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REFAH DEVLETLERİNİN COVİD-19 SÜRECİNDE UYGULADIKLARI SOSYO-EKONOMİK DESTEK POLİTİKALARI: ALMANYA, AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ, DANİMARKA VE İSVEÇ ÖRNEKLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 2 - 39, 28.02.2022

Öz

Dünya genelinde, yaklaşık 177 milyon insanın enfekte olmasına, ciddi sağlık sorunları yaşamasına ve yaklaşık 4 milyon insanın yaşamını yitirmesine neden olan Covid-19 Pandemisi tüm dünya ülkelerinde olağan üstü tedbirlerin alınmasına yol açtı. Pandeminin ilerleyişinin durdurulabilmesi ve sonuçlarıyla mücadele edilebilmesi adına ülkeler değişik yaklaşımlar sergilediler. Bu yaklaşımlar, ülkelerin mevcut sosyal refah devleti anlayışları çerçevesinde ve ekonomik güçleri doğrultusunda hayata geçirildi. Bu çalışmada Esping Andersen’in Üçlü Refah Rejimleri sınıflandırmasına göre liberal, muhafazakar ve sosyal demokrat modelleri temsil eden Almanya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Danimarka ve İsveç’in Covid-19 döneminde ekonomik anlamda uyguladıkları sosyal politikalar literatür taraması yöntemiyle incelenmiştir.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmamı yapmama vesile olan Saygıdeğer Hocam Doç.Dr. Doğa Başar SARIİPEK'e ve çalışmam esnasında manevi desteğini eksik etmeyen kardeşim Hüseyin ÇILGIN'a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

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Socio-Economic Support Policies of Welfare States In The Covid-19 Process: Germany, United States, Denmark, Sweden

