Araştırma Makalesi
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Universal Basic Income in Social Democratic Welfare States: The Finland Case

Yıl 2021, Kış, 252 - 266, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.837065

Öz

Finland, which is in the Social Democratic Welfare States group in the welfare state classification by Esping-Andersen, has been seen as the pioneer of universal basic income practices in Europe.
In Finland, the first basic income experiment was proposed by Samuli Paronen in 1971 and after that many studies were conducted about the basic income experiment. The economic crises experienced in different periods in Finland caused a high level and long-term unemployment to emerge and the basic income experiment has come to the forefront in resolving the unemployment problem. Moreover, the national basic income experiment was designed for the first time during the Juha Sipilä Government period, and implemented for a period of two years, including the years of 2017-2018. The basic income experiment has been implemented on 2000 people between the ages of 25-58 who receive unemployment pay from Kela, the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. These people were paid a monthly tax-exempt basic income of 560 euros by Kela.In this study, the issue of universal basic income, which has come to the fore especially recently due to the COVID pandemic, is examined with the studies in the literature and evaluated with the Finland application. In the evaluation made, it was concluded that although universal basic income is quite effective in terms of employment and welfare, it is not very possible to apply in terms of cost.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamson, P. (1999), The Welfare Modelling Business, Social Policy & Administration, Vol:3, No:4, 394-415.
  • Amadeo, K. (2020), Universal Basic Income, Its Prosand Cons With Examples, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.thebalance.com/universal-basic-income-4160668 adresinden erişildi.
  • Andersson, J. (2000) The History of an Idea. Why Did Basic Income Thrill The Finns, But Not The Swedes? İn Van Der Veen, Robert And Groot, Loek (Eds) Basic İncome On The Agenda: Policy Objectives And Political Chances, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; London: Eurospan, 224-237.
  • Barlet, B. (2013), Rethinking the Idea of a Basic Income for All, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/rethinking-the-idea-of-a-basic-income-for-all/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Brigss, A. (2000), The Welfare States in Historical Persperctive, The Welfare States Reader, Cambridge Polity Press.
  • De Wispealere, J. ve Haagh, L. (2019), Introduction Basic Income in European Welfare States: Opportunitiesand Constraints, Social Policy & Society, Cambridge University Press, 18(2), 237-242.
  • De Wispelaere, J., Halmetoja, A. ve Pulkka, V. (2018), The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: A Primer, Torry, Malcolm (Eds), The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds Of Welfare Capitalism, Princton Universty Press: New Jersey.
  • European Commission (2020), Finland Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/finland/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions_en adresinden erişildi.
  • Halmetoja, A., De Wispelaere, J. ve Perkiö, J. (2018), A Policy Cometin Moominland? Basic Income in the Finnish Welfare State, Social Policy & Society, Cambridge University Press, 319-330.
  • Halmetoja, A. etc. (2018), A Policy Comet in Moominland? Basic Income in the Finnish Welfare State, Social Policy & Socity, Cambridge University Press, 1-12.
  • Hämäläinen, K., Kanninen, O. ve Verho, J. (2019), Evaluation of The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: First Year Results, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.academia.edu/39840243/The_Finnish_Basic_Income_Experiment_A_Primer adresinden erişildi.
  • Ikkala, M. (2012), Finland: Institutional Resistance of the Welfare State against a Basic Income Caputo, Richard K. (Eds) Basic Income Guarantee And Politics: International Expeririances and Perspective on the Viability of Income Guarantee, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 61-81.
  • Kangas, O., etc. (2019), The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results, Reports and Memorandums of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Vol:9, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
  • Kangas, O., Simanainen, M. ve Honkanen, P. (2017), Basic Income in the Finnish Context, Intereconomics, Vol. 52, N. 2, 87-91.
  • Kela (2015), From Idea To Experıment - Report On Unıversal Basıc Income Experıment In Fınland, Kirjoittaja ja Kela, Työpapereita 88, Helsinki.
  • Kela (2015), From İdea to Experiment Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland, Authors and Research at Kela, Working papers 106, Helsinki.
  • Kela (2020), Results of Finland’s Basic Income Experiment, 26 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.kela.fi/web/en/news-archive/-/asset_publisher/lN08GY2nIrZo/content/results-of-the-basic-income-experiment-small-employment-effects-better-perceived-economic-security-and-mental-wellbeing adresinden erişildi.
  • Koistinen, P. ve Perkiö, J. (2013) Good and Bad Times of Social Innovations: The Case of Universal Basic Income in Finland, Basic Income Studies, De Gruyter, Vol. 9(1-2): 25–57.
  • Özdemir, S. (2005), Sosyal Gelişim Düzeyleri Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 0(49), 232-266.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Yayın No: 2004-69.
  • Perkiö, J. (2013), Basic Income Proposals in Finland, Germany and Spain, Transform! European Network for Alternative Thinking and Politikal Dialogue Discussion Paper No. 2, Vienna, Austria.
  • Perkiö, J. (2014), Universal Basic Income A New Tool For Development Policy?, International Solidarty Work.
  • Perkiö, J. (2019), From Rights to Activation: The Evolution of the Idea of Basic Income in the Finnish Political Debate, 1980–2016, Journal Social Pilicy, Cambridge University Press, 1-22.
  • Pierson, C. (1998), Contemporary Challenges to Welfare State Development, Political Studies, XVLI, 777-794.
  • Raventos, D. (2007), Basic Income The Material Conditions of Freedom, Pluto Press, London. Republic of Finland Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (2018), Welcome to Finland.
  • Rosanvallon, P. (2004), Refah Devletinin Krizi, (Çev: Burcu Şahinli), Dost Kitabevi.
  • Servante, D. (2017), AB ve Dünyadaki Temel Gelir Tartışmaları, İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Değerlendirme Notu.
  • Ştefan, G. (2015), European Welfare State in a Historical Perpective: A Critical Review European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 25-38.
  • T.C. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı (2018), Finlandiya’nın Ekonomisi, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde http://www.mfa.gov.tr/finlandiya-ekonomisi.tr.mfa adresinden erişildi.
  • This İs FİNLAND (2020), Finland in Facts, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://finland.fi/facts-stats-and-info/finland-in-facts-2/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Uğur, T. (2020), Evrensel Temel Gelir (UBI) Ajandası: Bilmeniz Gereken Her Şey!, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://medium.com/t%C3%BCrkiye/evrensel-temel-gelir-ubi-ajandas%C4%B1-bilmeniz-gereken-her-%C5%9Fey-3e1f60fd8648 adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Parıjs, P. (2004), Basic Income: A Sımple and Powerful Idea fort he Twenty-firs Century, Politics & Society, 32(1), 7-39.
  • Vivekanandan, B., ve Kurian, N. (2005). Introduction: Welfare States And The Future, B. Vivekanandan, ve N. Kurian (Ed.), Welfare States And The Future (1-13),Palgra ve Macmillan: New York.
  • Wilensky, H. (2002), The Welfare State Convergence and Divergence, Rich Democracies Polictical Economy, Public Economy and Performance in, (211-251), CA: University of California Press.
  • World Economic Forum (2019), The Global Competitiveness Report 2019.

