Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Education, Economic Growth, Population Growth And Income Distribution: Turkish Case

Yıl 2001, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 47 - 60, 01.07.2001

Öz

In recent years, in order to investigate the effect of
several important variables on income distribution, many endeavors have been
made. The principal variables whose effects on income inequality have been
assessed include rate of growth of income, population increase, education
level, educational inequality index and economic structure. The overwhelming
evidence from these studies indicate that there is a strong and statistically
significant positive relationship between educational inequality and income
inequality. In this study, the relationship between the same variables are
investigated. However, instead of cross-country data used in those studies, we
use cross-provincial data available for 19 provinces in Turkey. The statistical
results contradict the relationships suggested by the human capital models
between variables noted above. In this study, none of the estimated
coefficients were found to be statistically significant except the regression
coefficient of educational inequality. Furthermore, contrary to our
expectations, the sign of the coefficient of educational inequality is found to
be negative.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, Philippe, E. Caroli, ve C. G. Penalosa (1999) “Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories,” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXVII (December 1999), pp. 1615-1660.
  • Ahluwalia, Montek S. (1974) “Income Inequality: Some Dimensions of the Problem”.
  • Baş, Kemal (1997) “Eğitim, Kalkınma, Gelir ve Doğurganlık İlişkileri: Mersin Örneği,” Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 52, no. 1-4, ss. 135- 153.
  • Coale, Ansley J. ve Hoover, Edgar M. Population Growth and Economic Development in Low Income Countries. Princeton, N.J. Princeton U. Press, 1958.
  • Benavot, Aaron (1985) Education and Economic Development in the Modern World. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanfort University ( unpublished).
  • Birdsall, Nancy, David Ross, ve Richard Sabot (1995) “Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia,” The World Bank Economic Review, vol. 9, no.3: 477-508.
  • Bourguignon, François (1990) “Growth and Inequality in the Dual Model of Development: The Role of Demand Factors” Review of Economic Studies 57, pp.215-228.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1973) “Education, Class Structure and Income Equality,” World Development 1 (5) May, pp. 21-36.
  • Chiswick, Barry R. (1971) “ Earnings, Inequality and Economic Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 85 (1) February, pp. 21-39.
  • Fields, Gary S. (1987) “Measuring Inequality Change in an Economy with Income Growth,” Journal of Development Economics 26 :357-374.
  • Fields, Gary S. (1989) “Changes in Poverty and Inequality in Developing Countries,” The World Bank Research Observer 4 (2) : 167-185.
  • Güngör, N. Demet (1997) “Education and Economic Growth in Turkey 1980-1990: A Panel Study,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, Cilt 24, sayı 2, s.185-215.
  • Hicks, N. L. (1987) “Education and Economic Growth,” G. Psacharopoulos (ed.)’in içinde, Economics of Education: Research and Studies, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 101-107.
  • Kaldor, Nicholas (1978) “Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth,” Nicholas Kaldor, (ed.)’in içinde: Further Essays on Economic Theory. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc.
  • Kelley, Allen C. (1988) “Economic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World,” Journal of Economic Literature, vol.xxvı (December), pp.1685- 1728.
  • Kuznets, Simon (1955) “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review 45 (March):1-28.
  • Langoni, Carlos G. (1973) “Income Distribution and Economic Development in Brazil,” Conjuntura Economica 27 (9) September.
  • Lau, L.J., Jamison, D.T. ve F. F. Louat (1990) “Education and Productivity in Developing Countries: An Aggregate Production Function Approach, Working Paper WPS 612 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C.).
  • Lau, L.J., Jamison, D.T. Liu, S. ve Rivkin, S. (1993) “Education and Economic Growth: Some Cross-Sectional Evidence from Brazil,” Journal of Development Economics, 41,45-70.
  • Levine, Ross, ve David Renelt (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions,” American Economic Review 82 (4, September): 942-963.
  • Marris, Robin (1982) “Economic Growth in Cross Section:Experiments with Real Product Data, Social Indicators, Model Selection Procedures, and Policy Benefit/Cost Analysis,” Discussion Paper. London: University of London, Birbeck, Department of Economics.
  • Perotti, Roberto (1996) “Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say,” Journal of Economic Growth, 1:2, pp.149-187
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1977) “Unequal Access to Education and Income Distribution,” De Economist 125 (3) September, pp. 383-392.
  • Psacharopoulos, George ve Arriagada, A.M. (1989) “The Determinants of Early Age Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Brazil,” Economic Development and Cultural Change,37 (4): 683-709.
  • Persson, Torsten ve Guido Tabellini (1994) “Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?” American Economic Review 84 (3):600-621. Ram, Rati (1981) “Inequalities in Income and Schooling: A Different Point of View,” De Economist 129 (2), pp. 253-261.
  • Ram, Rati (1984) “Population Increase, Economic Growth, Educational Inequality and Income Distribution: Some Recent Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics 14 (13) April, pp.419-428.
  • Ram, Rati (1985) “The Role of Real Income Level and Income Distribution in Fulfillment of Basic Needs,” World Development 13 (5) May, pp. 589-594.
  • Razin, Assaf (1977) “Economic Growth and Education: New Evidence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 25 (2): 317-324. Richards, P. ve M. Leonor (1981) Education and Income Distribution in Asia. London: Croom Helm for the International Labor Organization.
  • Ritzen, J.M.M.(1977) Education, Economic Growth and Income Distribution. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  • Rodrik, Dani (1994) “ The Rush to Free Trade. Why So Late? Why Now? Will It Last?” Stephan Haggard and Steven B.Webb, (eds.)’ın içinde: Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Romer, Paul M. (1990) “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98 (October).
  • Tansel, Aysıt ve N. D. Güngör (1997) “The Educational Attainment of Turkish Labor Force: A Comparison Across Provinces and Over Time,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, Cilt 24, sayı 2, s.185-215.
  • Tilak, J.B.G. (1989) “Education and Its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis,” Research Papers Number 3, the World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Wheeler, D. (1980) “Human Resource Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Simultaneous Model,” Staff Working Paper No. 407. Washinton, D.C. : World Bank.
  • World Bank (1984), World Bank Development Report, Washington DC: World Bank.

EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2001, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 47 - 60, 01.07.2001

Öz

Son yıllarda araştırmacılar, gelir dağılımı üzerinde
etkisi olabilecek değişkenleri bir bir incelemektedirler. Toplumdaki kişilerin
eğitim düzeyi ve dağılımı, bu değişkenler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu konuda
yapılan ampirik çalışmaların büyük bir çoğunluğunda, eğitim düzeyi ve eğitim
dağılımı, gelir dağılımını açıklayan değişkenler içinde önemli bir yer
tutmaktadır. Örneğin, Psacharopoulos’un (1977) çalışmasında elde ettiği
bulgulara göre, eğitim eşitsizlik indeksindeki değişiklik, tek başına, gelir
dağılımındaki eşitsizliğin yüzde 23’ünü açıklamaktadır. Bu çalışmada da aynı
değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Ancak söz konusu çalışmalarda
yatay-kesit ülke verileri kullanılırken, bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki 19 İl’in
yatay-kesit verileri kullanılmıştır. Beşeri sermaye teorisinin önermelerinin
tersine bir sonuç çıkmıştır. Bu iki değişken arasında teoriye göre beklenen
işaret pozitif iken, bu çalışmada ortaya çıkan işaret negatiftir.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, Philippe, E. Caroli, ve C. G. Penalosa (1999) “Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories,” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXVII (December 1999), pp. 1615-1660.
  • Ahluwalia, Montek S. (1974) “Income Inequality: Some Dimensions of the Problem”.
  • Baş, Kemal (1997) “Eğitim, Kalkınma, Gelir ve Doğurganlık İlişkileri: Mersin Örneği,” Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 52, no. 1-4, ss. 135- 153.
  • Coale, Ansley J. ve Hoover, Edgar M. Population Growth and Economic Development in Low Income Countries. Princeton, N.J. Princeton U. Press, 1958.
  • Benavot, Aaron (1985) Education and Economic Development in the Modern World. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanfort University ( unpublished).
  • Birdsall, Nancy, David Ross, ve Richard Sabot (1995) “Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia,” The World Bank Economic Review, vol. 9, no.3: 477-508.
  • Bourguignon, François (1990) “Growth and Inequality in the Dual Model of Development: The Role of Demand Factors” Review of Economic Studies 57, pp.215-228.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1973) “Education, Class Structure and Income Equality,” World Development 1 (5) May, pp. 21-36.
  • Chiswick, Barry R. (1971) “ Earnings, Inequality and Economic Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 85 (1) February, pp. 21-39.
  • Fields, Gary S. (1987) “Measuring Inequality Change in an Economy with Income Growth,” Journal of Development Economics 26 :357-374.
  • Fields, Gary S. (1989) “Changes in Poverty and Inequality in Developing Countries,” The World Bank Research Observer 4 (2) : 167-185.
  • Güngör, N. Demet (1997) “Education and Economic Growth in Turkey 1980-1990: A Panel Study,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, Cilt 24, sayı 2, s.185-215.
  • Hicks, N. L. (1987) “Education and Economic Growth,” G. Psacharopoulos (ed.)’in içinde, Economics of Education: Research and Studies, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 101-107.
  • Kaldor, Nicholas (1978) “Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth,” Nicholas Kaldor, (ed.)’in içinde: Further Essays on Economic Theory. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc.
  • Kelley, Allen C. (1988) “Economic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World,” Journal of Economic Literature, vol.xxvı (December), pp.1685- 1728.
  • Kuznets, Simon (1955) “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review 45 (March):1-28.
  • Langoni, Carlos G. (1973) “Income Distribution and Economic Development in Brazil,” Conjuntura Economica 27 (9) September.
  • Lau, L.J., Jamison, D.T. ve F. F. Louat (1990) “Education and Productivity in Developing Countries: An Aggregate Production Function Approach, Working Paper WPS 612 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C.).
  • Lau, L.J., Jamison, D.T. Liu, S. ve Rivkin, S. (1993) “Education and Economic Growth: Some Cross-Sectional Evidence from Brazil,” Journal of Development Economics, 41,45-70.
