TÜRKİYE’DE KAMU YATIRIMLARININ İSTİHDAMDAKİ CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: MEKÂNSAL PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2021, , 191 - 209, 30.06.2021

Orkun Çelik

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.671958

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, mekânsal panel veri analizi yöntemini kullanarak, Türkiye’de bölgesel kamu yatırımlarının erkek ve kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Veri seti, 2004-2018 dönemini kapsamakta olup, Düzey-2 kapsamında 26 bölgeyi içermektedir. Elde edilen ampirik bulgulara göre, erkek istihdamında bölgeler arasında pozitif yönlü bir mekânsal etkileşim varken, kadın istihdamında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir mekânsal etkileşim bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca, bölgesel kamu yatırımlarının erkek istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi pozitifken, bu yatırımların kadın istihdamı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Bölgesel yatırım teşviklerinin ve bölgesel refahın, erkek ve kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi pozitiftir. Bu pozitif etki, kadın çalışanlarında daha yüksektir. Bölgesel emek verimliliğinin erkek ve kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi ise negatiftir. Bununla birlikte, bölgesel emek verimliliğindeki bir artış, kadın istihdamının daha fazla azalmasına neden olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İstihdam, Kamu Yatırımı, Bölgesel Emek Piyasası, Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizi

THE EFFECT OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT ON GENDER INEQUALITIES IN EMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY: SPATIAL PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Öz

The main aim of this study is to investigate the impact of regional public investments on male and female employment in Turkey, applying a spatial panel data analysis. The dataset covers for the period 2004-2018 and includes 26 regions at NUTS-2 level. According to the obtained empirical findings, there is a positive spatial interaction in male employment, while there is no statistically significant spatial interaction for female employment. Furthermore, while the impact of the regional public investments on male employment is positive, there is no significant impact of these investments on female employment. The impact of regional investment incentives and regional welfare on male and female employment is positive. This positive effect is higher in female employment. The impact of regional labor productivity on male and female employment is also negative. In addition, a rise in the regional labor productivity leads to further decrease female employment

Anahtar Kelimeler

Employment, Public Investment, Regional Labor Market, Gender Inequality, Sustainable Development, Spatial Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

