Bazı Kaba Yemlere Farklı Seviyelerde İlave Edilen Söğüt Ağacı (Salix Alba) Yaprağının İn Vitro Sindirim ve Metan Oluşumu Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu araştırma, ruminant beslenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan buğday samanı, yonca kuru otu ve mısır silajına farklı oranlarda (% 0, % 10, % 25, % 50, % 75 ve % 100) eklenilen söğüt ağacı (Salix alba) yaprağının (SAY) in vitro metan gazı oluşumuna etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Farklı oranlarda SAY eklenmiş deneme yemleri in vitro gaz tekniği ile 24 saatlik inkubasyona bırakılmıştır. İn vitro gaz üretim tekniği ile 24 saat içerisinde meydana gelen gaz bilgisayar destekli metan gazı ölçüm cihazına özel bir düzenekle enjekte edilerek metan gazı miktarları ölçülmüştür. SAY’da kuru maddede 105 g/kg seviyesinde kondanse tanen içeriği belirlenmiştir. En düşük metan üretimi buğday samanına % 50 ve 75, yonca kuru otuna ve mısır silajına % 75 seviyelerinde SAY ilave edilen gruplarda elde edilmiştir (P<0.05). En düşük amonyak azot değeri, yonca kuru otuna % 50 ve % 75 seviyelerinde SAY eklenen gruplarda saptanmıştır (P<0.001). Ancak buğday samanına eklenen SAY amonyak azot değerini yükseltmiştir (P<0.01). Sonuç olarak SAY’nın kaba yemlere eklenmesi, in vitro denemelerinde metan gazı oluşumunu düşürmüştür. SAY ilavesi metabolik enerji (ME) değerleri ile in vitro organik madde sindirilme derecesini (İVOMS) buğday samanında artırırken, yonca kuru otu ve mısır silajında düşürmüştür. Ayrıca SAY’nın hayvan performansı üzerindeki etkisinin ortaya konulabilmesi için in vivo çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır

Keywords

• Söğüt ağacı yaprağı,Metan,İn vitro sindirilebilirlik

The Effect of Willow Tree (Salix Alba) Leafs Added at Different Levels to Some Roughages on In Vitro Digestibility and Methane Production

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of willow tree leafs (Salix alba) added at different levels (0 %, 10 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) to grass forage, wheat straw, alfalfa forage and maize silage on the in vitro methane production. Methane production after 24 h incubation of the roughages were measured by injection of the produced gas samples into a special apparatus connected to computer. Condensed tannin content of willow tree leafs was determined as 105 g/kg dry matter. The lowest methane production was determined in the groups of wheat straw added with 50 and 75% willow tree leafs as well as in the groups of alfa alfa hay and corn silage added with 75 % willow tree leafs (P<0.05). The lowest ammonia nitrogen level was observed for alfalfa forage in the treatment group containing 50 and 75 % willow tree leafs (P<0.001). However addition of willow tree leaves to wheat straw increased the ammonia nitrogen value in all treatment groups compared to control group (P<0,01). As a conclusion addition of the willow tree leaf to roughages decreased in vitro methane production. Metabolic energy value and in vitro dry matter digestibility of wheat straw were increased while these values were decreased in alfa alfa roughage and corn silage by addition of willow tree leaf. Further in vivo studies are required in order to determine the effect of willow tree leaf addition on animal performance.

Keywords

• Willow leaf,Methane,In vitro digestibility

References

1. Agarwal N, Shekhar C, Kumar R, Chaudhary LC, Karma DN, 2009: Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 148, 321-327.
2. Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yamasaki O, Oono T, 2001: Iwatsuki K. Antibacterial Action of Several Tannins Against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, 487-491.
3. Anonim, 20016: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Söğüt, Erişim Tarihi; 09.05.2016.
4. AOAC, 2005: Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC international, 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA.
5. Banerjee A, Dasgupta N, De B, 2005: In vitro study of antioxidant activity of syzgium cumini fruit. Food Chemistry, 90, 727-733.
6. Başer CHK, 2002: Fonksiyonel gıdalar ve nutrasötikler. 14. Bitkisel ilaç hammaddeleri toplantısı, Bildiriler (29-31 Mayıs), Eskişehir.
7. Baytop T, 1984: Türkiye’ de Bitkilerle Tedavi (Geçmişte ve Bugün). İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:3255, Eczacılık Fakültesi No:40, 93, 167, 169, 195, 275, 327-330, 357, 382, 420.
8. Benchaar C, Greathead H, 2011: Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 166-167, 338-355.