Sosyal Demokrat Refah Devletlerinde Evrensel Temel Gelir: Finlandiya Örneği

Yıl 2021, Kış, 252 - 266, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.837065

Öz

Esping-Andersen tarafından yapılan refah devleti sınıflandırmasında Sosyal Demokrat Refah Devletleri grubunda bulunan Finlandiya Avrupa’da evrensel temel gelir uygulamalarının öncüsü olarak görülmektedir. Finlandiya’da temel gelir uygulaması ilk kez 1971 yılında Samuli Paronen tarafından önerilmiş ve sonrasında temel gelir uygulaması ile ilgili birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Finlandiya’da çeşitli dönemlerde yaşanan ekonomik krizler yüksek oranda ve uzun süreli işsizliğin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuş; işsizlik sorununun ortadan kaldırılmasında temel gelir uygulaması ön plana çıkmıştır. Juha Sipilä Hükümeti döneminde ilk kez ulusal temel gelir uygulaması tasarlanmış ve 2017-2018 yıllarını kapsayacak biçimde iki yıllık bir süre için hayata geçirilmiştir. Temel gelir uygulaması Finlandiya Sosyal Sigorta Kurumu olan Kela’dan işsizlik ücreti alan 25-58 yaş arası 2000 kişi üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Bu kişilere Kela tarafından vergilendirmeden muaf 560 Avro aylık ücret ödemesi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, özellikle son dönemde, COVID salgını nedeni ile gündeme gelen evrensel temel gelir konusu literatürde yer alan çalışmalar ile incelenmekte ve Finlandiya uygulaması ile değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılan değerlendirmede evrensel temel gelirin istihdam ve refah açısından oldukça etkili olmasına rağmen, maliyet açısından uygulanmasının çok mümkün olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamson, P. (1999), The Welfare Modelling Business, Social Policy & Administration, Vol:3, No:4, 394-415.
  • Amadeo, K. (2020), Universal Basic Income, Its Prosand Cons With Examples, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.thebalance.com/universal-basic-income-4160668 adresinden erişildi.
  • Andersson, J. (2000) The History of an Idea. Why Did Basic Income Thrill The Finns, But Not The Swedes? İn Van Der Veen, Robert And Groot, Loek (Eds) Basic İncome On The Agenda: Policy Objectives And Political Chances, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; London: Eurospan, 224-237.
  • Barlet, B. (2013), Rethinking the Idea of a Basic Income for All, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/rethinking-the-idea-of-a-basic-income-for-all/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Brigss, A. (2000), The Welfare States in Historical Persperctive, The Welfare States Reader, Cambridge Polity Press.
  • De Wispealere, J. ve Haagh, L. (2019), Introduction Basic Income in European Welfare States: Opportunitiesand Constraints, Social Policy & Society, Cambridge University Press, 18(2), 237-242.
  • De Wispelaere, J., Halmetoja, A. ve Pulkka, V. (2018), The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: A Primer, Torry, Malcolm (Eds), The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds Of Welfare Capitalism, Princton Universty Press: New Jersey.
  • European Commission (2020), Finland Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/finland/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions_en adresinden erişildi.
  • Halmetoja, A., De Wispelaere, J. ve Perkiö, J. (2018), A Policy Cometin Moominland? Basic Income in the Finnish Welfare State, Social Policy & Society, Cambridge University Press, 319-330.
  • Halmetoja, A. etc. (2018), A Policy Comet in Moominland? Basic Income in the Finnish Welfare State, Social Policy & Socity, Cambridge University Press, 1-12.
  • Hämäläinen, K., Kanninen, O. ve Verho, J. (2019), Evaluation of The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: First Year Results, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.academia.edu/39840243/The_Finnish_Basic_Income_Experiment_A_Primer adresinden erişildi.
  • Ikkala, M. (2012), Finland: Institutional Resistance of the Welfare State against a Basic Income Caputo, Richard K. (Eds) Basic Income Guarantee And Politics: International Expeririances and Perspective on the Viability of Income Guarantee, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 61-81.