• Abiad, A., D. Furceri, P. Topalova (2016), “The Macroeconomic Effects of Public Investment: Evidence from Advanced Economies”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 50, 224-240.
• Ağazade, S., N.C. Albayrak (2019), “Türkiye Sanayi Sektöründe Emek Verimliliği, İsithdam ve Ücretler”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 4, 7-24.
• Ahmad, E. (2017), Public Investment for Sustainable Development. G24 Background Paper. https://www.g24.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Public_Investment_for_Sustainable_Development.pdf, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Akan, Y., İ. Arslan (2008), “Türkiye’de Sektörel Yatırım Teşvik Belgeleri ile İstihdam Analizi: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Uygulama (1980-2006)”, Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(16), 107-119.
• Akitoby, M.B., M.J. Honda, H. Miyamoto (2019), “Countercyclical Fiscal Policy and Gender Employment: Evidence from the G-7 Countries”, International Monetary Fund, Working Paper, WP/19/4.
• Akyelken, N. (2015), “Infrastructure Development and Employment: The Case of Turkey. Regional Studies, 49(8), 1360-1373.
• Anselin, L., A.K. Bera, R. Florax, M.J. Yoon (1996), “Simple Diagnostic Tests for Spatial Dependence”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26 (1), 77–104.
• Anselin, L., J. Le Gallo, H. Jayet (2008), “Spatial Panel Econometrics”, in L. Mátyás, P. Sevestre (eds.), The Econometrics of Panel Data, Berlin: Springer, Heidelberg, 625-660.
• Aral, N., M. Aytaç (2018), “Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Mekânsal Analizi”, Öneri Dergisi, 13 (49), 1-20.
• Arani, A.A. (2017), “Effects of Government Investment in Energy Sector on Growth, Employment and Private investment in Iran”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(6), 103-111.
• Aschauer, D.A. (1989), “Does Public Capital Crowd Out Private Capital?”, FBR Chicago Staff Memoranda.
• Baba, S.H., A.S. Saini, K.D. Sharma, D.R. Thakur (2010), “Impact of Investment on Agricultural Growth and Rural Development in Himachal Pradesh: Dynamics of Public and Private Investment”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65(1), 135-158.
• Behboudi, D., D.H. Razi, S. Rezaei (2017), “Spatial Convergence of Per Capita CO2 Emissions among Mena Countries”, Romanian Journal of Regional Science, 11(1), 18-35.
• Belotti F, G. Hughes, A.P. Mortari (2017), “Spatial Panel-Data Models Using Stata”, The Stata Journal, 17(1), 139-180.
• Bhattacharya, M., P.K. Narayan, S. Popp, B.N. Rath (2011), “The Productivity-Wage and Productivity-Employment Nexus: A Panel Data Analysis of Indian Manufacturing”, Empirical Economics, 40(2), 285-303.
• Blinder, A.S., R.M. Solow (1972), “Does Fiscal Policy Matter?”, Econometric Research Program, Princeton University.
• Bredemeier, C., F. Juessen, R. Winkler (2020), “Fiscal Policy and Occupational Employment Dynamics”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 52(6), 1527-1563.
• Buchheim, L., M. Watzinger (2017), The Employment Effects of Countercyclical Infrastructure Investments, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2928165, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Chauvin, J. P. (2018), Public Education Investment and Local Labor Markets: Evidence from a Large Federal Program in Brazil, Inter-American Development Bank, https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Public-Education-Investment-and-Local-Labor-Markets-Evidence-from-a-Large-Federal-Program-in-Brazil.pdf, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Dafermos, Y., M. Nikolaidi (2019), “Fiscal Policy and Ecological Sustainability: A Post-Keynesian Perspective”, FMM Working Paper, No. 52.
• De Henau, J., S. Himmelweit, D. Perrons (2017), Investing in the Care Economy–Simulating Employment Effects by Gender in Countries in Emerging Economies, http://oro.open.ac.uk/50548/1/care_economy_2_en_web.pdf, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Elhorst, J.P. (2010), “Spatial Panel Models”, in M.M. Fischer, A. Getis (eds.), Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications, Berlin: Springer, 377-407.
• Elhorst, J.P. (2014), Spatial Econometrics: from Cross-Sectional Data to Spatial Panels, Berlin: Springer.
• Eminer, F., A. Özyiğit (2012), “Impact of Structural Change and Human Capital Investment on Female Labor Force Participation Rates: A Cross-Country Analysis of the Middle East and North African Region”, LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 1-17.
• European Public Service Unions (2018), Kamu Hizmetlerini Güçlendirmek, https://www.epsu.org/sites/default/files/article/files/EPSU%20briefing%20CSW63%20final%20TU.pdf E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Filiztekin, A. (2009), “Regional Unemployment in Turkey”, Regional Science, 88(4), 863-878.
• Furceri, D., B.G. Li (2017), The Macroeconomic (and distributional) Effects of Public Investment in Developing Economies, IMF Working Paper, Wp/17/217, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/10/20/The-Macroeconomic-and-Distributional-Effects-of-Public-Investment-in-Developing-Economies-45222 , E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Gerkman, L. (2010). Topics in Spatial Econometrics - With Applications to House Prices. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10227/732, E.T. 19.04.2021.
• Golgher, A.B., P.R. Voss (2016), “How to Interpret the Coefficients of Spatial Models: Spillovers, Direct and Indirect Effects”, Spatial Demography, 4(3), 175-205.
• Gökdoğan Gül, T. (2014), “Türkiye için İstihdamın Belirleyicileri: İBBS-2 Bölge Düzeyi, Mekânsal Analiz Uygulaması”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 105-135.