9. Benchaar C, Petit HV, Berthiaume R, Ouellet DR, Chiquette J, Chouinard PY, 2007: Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. J Dairy Sci, 90, 886-897.
10. Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C, 2006: Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci, 89, 761-771.
11. Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C, 2005: Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Anim. Feed Sci Technol, 123-124, 597-613.
12. Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, Castillejos L, Ferret A, 2007: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2580-2595.
13. Canbolat Ö, Kalkan H, Karaman Ş, Filya İ, 2011: Esansiyel yağların sindirim, rumen fermantasyonu ve mikrobiyal protein üretimi üzerine etkileri. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17(4): 557-565.
14. Canbolat Ö, Karaman Ş, Filya İ, 2010: Farklı Kekik Yağı Dozlarının Yemlerin Sindirimi ve Rumen Fermantasyonu Üzerine Etkileri. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16(6): 933-939.
15. Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Camel C, 2004: Effects of Natural Plant Extracts on Ruminal Protein Degration and Profiles in Fermentation Continuous Culture. J Anim Sci, 82, 3230-3236.
16. Carulla JE, Kreuzer M, Machmüller A, Hess HD, 2005: Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Aust J Agric Res, 56, 961-970.
17. Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, 2006: Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. J Dairy Sci, 89, 2649-2658.
18. Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Martin-Tereso J, 2008: Ter Wijlen H, In vitro evaluation of effects of essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Anim. Feed Sci Technol, 145, 259-270.
19. Chaves AV, He ML, Yang WZ, Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Benchaar C, 2008: Effects of essential oils on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria. Can J Anim Sci, 88, 117-122.
20. Evans JD, Martin SA, 2000: Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Curr Microbiol, 41, 336-340.
21. Hagerman EA, Robbins TC, Weerasuriya Y, Wilson CT, Mcarthur C, 1992: Tannin chemistry in relation to digestion. Journal of Range Management, 45 (1): 57-62.
22. Houghton JT, Callander BA, Varney SK, 1992: Climate Change, The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
23. Hristov AN, Ropp JK, Zaman S, Melgar A, 2008: Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation and ammonia release. Animal Feed Science and Technology 144, 55-64.
24. Jarvis SC, Lovell RD, Panayides R, 1995: Patterns of methane emissions from excreta of grazing animals. Soil Biol Biochem, 27 (12): 1581-1588.
25. Johnson DE, Hill TM, Ward GM, 1992: Methane emissions from cattle; global warming and management ıssues, In Proc. Minnesota Nutr.Conf., Minnesota Ext.Serv., Univ. Minnesota, St Paul.
26. Kaçar D, 2008: Screening of some plant species for their total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Master thesis, İzmir Institude of Technology, İzmir.
27. Kamalak A, Canbolat O, Ozkan CO, Atalay AI, 2011: The effect of essential oil (Thymol) supplementation on in vitro gas production profiles and fermentation end products of alfalfa hay. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17(2): 211-216.
28. Kamalak A, Canbolat Ö, Gürbüz Y, Özay O, Erer M, Özkan ÇÖ, 2005: Kondanse Taninin Ruminant Hayvanlar Üzerindeki Etkileri Hakkında Bir İnceleme. KSÜ Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 8(1): 132-137.
29. Macheboeuf D, Morgavi DP, Papon Y, Mousset JL, 2008: Arturo- Schaan M. Dose–response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 145, 335-350.
30. Makkar HPS, Blummel M, Becker K, 1995: Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Br J Nutr, 73, 897-913.
31. Markham R, 1942: Distillation apparatus suitable for microkjeldahl analysis. Biochem J, 36, 790.
32. Mcintosh FM, Williams P, Losa R, Wallace RJ, Beever DA, Newbold CJ, 2003: Effects of essential oil on rumenial microorganism and their protein metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol, 69(8): 5011-5014.
33. Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W, 1988: Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 28, 7-55.
34. Newbold CJ, McIntosh FM, Williams P, Losa R, Wallace RJ, 2004: Effect of a spesific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermantation. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 114, 105-112.
35. Newbold CJ, Wallace RJ, Watt ND, Richardson AJ, 1988: The effect of the novel ionophore tetronasin (ICI 139603) on ruminal microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54, 544-547
36. Patra AK, Saxena J, 2009: Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: A review of the effects on microbial populations. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 96, 363-375.
37. Radeleff RD,1970: Veterinary Toxicology. Philadelphia, Lea&Febiger, 33.
38. Scalbert A, 1991: Antimicrobial properties of tanen. Phy tochemistry, 30, 3875-3883.
39. Silanikove N, Perevoltsky A, Provenza FD, 2001: Use of tannin-binding chemicals to assay for tannins and their negative postingestive effects in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91, 69-81.
40. SPSS, 2004: Windows User’s Guide. Version 13.0, SPSS Inc., Michigan Ave., Illinois, USA., Chicago.
41. Şener S, Yıldırım M, 2000: Veteriner Toksikoloji. Teknik Yayıncılık, 221-223.
42. Tamminga S, 1996: A review on environmental impacts of nutritional strategies in ruminants. J Anim Sci, 74, 3112-3124.
43. Thornton JH, Owens FN, 1981: Monensin supplementation and in vitro methane production by steers. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 628-634.
44. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA, 1991: Methods for dietary fiber, Neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci, 74, 3583-3597.
45. Waghorn GC, 2008: Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production-progress and challenges. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 147, 116-139.
46. Wallace RJ, McEwan NR, McIntosh M, Teferedegne B, Newbold CJ, 2002: Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 15(10): 1458-1468.
47. Yost WM, Young JW, Schmidt SP, McGilliarg AD, 1977: Gluconeogenesis in ruminants: Propionic acid production from a high-grain diet fed to cattle. Journal of Nutrition, 107, 2036-2043.