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COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2021, , 39 - 54, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.901036

Öz

Bu çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Covid-19 pandemisi süresince uygulanan sosyal koruma önlemleri üzerine bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde pandemi benzeri bir krizde kapsamlı sosyal koruma sağlayan politi-kaların ne olduğu sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. İlk olarak, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün (ILO) işsizlik yardımı verileri ve Dünya Bankası’nın (WB) gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sosyal güvenlik önlemlerine ilişkin Dayanıklılık ve Eşitlik Sosyal Koruma Göstergeleri Atlası (ASPIRE Index) verileri kullanılarak gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sosyal koruma önlemlerine genel bir bakış sunulmuştur. İkinci olarak, Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü’nün (OECD) Koronavirüsle Mücadelede Politika Önlemleri raporlarındaki verilerden yararlanılarak 15 gelişmekte olan ülke örneğinin pandemi süresince uyguladığı sosyal koruma önlemleri analiz edilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin işsizlik sigortası kapsamı, kayıt dışılık, sosyal sigorta ve sosyal yardımların kapsamı ve erişilebilirliği konularında bazı ortak problemlere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Pandemi süresince uygulanan sosyal koruma önlemleri ise çoğunlukla mevcut nakit transferin devamsız olarak genişletilmesi, sosyal koruma programlarının kapsamına girmeyen savunmasız kişilere ulaşmak için ek transferler gerçekleştirilmesi gibi geçici tedbirler içermektedir. Çalışma sonucunda bu problemlere yönelik kapsamlı sosyal koruma sağlayabilecek bazı politika önerileri geliştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Balcı, Y., G. Çetin (2020), “Covid-19 Pandemı̇ Sürecı̇nı̇n Türkı̇ye’de İstı̇hdama Etkı̇lerı̇ ve Kamu Açısından Alınması Gereken Tedbı̇rler”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sa-yısı, 19(37), 40-58.
  • BBC News (2020), Dünya Bankası'ndan Yoksul Ülkelerin Covid-19 Aşısına Erişmesi için 12 milyar Dolarlık Program, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54350127, E.T. 20.03.2021.
  • Cooley, L., J. F.Linn (2020), Developing Countries Can Respond to COVID-19 in Ways That Are Swift, at Scale, and Successful, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/06/04/developing-countries-can-respond-to-covid-19-in-ways-that-are-swift-at-scale-and-successful/, E.T: 09.02.2021.
  • Daştan, İ., V. Çetinkaya (2015), “OECD Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’nin Sağlık Sistemleri, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlık Göstergeleri Karşılaştırması”, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 5(1), 104-134.
  • Dingel, J., B. Neiman (2020), “How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home?,” Covid Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 1,3 April, https://cepr.org/content/covid-economics-vetted-and-real-time-papers-0, E.T: 20.06.2021.
  • Dünya Bankası ASPIRE Indeks (2008-2018), https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/aspire/region/income-group-comparison, E.T: 10.02.2021.
  • Gentilini, U., M. Almenfi, P. Dale (2020), “Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures”, COVID-19 Living Paper Version 14, December 11, 2020, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  • Gerard, F., C. Imbert, K. Orkin (2020), “Social Protection Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Options for Developing Countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1), 281-296.
  • Gottlieb, C., J. Grobovšek, M. Poschke, F. Saltiel (2021), Working from Home in Developing Countries, https://voxeu.org/article/working-home-developing-countries, E.T: 28.06.2021.
  • Hacımahmutoğlu, H. (2009), “Türkiye’deki Sosyal Yardım Sisteminin Değerlendirilmesi” DPT Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: DPT Yayınları, Yayın No: 2803.
  • Harvey, P. (2006), “The Relative Cost of a Universal Basic Income and a Negative Income Tax”, Basic Income Stu-dies, 1(2), 1-24.
  • International Labour Organisation (2019), Unemployment Insurance Schemes Around the World: Evidence and Policy Options, International Labour Office, Research Department Working Paper No: 49. International Labour Organisation (2020), COVID-19 and the World of Work: Impact and Policy Responses, 18 March 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf, E.T: 12.05.2020.
  • International Labour Organisation (2020a), Covid-19: Kamu İstihdam Hizmetleri ve İşgücü Piyasası Politika Önlemleri, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_764047.pdf ILO Bilgi Notu, E.T: 10.02.2021.
  • International Labour Organisation (2021), ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work, Eighth Edition Updated estimates and analysis, 27 October 2021, ILO.
  • International Monetary Fund (2018), World Economic Outlook: Challanges to Steady Growth, October 2020, IMF.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020), World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent, October 2020, IMF.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020a), World Economic Outlook, April 2020. The Great Lockdown, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/ Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020 E.T: 01.05.2020.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020b), World Economic Outlook: Unemployment Rate, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/LUR@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
