichment on Employee Loyalty in a Downsizing Environment”, Group and Organization Management, 26(1), 91-114.
  • Ornstein, S. (1989) “Impression Management Through Office Design”, Impression Management in the Organization in R.A. Giacalone, P. Rosenfeld (eds.), Broadway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Inc., 411-426.
  • Pondy, L.R., P.J. Frost, G. Morgan, T.C. Dandridge (1983) Organizational Symbolism, Greenwich: CT, JAI Press.
  • Pratt, M. G., A. Rafaeli (1997) “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 862-898.
  • Pratt, M.G., A. Rafaeli (2001) “Symbols as a Language of Organizational Relationships”, Research in Organizational Behavior in B.M. Staw, R.I. Sutton (eds), Elsevier Science Limited, 23, 93-132.
  • Pratt, M.G., A. Rafaeli (2004) “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, Organizational Identities-A Reader in M.J. Hatch, M. Schultz (eds.), Oxford University Press, 275-312.
  • Rafaeli, A. (1993) ”Dress and Behavior of Customer Contact Employees:A Framework for Analysis”, Advances in Services Marketing ad Management, 2, 175-213.
  • Rafaeli, A., M. Worline (1999). “Symbols in Organizational Culture”, Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate,
  • http://iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.html (26.06.2013).
  • Rafaeli-Mor, E., I. H. Gotlib, W. Revelle (1999) “The Meaning and Measurement of Self-Complexity”, Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 341-356.
  • Rifat, M. (1996) Homo Semioticus, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Robbins,T.L., M.D. Crino, L.D., Fredendall (2002) “An Integrative Model of the Empowerment Process”, Human Resource Management Review, 12, 419- 443.
  • Sargut, S. (2001) Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim, Ankara: İmge.
  • Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership, (Third Ed.), San Fransisco: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Siegal, M., S. Gardner (2000) “Contextual Factors of Psychological Empowerment”, Personnel Review, 29 (5/6), 703-723.
  • Spreitzer, G.M. (1995) “Psychological Empoerment in the Workplace: Components, Measurement and Validation”, Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1466.
  • Spreitzer, G.M. (1996) “Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment”, Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483–505.
  • Sundstrom, E., R.E. Burt, D. Kamp (1980) “Privacy at Work: Arcitectural Correlates of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), 101-117.
  • Svabo, C. (2007) “A Social Language of Objects and Artifacts. Concepts of Materiality in Practice-Based Approaches to Knowing in Organization”, EGOS, Beyond Waltz–Dances of Individuals and Organization Standing Working Group: Practice-Based Studies of Knowledgeand Innovation Conference, 5-7 July, Austria, Wien.
  • Thomas, K.W., B.A. Velthouse (1990) “Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: And “Interpretive”, Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation”, Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–81.
  • Tokat, L. (2004) Dinde Sembolizm, Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Trice, H., J. Beyer (1984) “Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials”, Academy of Management Review, 9, 653-669.
  • Yates, D.A., J. Gwen (1998) “Causual Dress Days: Are there Bottom-Line Impacts?”, Organization Development Journal, Spring, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5427/is_199804/ai_n21422315/ (12.07.2011).

ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2014, , 1 - 25, 30.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.17065/huiibf.87376

Öz

Bu çalısmada örgütlerde yer alan fiziksel semboller ile psikolojik güçlendirme arasındaki iliskiler arastırılmıstır. Örgütlerde kullanılan fiziksel semboller arasında giysiler ve aksesuarlar, binalar ve ofisler, teknoloji ve diger sembolik nesneler yer almaktadır. Fiziksel çevre tıpkı dil gibi çalısanlara mesajlar ve anlamlar iletmektedir. sletmeciligin geldigi nokta, kademelerin azaldıgı, güçlendirilmis personelin öneminin arttıgı bir çalısma ortamı gerektirmektedir. Personel güçlendirme, 1980’ler sonrasında yaygınlasan bir kavram olup çalısanlarda güçsüzlük hissine neden olabilecek durumların ortadan kaldırılarak, bireylerin öz-yeterlilik duygularını artırmaya yönelik çabaları kapsamaktadır. Örgütlerde statüleri ve kimlikleri etkileyen fiziksel semboller, iletilen mesajlar ve anlamlarla, bireylerin kendilerini psikolojik olarak güçlendirilmis hissetmesi üzerinde etkili olabilecektir. Çalısmada kurulan teorik baglantılar dogrultusunda, gelecekte yapılacak arastırmalarda test edilmek üzere bir önerme gelistirilmistir.