  • Kangas, O., etc. (2019), The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results, Reports and Memorandums of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Vol:9, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
  • Kangas, O., Simanainen, M. ve Honkanen, P. (2017), Basic Income in the Finnish Context, Intereconomics, Vol. 52, N. 2, 87-91.
  • Kela (2015), From Idea To Experıment - Report On Unıversal Basıc Income Experıment In Fınland, Kirjoittaja ja Kela, Työpapereita 88, Helsinki.
  • Kela (2015), From İdea to Experiment Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland, Authors and Research at Kela, Working papers 106, Helsinki.
  • Kela (2020), Results of Finland’s Basic Income Experiment, 26 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.kela.fi/web/en/news-archive/-/asset_publisher/lN08GY2nIrZo/content/results-of-the-basic-income-experiment-small-employment-effects-better-perceived-economic-security-and-mental-wellbeing adresinden erişildi.
  • Koistinen, P. ve Perkiö, J. (2013) Good and Bad Times of Social Innovations: The Case of Universal Basic Income in Finland, Basic Income Studies, De Gruyter, Vol. 9(1-2): 25–57.
  • Özdemir, S. (2005), Sosyal Gelişim Düzeyleri Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 0(49), 232-266.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Yayın No: 2004-69.
  • Perkiö, J. (2013), Basic Income Proposals in Finland, Germany and Spain, Transform! European Network for Alternative Thinking and Politikal Dialogue Discussion Paper No. 2, Vienna, Austria.
  • Perkiö, J. (2014), Universal Basic Income A New Tool For Development Policy?, International Solidarty Work.
  • Perkiö, J. (2019), From Rights to Activation: The Evolution of the Idea of Basic Income in the Finnish Political Debate, 1980–2016, Journal Social Pilicy, Cambridge University Press, 1-22.
  • Pierson, C. (1998), Contemporary Challenges to Welfare State Development, Political Studies, XVLI, 777-794.
  • Raventos, D. (2007), Basic Income The Material Conditions of Freedom, Pluto Press, London. Republic of Finland Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (2018), Welcome to Finland.
  • Rosanvallon, P. (2004), Refah Devletinin Krizi, (Çev: Burcu Şahinli), Dost Kitabevi.
  • Servante, D. (2017), AB ve Dünyadaki Temel Gelir Tartışmaları, İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Değerlendirme Notu.
  • Ştefan, G. (2015), European Welfare State in a Historical Perpective: A Critical Review European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 25-38.
  • T.C. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı (2018), Finlandiya’nın Ekonomisi, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde http://www.mfa.gov.tr/finlandiya-ekonomisi.tr.mfa adresinden erişildi.
  • This İs FİNLAND (2020), Finland in Facts, 14 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://finland.fi/facts-stats-and-info/finland-in-facts-2/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Uğur, T. (2020), Evrensel Temel Gelir (UBI) Ajandası: Bilmeniz Gereken Her Şey!, 13 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://medium.com/t%C3%BCrkiye/evrensel-temel-gelir-ubi-ajandas%C4%B1-bilmeniz-gereken-her-%C5%9Fey-3e1f60fd8648 adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Parıjs, P. (2004), Basic Income: A Sımple and Powerful Idea fort he Twenty-firs Century, Politics & Society, 32(1), 7-39.
  • Vivekanandan, B., ve Kurian, N. (2005). Introduction: Welfare States And The Future, B. Vivekanandan, ve N. Kurian (Ed.), Welfare States And The Future (1-13),Palgra ve Macmillan: New York.
  • Wilensky, H. (2002), The Welfare State Convergence and Divergence, Rich Democracies Polictical Economy, Public Economy and Performance in, (211-251), CA: University of California Press.
  • World Economic Forum (2019), The Global Competitiveness Report 2019.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Cem Esenlikci 0000-0002-4900-3398

Mehmet Ali Engin 0000-0002-2217-7443

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Kış

Kaynak Göster

APA Esenlikci, A. C., & Engin, M. A. (2021). Sosyal Demokrat Refah Devletlerinde Evrensel Temel Gelir: Finlandiya Örneği. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(9), 252-266. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.837065

IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / IBAD Journal of Social Sciences 


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