  • Kavas Bilgiç, A. (2021), “COVID-19 ile Mücadele Sürecinde Yerel Yönetimlerin Genel Görünümü”, TEPAV Tartışma Tebliğleri Serisi, Sayı: WP202101, https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/mce/2021/tartisma_tebligleri_serisi/covid19_ile_mucadele_surecinde_yerel_yonetimlerin_genel_gorunumu.pdf, E.T: 01.02.2021.
  • Kaya, M. (2019). “Türkiye’de Bir Sosyal Harcama Olarak Evrensel Temel Gelir Uygulaması”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 129-149.
  • Kılıç, R., Ö. Özçelik (2006), “Küresel Bir Sorun: Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü-sü Dergisi, 16, 337-358.
  • Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) (2020), Government and Institution Measures in Response to COVID-19, https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/turkey-government-and-institution-measures-in-response-to-covid.html, E.T: 22.02.2021.
  • Leandro, M., F. Schneider (2018), “Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?”, IMF Working Paper, WP18/17.
  • Martinez, M.R. (2020), Universal Basic Income: Will it Become a Reality after Lockdown is Lifted, https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/17/universal-basic-income-will-it-become-a-reality-after-lockdown-is-lifted, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • Mongey, S., A. Weinberg (2020) “Characteristics of Workers in Low Work-From-Home and High,” Becker Freidman Institute for Economics at U. Chicago White Paper.
  • Morris, S. (2021), Wales to Launch Pilot Universal Basic Income Scheme, https://amp.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/14/wales-to-launch-universal-basic-income-pilot-scheme?utm_term=Autofeed&CMP=twt_b-gdnnews&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter&__twitter_impression=true&fbclid=IwAR0Un8vt3yZbiRwxyr6YU32NWefPD8gPAHaAuTwQPRCLsxDmbaFbFEF46Rs, E.T: 20.06.2021.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2020), COVID-19 Crisis Response in Central Asia Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to a Global Effort, 16 October 2020, OECD.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020a), COVID-19 Crisis Response in MENA Countries Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to A Global Effort, 6 November 2020.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020b), COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of Government Responses to the Crisis, Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to a Global Effort, 11 November 2020.
  • Pereira, R. (2017), “The Cost of UBI: Public Savings and Programme Redundancy Exceed Cost”, Financing Basic Income, 9-45.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2015), Yerel Yoksulluk Yönetimi: İngiltere Örneği ve Sosyal Belediyecilik Bağlamında Türkiye’de Büyükşehir Belediyeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2019), “Refah Çoğulculuğu ve Birleşik Krallık’ta Quangolar”, Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(2), 402-412.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2020), “Kovid 19 Pandemisi Sonrası Evrensel Temel Gelir Tartışması: Zamanı Geldi mi?”, TESEV Değerlendirme Notları 2020/5, TESEV.
  • Stone, J. (2020), Public Support Universal Basic Income, Job Guarantee and Rent Controls to Respond to Coronavirus Pandemic,Poll Finds, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-poll-universal-basic-income-rent-control-job-safety-a9486806.html?amp, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • Telles, P. (2020), COVID-19: Brazil Implements Basic Income Policy Following Massive Civil Society Campaign, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/covid-19-brazil-implements-basic-income-policy-following-massive-civil-society-campaign/, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • United Nations Conferance on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2020), UN Calls For $2.5 Trillion Coronavirus Crisis Package for Developing Countries, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/coronavirus.html, E.T: 01.02.2021.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2020), Covid-19 UNDP’s Integrated Response, United Nations Development Programme.
  • United Nations (2018), How to Design Inclusive Social Protection Systems, Howells, I. Feary, D. (Eds.), United Nati-ons.
  • United Nations (2020), Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of Covid-19, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_report_socio-economic_impact_of_covid19.pdf, E.T: 02.03.2021.
  • United Nations Islamic Republic of Iran (2020), Building Back Better: Un Iran Socıo-Economıc Recovery Programme Against The Impact Of Covıd-19, UN Country Team Iran, RC Office, UNDP, UNICEF. Uysal, G. (2020), “Covid-19 Pandemisi Şartlarında Kayıt Dışı İstihdam”, TESEV Değerlendirme Notları 2020/3.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020), Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. E.T.:20.02.2021.
  • World Bank (WB) (1993), World Development Report: Investing in Health, World Bank Oxford University Press, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5976, E.T: 01.03.2021.
  • WB (2018), Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP), World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure databa-se. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS. E.T: 01.03.2021.
  • WB (2020), Poverty and Shared Prosperity Reversals of Fortune World Bank Group, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34496/9781464816024.pdf, E.T: 22.02.2021.
  • WB (2021), Poverty Overview, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview, E.T: 28.06.2021.
  • WB (2021a), World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/country/XN, E.T: 20.03.2021.