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 2 - 39, 28.02.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • Barrilleaux, C., Rainey, C. (2014). The politics of need: Examining governors’ decisions to oppose the “Obamacare” Medicaid expansion. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440014561644.
  • BBC, (2020). Covid: ABD'de 900 milyar dolarlık koronavirüs yardım paketi üzerinde anlaşma sağlandı. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55390803. E.T:18.03.2021
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  • Dell’Ariccia, G., Mauro, P., Spilimbergo, A., Zettelmeyer, J. (2020). Economic policies for the COVID-19 war. IMF Blog. https://cdn.cursdeguvernare.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FMI-Economic-policies-for-the-COVID-19-War.pdf.
  • Deloitte Insight. (2020). COVID-19 potential implications for the banking and capital markets sector. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/insights/economy/covid-19/banking-and-capital-markets-impact-covid-19.html. E.T:17.03.2021
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  • DW, (2020b). Almanya’da korona mağdurlarına devlet yardımı. https://www.dw.com/tr/almanyada-korona-ma%C4%9Fdurlar%C4%B1na-devlet-yard%C4%B1m%C4%B1/a-52990112. E.T:20.03.2021
  • Economic Times, (2020). Prices of agricultural commodities drop 20% post COVID-19 outbreak. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/prices-of-agricultural-commodities-drop-20-post-covid-19-outbreak/articleshow/74705537.cms. E.T:05.03.2021
  • European Commission, (2020) State aid: Commission approves Swedish public guarantee of up to €137 million to compensate airline SAS for damage caused by coronavirus outbreak. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_748. E.T:03.03.2021
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  • Federal Ministry of Finance Germany, (2021). A stimulus package for everyone in Germany. https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/EN/Issues/Priority-Issues/stimulus-package-for-everyone/stimulus-package-for-everyone.html. E.T:16.03.2021
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  • Financial Times, (2020). Expats in Dubai call for cut in their children’s school fees. https://www.ft.com/content/c9f83ca9-9107-436f-864b-da1b7e28f56f. E.T:29.03.2021
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  • Gartner. (2020). Gartner HR survey reveals 41% of employees likely towork remotely at least some of the time post coronavirus pandemic. Newsroom. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-04-14-gartner-hr-survey-reveals-41--of-employees-likely-to-. E.T:22.03.2021
  • Goger, A., Loh, T. H., Bateman, N. (2020). Debunking myths about COVID-19 relief’s unemployment insurance on steroids. Brookings Intitute. https://www.brookings.edu/research/debunking-myths-about-covid-19-reliefs-unemployment-insurance-on-steroids/.
  • Government Offices of Sweden, (2020). Crisis package for jobs and transition. https://www.government.se/press-releases/2020/03/crisis-package-for-jobs-and-transition/. E.T:11.03.2021
  • Greve, B., Blomquist, P., Hvinden, B., Gerven, M. V. (2020). Nordic welfare states—still standing or changed by the COVID‐19 crisis? https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12675.
  • Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Gimma, A., Patron, N., Jarvis, C. Russell T. W. (2020). Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. The Lancet Glob Health. 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7.
  • Holst, H., Fessler, A., Niehoff, S. (2021). Covid-19, social class and work experience in Germany: inequalities in work-related health and economic risks. European Societies. 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1828979.
  • Ilzetzki, E. (2020). COVID-19: The economic policy response. A CEPR Press VoxEU.org. https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-economic-policy-response.
  • Imperial College London, (2020). The economic impact of coronavirus: analysis from Imperial experts. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196514/the-economic-impact-coronavirus-analysis-from/. E.T:10.04.2021
  • Industry Week, (2020). COVID-19 is coming for the chemical ındustry in 2020, BASF predicts. https://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/planning-forecasting/article/21125045/covid19-is-coming-for-the-chemical-industry-in-2020-basf-frets. E.T:10.04.2021
  • International Labour Organization (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work updated estimates and analysis. ILO monitor 2nd edition: Briefing Note. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf. E.T:23.03.2021
  • International Labour Organization (2021) COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition.https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_767028/lang--en/index.htm. E.T:23.03.2021
  • International Monetary Fund [IMF]. (2020). World economic outlook. The great lockdown. International Monetary Fund. Research Department. Washington. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/World-Economic-Outlook-April-2020-The-Great-Lockdown-49306. E.T 23.03.2021
  • Investor’s Business Daily, (2020). Dow Jones today, stocks slip: Fed stimulus, senate ımpasse; New York, California lockdown; NYSE floor closes. https://www.investors.com/market-trend/stock-market-today/dow-jones-today-futures-slide-fed-stimulus-impasse-new-york-california-lockdown-nyse-floor-closes/. E.T:18.04.2021
  • Jd Supra. (2020). Covıd-19 update: Germany to give easier access to state-funded short-time working allowance. https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/covid-19-update-germany-to-give-easier-36702/. E.T:16.04.2021
  • Johns Hopkins University & Medicine.(2021). Coronavirus Resource Center(CRC) https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. E.T: 15.06.2021.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2011). Afet yönetimi beklenilmeyeni beklemek, en kötüsünü yönetmek. Marmara Belediyeler Birliği. https://docplayer.biz.tr/657716-Marmara-afet-yonetimi-beklenilmeyeni-beklemek-en-kotusunu-yonetmek.html.
  • Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., Vugt, M. V. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716.
  • Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, DL., Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the epidemiology of COVID-19 studies needed. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382(13). https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2002125.
  • Maclean, J. C., Oney, M., Marti, J., Sindelar, J. (2018). What factors predict the passage of state‐level e‐cigarette regulations? https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3642.
  • Ministry of Employment Sweden, (2021). Labour market initiatives in the Budget Bill for 2021. https://www.government.se/articles/2020/09/labour-market-initiatives-in-the-budget-bill-for-2021/. E.T:19.04.2021
  • Naumann, E, Möhring, K, Reifenscheid, M. (2020). COVID‐19 policies in Germany and their social, political, and psychological consequences. European Policy Analysis. (6). https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1091.
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi Z., Sohrabi C., Kerwan A., Al-Cabir A., Iosifidis C., Ağa M., Ağa R. (2020). “The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review”. International Journal of Surgery. Volume 78, ss. 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018. Nikiforuk, A. (2018). Mahşerin dördüncü atlısı: Salgın ve bulaşıcı hastalıklar tarihi. (8. Baskı). İletişim Yayınları. İstanbul. https://iletisim.com.tr/Images/UserFiles/Documents/Gallery/mahserin-dorduncu-atlisi.pdf.
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  • Swedish Ministry of Finance, (2020b). New measures to strengthen care of the elderly and health care during the COVID-19 crisis. https://www.government.se/press-releases/2020/05/new-measures-to-strengthen-care-of-the-elderly-and-health-care-during-the-covid-19-crisis/. E.T:16.04.2021
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  • US Department of the Treasury, (2021b). The CARES act provides assistance to small businesses. Policy Issues. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares/assistance-for-small-businesses. E.T:08.04.2021
  • US Department of the Treasury, (2021c). The CARES act preserves jobs for american ındustry. Policy Issues. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares/preserving-jobs-for-american-industry. E.T:08.04.2021
  • US Department of the Treasury, (2021d). Emergency rental assistance program. Policy Issues. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares/emergency-rental-assistance-program. E.T:08.04.2021
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  • Zhang, W., Hamori, S. (2021). Crude oil market and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the US, Japan, and Germany. International Review of Financial Analysis.74.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101702.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Turgut Çılğın 0000-0003-1629-9759

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çılğın, T. (2022). REFAH DEVLETLERİNİN COVİD-19 SÜRECİNDE UYGULADIKLARI SOSYO-EKONOMİK DESTEK POLİTİKALARI: ALMANYA, AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ, DANİMARKA VE İSVEÇ ÖRNEKLERİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 2-39.