• Güçlü, M. (2017), “Regional Unemployment Disparities in Turkey”, Journal for Economic Forecasting, (2), 94-108.
• He, C. (2017), “The Macroeconomic Effect of Public Investment”, Modern Economy, 8(11), 1272-1290.
• Huyugüzel Kışla, G., Önder, A.Ö. (2018), “Spatial Analysis of Sovereign Risks: The Case of Emerging Markets”, Finance Research Letters, 26, 47-55. Ianchovichina, E., A. Estache, R. Foucart, G. Garsous, T. Yepes (2012), Job Creation through Infrastructure Investment in the Middle East and North Africa, The World Bank. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6164, https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6164, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• İlkkaracan, İ., K. Kim, T. Kaya (2015), “Sosyal Bakım Hizmetlerine Kamu Yatırımlarının İstihdam, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği ve Yoksulluğa Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği”, İstanbul ve New York: İTÜ Bilim, Mühendislik ve Teknolojide Kadın Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Merkezi ve Levy Economics Institute.
• İnan, F., G. Aşık (2015), Making Economies Work for Women: Female Labour Force Participation in Turkey, OXFAM & TEPAV Report, https://www.tepav.org.tr/en/yayin/s/773, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Karaalp, H.S. (2014), “The Effect of Public Investment and Firm-Based Investment Incentives on Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for Turkey”, Journal of Economic and Social Development, 1(1), 74-85.
• Kaya, D.G., A.D. Kaygısız, N. Altuntepe (2015), “Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamalarının Toplam İstihdama Etkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 83-96.
• Kring, S.A. (2017), Gender in Employment Policies and Programmes: What Works for Women, ILO Employment Working Paper, https://ilo.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/41ILO_INST/1249709770002676 E.T: 15.09.2019.
• LeSage J.P. (2008), “An Introduction to Spatial Econometrics”, Revue d'économie industrielle 123:19-44.
• LeSage, J.P., R.K. Pace (2010), “Spatial Econometric Models”, in M.M. Fisher (ed.), Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Springer, 355–374.
• Mahmood, M. (2008), “Labour Productivity and Employment in Australian Manufacturing SMEs”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 51-62.
• Maitah, M., D. Toth, E. Kuzmenko (2015), “The Effect of GDP per Capita on Employment Growth in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic: Macroeconomic Analysis”, Review of European Studies, 7(11), 240-251.
• Muammil, S. (2018), “The Effect of Government Expenditure and Private Investment on Work Opportunities and Unemployment in Indonesia”, Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(76), 92-100.
• Nistor, A. (2007), “Implications of Human Capital Public Investments for Regional Unemployment in Indiana”, Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 37(3), 279-286. OECD (2019), https://data.oecd.org/, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Onur, S. (2004), “İşsizlik Sorunu ve Kamu Sabit Sermaye Yatırımlarının İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 73-84.
• Ouedraogo, R., E. Marlet (2018), Foreign Direct Investment and Women Empowerment: New Evidence on Developing Countries, IMF Working Paper, WP/18/25, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/01/26/Foreign-Direct-Investment-and-Women-Empowerment-New-Evidence-on-Developing-Countries-45597, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Pereira, A.M., J.M. Andraz (2006), “Public Investment in Transportation Infrastructures and Regional Asymmetries in Portugal”, The Annals of Regional Science, 40(4), 803-817.
• Rabnawaz, A., R.M.S. Jafar (2015), “Impact of Public investment on Economic Growth”, MPRA Paper, No. 70377. Rodríguez‐Pose, A., Y. Psycharis, V. Tselios (2012), “Public Investment and Regional Growth and Convergence: Evidence from Greece”, Papers in Regional Science, 91(3), 543-568.
• SBB, https://www.sbb.gov.tr/yatirimlarin-illere-gore-dagilimi/, E:T: 10.12.2020.
• Seguino, S. (2019), “Engendering Macroeconomic Theory and Policy”, Feminist Economics, 1-35.
• Seldadyo, H., J.P. Elhorst, J. De Haan (2010), “Geography and Governance: Does Space Matter?”, Papers in Regional Science, 89(3), 625-640.
• Tobler, W.R. (1970), “A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region”, Economic Geography, 46(1), 234-240.
• Topal, M.H. (2017), “Türkiye’de Kamu Yatırımlarının İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bölgesel Bir Analiz (2004-2016)”, Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 6(12), 186-204.
• Tsani, S., L. Paroussos, C. Fragiadakis, I. Charalambidis, P. Capros (2015), “Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Development”, in R. Ayadi, M. Dabrowski, De W. Luc (eds.), Economic and Social Development of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries, Springer, 303-318.
• TUİK, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ E.T: 15.09.2019.
• TUYSGM, https://sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/14a09761d390/yonetici, E.T: 10.12.2020.
• UN (2014), The World Survey on The Role of Women in Development 2014: Gender Equality and Sustainable Development, UN Women, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/10/world-survey-2014, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• UNDP (2019), What are the Sustainable Development Goals?, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html, E.T: 15.09.2019.
• WDI (2019), http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/ E.T: 15.09.2019.
• Yusof, S.A. (2008), “The Long-Run and Dynamic Behaviors of Wages, Productivity and Employment in Malaysia”, Journal of Economic Studies, 35(3), 249-262.