Kaynakça

  • Argyris, C. (1998) “Empowerment: The Emperor's New Clothes”, Harvard Business Review, 76, 98-106.
  • Armutlu, C., G. Arı Sağlam, (2010) “Yönetim Modalarının Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerine Yansımaları Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz”, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 37, 1-23.
  • Bako, R.K. (2010) “Organizational Discourses as Status Symbols”, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Philologica, 2(1), 151-160.
  • Belk, R.W. (1988) ”Possessions and Extended Self”, Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.
  • Bennis, W. (1984) “The Competencies of Leadership”, Training Development Journal, 38(8), 15–9.
  • Bennis, W.G., B. Nanus (1985) Leaders, New York: Harper & Row.
  • Bolat, T. (2003) “Personeli Güçlendirme: Davranışsal ve Bilişsel Boyutta İncelenmesi ve Benzer Yönetim Kavramları ile Karşılaştırılması”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 17(3/4), 199-219.
  • Cast, A.D., P.J. Burke (2002) “A Theory of Self-Esteem”, Social Forces, 80(3), 1041- 1068.
  • Chebat, J. C, P. Kollias (2000) “The Impact of Empowerment on Customer Contact Employees' Roles in Service Organizations”, Journal of Services Research, 3(1), 66–81.
  • Conger, J.A. (1989) “Leadership: The Art of Empowering Others”, Academy of Management Executive, 1(1), 17–25.
  • Conger, J.A., R.N. Kanungo (1988) “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice”, Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–82.
  • Coşkun, R. (2009) “Yönetim-Organizasyon Ders Kitaplarında Biçim ve İdeoloji”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(1), 239-258.
  • Dandridge, T.C., I. Mitroff, W.F. Joyce (1980) “Organizational Symbolism: A Topic to Expand Organizational Analysis”, Academy of Management Review, 5, 77- 82.
  • Davis, T.R. (1984) “The Influence of the Physical Environment in Offices”, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 271-283.
  • Ebers, M. (1985) “Understanding Organizations: The Poetic Mode”, Journal of Management, 11(2), 51-62.
  • Erdem, F., Ç. Şatır (2000) “Farklı Örgütlerde Kültürel Yapının Metaforlarla Analizi”, 8. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, 25-27 Mayıs, 25-35.
  • Ergeneli, A., G. Arı Sağlam, S. Metin (2007) “Psychological Empowerment and Its Relationship to Trust in Immediate Managers”, Journal of Business Research, 60, 41-49,
  • Ertürk , A. (2010) “Exploring Predictors of Organizational Identification: Moderating Role of Trust on the Associations Between Empowerment, Organizational Support, and Identification”, European Journal of Work and Organziational Psychology, 19(4), 409-441.
  • Fiske, J. (1996) İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, (Çev. S. İrvan), Ankara: Bilim Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fuller, S.R. (2008) “Organizational Symbolism: A multidimensional Coceptualization”, The Journal of Global Business and Management, 4, 168-174.
  • Geertz , C. (1971) Myth, Symbol, and Culture, New York: Norton.
  • Goodsell, C.T. (1977) “Bureaucratic Manipulation of Physical Symbols: An Empirical Study”, American Journal of Political Science, 21(1), 79-91.
  • Henry, P.C. (2005) “Social Class, Market Situation, and Consumers’ Metaphors of (Dis)empowerment”, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 766-778.
  • Hofstede, G. (1984) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- related Values, (Abridged Ed.), London: Sage.
  • Joseph, N., N. Alex, (1972) “The Uniform: A Sociological Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 719–730.
  • Klagge, J. (1998) “The Empowerment Squeeze - Views from the Middle Management Position”, Journal of Management Development, 17(7/8), 548–59.
  • Kiduff, M, Mehra, A. (1997) “Postmodernism and Organizational Research”, Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 453-481.
  • Labianca, G., B. Gray, D.J. Brass, (2000) “A Grounded Model of Organizational Schema Change During Empowerment”, Organization Science, 11(2), 235- 257.
  • Linstead, S., R. Grafton-Small (1992) “On Reading Organizational Culture”, Organization Studies, 13, 331-355.
  • Levi- Strauss, C. (2013) Mit ve Anlam, (Çev. G.Y. Demir), İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Morgan, G. (1985) “Spinning on Symbolism: Some Developmental Issues in Organizational Symbolism”, Journal of Management, 11(2), 29.
  • Morgan, G. (1998) Yönetim ve Örgüt Teorilerinde Metafor, (Çev: G. Bulut), İstanbul: Mess Yayınları,.
  • Nelson, D.L., J.C. Quick (1997) Organizational Behavior-Foundations, Realities and Challenges, Minneapolis: West Publishing Company.
  • Niehoff, B.P, R.H. Moorman, G. Blakely, J. Fuller (2001) “The Influence of Empowerment and job Enrichment on Employee Loyalty in a Downsizing Environment”, Group and Organization Management, 26(1), 91-114.