AN ANALYSIS ON SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DURING THE COVİD-19 PANDEMIC

Yıl 2021, , 39 - 54, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.901036

Öz

In this study, an analysis was carried out on the social protection measures applied during the Covid-19 pandemic in developing countries. An answer has been sought to the question of what are the policies that provide comprehensive social protection in a crisis like a pandemic in developing countries. Firstly, an overview of social protection measures of developing countries has been presented using the International Labour Organisation (ILO)’s Unemployment Insurance Data and World Bank (WB) ASPIRE Index Data (Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity). Secondly, social protection measures implemented by 15 developing country samples during the pandemic were analyzed by using the data of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)’s Policy Measures Reports on Tackling Coronavirus. It has been seen that developing countries have some common problems with unemployment insurance coverage, informal economy, social insurance, coverage and accessibility of social assistance. Social protection measures implemented during the pandemic mostly include temporary measures such as extending current cash transfers, making additional transfers to reach vulnerable people who are not covered by social protection programs. As a result of the study, some policy recommendations have been developed that can provide comprehensive social protection for these problems.

Kaynakça

  • Balcı, Y., G. Çetin (2020), “Covid-19 Pandemı̇ Sürecı̇nı̇n Türkı̇ye’de İstı̇hdama Etkı̇lerı̇ ve Kamu Açısından Alınması Gereken Tedbı̇rler”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Covid-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sa-yısı, 19(37), 40-58.
  • BBC News (2020), Dünya Bankası'ndan Yoksul Ülkelerin Covid-19 Aşısına Erişmesi için 12 milyar Dolarlık Program, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54350127, E.T. 20.03.2021.
  • Cooley, L., J. F.Linn (2020), Developing Countries Can Respond to COVID-19 in Ways That Are Swift, at Scale, and Successful, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/06/04/developing-countries-can-respond-to-covid-19-in-ways-that-are-swift-at-scale-and-successful/, E.T: 09.02.2021.
  • Daştan, İ., V. Çetinkaya (2015), “OECD Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’nin Sağlık Sistemleri, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlık Göstergeleri Karşılaştırması”, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 5(1), 104-134.
  • Dingel, J., B. Neiman (2020), “How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home?,” Covid Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 1,3 April, https://cepr.org/content/covid-economics-vetted-and-real-time-papers-0, E.T: 20.06.2021.
  • Dünya Bankası ASPIRE Indeks (2008-2018), https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/aspire/region/income-group-comparison, E.T: 10.02.2021.
  • Gentilini, U., M. Almenfi, P. Dale (2020), “Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures”, COVID-19 Living Paper Version 14, December 11, 2020, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
  • Gerard, F., C. Imbert, K. Orkin (2020), “Social Protection Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: Options for Developing Countries”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1), 281-296.
  • Gottlieb, C., J. Grobovšek, M. Poschke, F. Saltiel (2021), Working from Home in Developing Countries, https://voxeu.org/article/working-home-developing-countries, E.T: 28.06.2021.
  • Hacımahmutoğlu, H. (2009), “Türkiye’deki Sosyal Yardım Sisteminin Değerlendirilmesi” DPT Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: DPT Yayınları, Yayın No: 2803.
  • Harvey, P. (2006), “The Relative Cost of a Universal Basic Income and a Negative Income Tax”, Basic Income Stu-dies, 1(2), 1-24.
  • International Labour Organisation (2019), Unemployment Insurance Schemes Around the World: Evidence and Policy Options, International Labour Office, Research Department Working Paper No: 49. International Labour Organisation (2020), COVID-19 and the World of Work: Impact and Policy Responses, 18 March 2020, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf, E.T: 12.05.2020.