  • Levine, Ross, ve David Renelt (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions,” American Economic Review 82 (4, September): 942-963.
  • Marris, Robin (1982) “Economic Growth in Cross Section:Experiments with Real Product Data, Social Indicators, Model Selection Procedures, and Policy Benefit/Cost Analysis,” Discussion Paper. London: University of London, Birbeck, Department of Economics.
  • Perotti, Roberto (1996) “Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say,” Journal of Economic Growth, 1:2, pp.149-187
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1977) “Unequal Access to Education and Income Distribution,” De Economist 125 (3) September, pp. 383-392.
  • Psacharopoulos, George ve Arriagada, A.M. (1989) “The Determinants of Early Age Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Brazil,” Economic Development and Cultural Change,37 (4): 683-709.
  • Persson, Torsten ve Guido Tabellini (1994) “Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?” American Economic Review 84 (3):600-621. Ram, Rati (1981) “Inequalities in Income and Schooling: A Different Point of View,” De Economist 129 (2), pp. 253-261.
  • Ram, Rati (1984) “Population Increase, Economic Growth, Educational Inequality and Income Distribution: Some Recent Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics 14 (13) April, pp.419-428.
  • Ram, Rati (1985) “The Role of Real Income Level and Income Distribution in Fulfillment of Basic Needs,” World Development 13 (5) May, pp. 589-594.
  • Razin, Assaf (1977) “Economic Growth and Education: New Evidence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 25 (2): 317-324. Richards, P. ve M. Leonor (1981) Education and Income Distribution in Asia. London: Croom Helm for the International Labor Organization.
  • Ritzen, J.M.M.(1977) Education, Economic Growth and Income Distribution. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  • Rodrik, Dani (1994) “ The Rush to Free Trade. Why So Late? Why Now? Will It Last?” Stephan Haggard and Steven B.Webb, (eds.)’ın içinde: Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Romer, Paul M. (1990) “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98 (October).
  • Tansel, Aysıt ve N. D. Güngör (1997) “The Educational Attainment of Turkish Labor Force: A Comparison Across Provinces and Over Time,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, Cilt 24, sayı 2, s.185-215.
  • Tilak, J.B.G. (1989) “Education and Its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis,” Research Papers Number 3, the World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  • Wheeler, D. (1980) “Human Resource Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Simultaneous Model,” Staff Working Paper No. 407. Washinton, D.C. : World Bank.
  • World Bank (1984), World Bank Development Report, Washington DC: World Bank.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Kemal Baş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2001
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2001 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Baş, K. (2001). EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 47-60.
AMA Baş K. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Temmuz 2001;19(1):47-60.
Chicago Baş, Kemal. “EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 19, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2001): 47-60.
EndNote Baş K (01 Temmuz 2001) EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 19 1 47–60.
IEEE K. Baş, “EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 1, ss. 47–60, 2001.
ISNAD Baş, Kemal. “EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 19/1 (Temmuz 2001), 47-60.
JAMA Baş K. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2001;19:47–60.
MLA Baş, Kemal. “EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 1, 2001, ss. 47-60.
Vancouver Baş K. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GELĐR DAĞILIMI, EĞİTİM VE NÜFUS ARTIŞI İLİŞKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2001;19(1):47-60.

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