  • Ornstein, S. (1989) “Impression Management Through Office Design”, Impression Management in the Organization in R.A. Giacalone, P. Rosenfeld (eds.), Broadway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Inc., 411-426.
  • Pondy, L.R., P.J. Frost, G. Morgan, T.C. Dandridge (1983) Organizational Symbolism, Greenwich: CT, JAI Press.
  • Pratt, M. G., A. Rafaeli (1997) “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 862-898.
  • Pratt, M.G., A. Rafaeli (2001) “Symbols as a Language of Organizational Relationships”, Research in Organizational Behavior in B.M. Staw, R.I. Sutton (eds), Elsevier Science Limited, 23, 93-132.
  • Pratt, M.G., A. Rafaeli (2004) “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, Organizational Identities-A Reader in M.J. Hatch, M. Schultz (eds.), Oxford University Press, 275-312.
  • Rafaeli, A. (1993) ”Dress and Behavior of Customer Contact Employees:A Framework for Analysis”, Advances in Services Marketing ad Management, 2, 175-213.
  • Rafaeli, A., M. Worline (1999). “Symbols in Organizational Culture”, Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate,
  • http://iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.html (26.06.2013).
  • Rafaeli-Mor, E., I. H. Gotlib, W. Revelle (1999) “The Meaning and Measurement of Self-Complexity”, Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 341-356.
  • Rifat, M. (1996) Homo Semioticus, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Robbins,T.L., M.D. Crino, L.D., Fredendall (2002) “An Integrative Model of the Empowerment Process”, Human Resource Management Review, 12, 419- 443.
  • Sargut, S. (2001) Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim, Ankara: İmge.
  • Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership, (Third Ed.), San Fransisco: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Siegal, M., S. Gardner (2000) “Contextual Factors of Psychological Empowerment”, Personnel Review, 29 (5/6), 703-723.
  • Spreitzer, G.M. (1995) “Psychological Empoerment in the Workplace: Components, Measurement and Validation”, Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1466.
  • Spreitzer, G.M. (1996) “Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment”, Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483–505.
  • Sundstrom, E., R.E. Burt, D. Kamp (1980) “Privacy at Work: Arcitectural Correlates of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), 101-117.
  • Svabo, C. (2007) “A Social Language of Objects and Artifacts. Concepts of Materiality in Practice-Based Approaches to Knowing in Organization”, EGOS, Beyond Waltz–Dances of Individuals and Organization Standing Working Group: Practice-Based Studies of Knowledgeand Innovation Conference, 5-7 July, Austria, Wien.
  • Thomas, K.W., B.A. Velthouse (1990) “Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: And “Interpretive”, Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation”, Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–81.
  • Tokat, L. (2004) Dinde Sembolizm, Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları.
  • Trice, H., J. Beyer (1984) “Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials”, Academy of Management Review, 9, 653-669.
  • Yates, D.A., J. Gwen (1998) “Causual Dress Days: Are there Bottom-Line Impacts?”, Organization Development Journal, Spring, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5427/is_199804/ai_n21422315/ (12.07.2011).
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Güler Sağlam Arı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ocak 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014

Kaynak Göster

APA Sağlam Arı, G. (2014). ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.17065/huiibf.87376
AMA Sağlam Arı G. ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2014;32(2):1-25. doi:10.17065/huiibf.87376
Chicago Sağlam Arı, Güler. “ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER Ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32, sy. 2 (Aralık 2014): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.17065/huiibf.87376.
EndNote Sağlam Arı G (01 Aralık 2014) ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32 2 1–25.
IEEE G. Sağlam Arı, “ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 32, sy. 2, ss. 1–25, 2014, doi: 10.17065/huiibf.87376.
ISNAD Sağlam Arı, Güler. “ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER Ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 32/2 (Aralık 2014), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.17065/huiibf.87376.
JAMA Sağlam Arı G. ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;32:1–25.
MLA Sağlam Arı, Güler. “ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER Ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 32, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 1-25, doi:10.17065/huiibf.87376.
Vancouver Sağlam Arı G. ÖRGÜTLERDE FİZİKSEL SEMBOLLER ve PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE KAVRAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;32(2):1-25.

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