  • International Labour Organisation (2020a), Covid-19: Kamu İstihdam Hizmetleri ve İşgücü Piyasası Politika Önlemleri, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_764047.pdf ILO Bilgi Notu, E.T: 10.02.2021.
  • International Labour Organisation (2021), ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work, Eighth Edition Updated estimates and analysis, 27 October 2021, ILO.
  • International Monetary Fund (2018), World Economic Outlook: Challanges to Steady Growth, October 2020, IMF.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020), World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent, October 2020, IMF.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020a), World Economic Outlook, April 2020. The Great Lockdown, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/ Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020 E.T: 01.05.2020.
  • International Monetary Fund (2020b), World Economic Outlook: Unemployment Rate, https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/LUR@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
  • Kavas Bilgiç, A. (2021), “COVID-19 ile Mücadele Sürecinde Yerel Yönetimlerin Genel Görünümü”, TEPAV Tartışma Tebliğleri Serisi, Sayı: WP202101, https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/mce/2021/tartisma_tebligleri_serisi/covid19_ile_mucadele_surecinde_yerel_yonetimlerin_genel_gorunumu.pdf, E.T: 01.02.2021.
  • Kaya, M. (2019). “Türkiye’de Bir Sosyal Harcama Olarak Evrensel Temel Gelir Uygulaması”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 129-149.
  • Kılıç, R., Ö. Özçelik (2006), “Küresel Bir Sorun: Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü-sü Dergisi, 16, 337-358.
  • Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) (2020), Government and Institution Measures in Response to COVID-19, https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/turkey-government-and-institution-measures-in-response-to-covid.html, E.T: 22.02.2021.
  • Leandro, M., F. Schneider (2018), “Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?”, IMF Working Paper, WP18/17.
  • Martinez, M.R. (2020), Universal Basic Income: Will it Become a Reality after Lockdown is Lifted, https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/17/universal-basic-income-will-it-become-a-reality-after-lockdown-is-lifted, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • Mongey, S., A. Weinberg (2020) “Characteristics of Workers in Low Work-From-Home and High,” Becker Freidman Institute for Economics at U. Chicago White Paper.
  • Morris, S. (2021), Wales to Launch Pilot Universal Basic Income Scheme, https://amp.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/14/wales-to-launch-universal-basic-income-pilot-scheme?utm_term=Autofeed&CMP=twt_b-gdnnews&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter&__twitter_impression=true&fbclid=IwAR0Un8vt3yZbiRwxyr6YU32NWefPD8gPAHaAuTwQPRCLsxDmbaFbFEF46Rs, E.T: 20.06.2021.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2020), COVID-19 Crisis Response in Central Asia Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to a Global Effort, 16 October 2020, OECD.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020a), COVID-19 Crisis Response in MENA Countries Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to A Global Effort, 6 November 2020.
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2020b), COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of Government Responses to the Crisis, Tackling Coronavirus (COVID 19) Contributing to a Global Effort, 11 November 2020.
  • Pereira, R. (2017), “The Cost of UBI: Public Savings and Programme Redundancy Exceed Cost”, Financing Basic Income, 9-45.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2015), Yerel Yoksulluk Yönetimi: İngiltere Örneği ve Sosyal Belediyecilik Bağlamında Türkiye’de Büyükşehir Belediyeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2019), “Refah Çoğulculuğu ve Birleşik Krallık’ta Quangolar”, Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(2), 402-412.
  • Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2020), “Kovid 19 Pandemisi Sonrası Evrensel Temel Gelir Tartışması: Zamanı Geldi mi?”, TESEV Değerlendirme Notları 2020/5, TESEV.
  • Stone, J. (2020), Public Support Universal Basic Income, Job Guarantee and Rent Controls to Respond to Coronavirus Pandemic,Poll Finds, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-poll-universal-basic-income-rent-control-job-safety-a9486806.html?amp, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • Telles, P. (2020), COVID-19: Brazil Implements Basic Income Policy Following Massive Civil Society Campaign, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/covid-19-brazil-implements-basic-income-policy-following-massive-civil-society-campaign/, E.T: 03.03.2021.
  • United Nations Conferance on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2020), UN Calls For $2.5 Trillion Coronavirus Crisis Package for Developing Countries, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/coronavirus.html, E.T: 01.02.2021.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2020), Covid-19 UNDP’s Integrated Response, United Nations Development Programme.
  • United Nations (2018), How to Design Inclusive Social Protection Systems, Howells, I. Feary, D. (Eds.), United Nati-ons.
  • United Nations (2020), Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of Covid-19, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_report_socio-economic_impact_of_covid19.pdf, E.T: 02.03.2021.
  • United Nations Islamic Republic of Iran (2020), Building Back Better: Un Iran Socıo-Economıc Recovery Programme Against The Impact Of Covıd-19, UN Country Team Iran, RC Office, UNDP, UNICEF. Uysal, G. (2020), “Covid-19 Pandemisi Şartlarında Kayıt Dışı İstihdam”, TESEV Değerlendirme Notları 2020/3.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2020), Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. E.T.:20.02.2021.
  • World Bank (WB) (1993), World Development Report: Investing in Health, World Bank Oxford University Press, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5976, E.T: 01.03.2021.
  • WB (2018), Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP), World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure databa-se. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS. E.T: 01.03.2021.
  • WB (2020), Poverty and Shared Prosperity Reversals of Fortune World Bank Group, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34496/9781464816024.pdf, E.T: 22.02.2021.
  • WB (2021), Poverty Overview, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview, E.T: 28.06.2021.
  • WB (2021a), World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank.org/country/XN, E.T: 20.03.2021.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Ezgi Seçkiner Bingöl 0000-0003-1250-4102

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Seçkiner Bingöl, E. (2021). COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.901036
AMA Seçkiner Bingöl E. COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Kasım 2021;39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı):39-54. doi:10.17065/huniibf.901036
Chicago Seçkiner Bingöl, Ezgi. “COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı (Kasım 2021): 39-54. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.901036.
EndNote Seçkiner Bingöl E (01 Kasım 2021) COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39 Covid 19 Özel Sayısı 39–54.
IEEE E. Seçkiner Bingöl, “COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, ss. 39–54, 2021, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.901036.
ISNAD Seçkiner Bingöl, Ezgi. “COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39/Covid 19 Özel Sayısı (Kasım 2021), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.901036.
JAMA Seçkiner Bingöl E. COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39:39–54.
MLA Seçkiner Bingöl, Ezgi. “COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. Covid 19 Özel Sayısı, 2021, ss. 39-54, doi:10.17065/huniibf.901036.
Vancouver Seçkiner Bingöl E. COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERİN SOSYAL KORUMA ÖNLEMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı):39-54.

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