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Anti-Enlightenment: Architecture and Picturesque in the 18th Century

Yıl 2023, , 272 - 306, 11.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1263742

Öz

The paradigms constructing the 18th-century Enlightenment took place simultaneously in many fields. These paradigms mediate the presentations of concepts within a limited framework. The construction of epistemological discourse in architecture occurs with a similar understanding. In the 18th century, excavation of archaeological sites and overseas travels caused an awareness of “other” architectures. However, such encounters shake the basements of the architectural knowledge built on Antiquity. Documentations of these architectures bring about production of knowledge and many issues to the agenda in institutional/theoretical fields not discussed before. Although there are heated debates that can be considered as productive, these encounters inevitably produce paradoxes in architecture and crises in the existing habits and traditional discourses. In this study it is discussed through examples producing time-space paradoxes in architecture and therefore caused situations that can be seen as anti-Enlightenment, such as Alexander Pope, landscape gardens and follies. These were negotiated in a limited framework to be consistent with Enlightenment ideology. For example, discussions about paradoxical situations were rare despite the fact that numerous texts were written on Picturesque, which forms the theoretical basis of this study and takes an important place in 18th-century architectural historiography. This situation, not coincidentally, confines architecture in a limited frame in a set of such rules. In fact, it is very meaningful to understand the epistemology of these situations in order to scrutinize time-space paradoxes in architecture, differently.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, J. (1712). Works of Nature and Art. The Spectetor, 414.
  • Ashfield, A., & de Bolla, P. (1996). The Sublime: A Reader in British Eighteenth-Century Aesthetic Theory. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511620409
  • Avcıoğlu, N. (2014). Turquerie ve Temsil Politikası, 1728-1876. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Batey, M. (1999). Alexander Pope: The poet and the landscape. Barn Elm Pub.
  • Braham, A. (1989). The architecture of the French Enlightenment. University of California Press.
  • British Museum. (n.d.). A View of the Celebrated Mr Pope's House, fronting the River Thames at Twickenham, 02.12.2021 tarihinde https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1875-0710-4930 adresinden erişildi.
  • Burke, E. (2008). Yüce ve Güzel Kavramlarımızın Kaynağı Hakkında Felsefi Bir Soruşturma. BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
  • Buttlar, A. v. (2003). İngiliz Bahçesi. In H. Sarkowicz (Ed.), Bahçelerin ve Parkların Tarihi (pp. 142–153). Dost Kitabevi.
  • Carmontelle, L. C. (1779). Jardin de Monceau, près de Paris, appartenant à S. A. S. Mgr. le duc de Chartres / (Texte et planches par Carmontelle) | Gallica. In 1779. 09.03.2023 tarihinde https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1066592n/f9.item# adresinden erişildi.
  • Cereghini, E. (2004). Les Jardins anglo-chinois à la mode, un recueil à l’image des nouveaux jardins du XIIIe siècle. In V. Royet (Ed.), Inventaire du fonds français, graveurs du XVIIIe siècle. 15, Georges Louis Le Rouge : les jardins anglo-chinois (pp. 56–75). Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris), Connaissance et mémoires (Paris). http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb342944455
  • Chambers, W. (1763). Plans, elevations, sections, and perspective views of the gardens and buildings at Kew. London : Printed by J. Habaerkorn; pub. for the author [etc.].
  • Chambers, W. (1772). A dissertation on oriental gardening /. In A dissertation on oriental gardening /. Printed by W. Griffin, printer to the Royal Academy: sold by him in Catherine-street, and by T. Davies ... : also by J. Dodsley ... Wilson and Nicoll ... J. Walter ... and P. Elmsley ...,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63968
  • Collins, P. (1998). Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 1750-1950. McGill-Queen’s University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt81093
  • Fischer von Erlach, J. B. (1725). Entwurff einer historischen Architectur. [s.n.]. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.514481.39088008238313
  • Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (1995). Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği (O. Özügül, Çev.). Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Hays, D. (1999). Carmontelle’s Design for the Jardin de Monceau: A Freemasonic Garden in Late-Eighteenth-Century France. Eighteenth- Century Studies, 32(4), 447–462. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053927
  • Hirschfeld, C. C. L. 1742-1792. (2001). Theory of Garden Art (L. B. Parshall, Ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.
  • Hussey, C. (1967). The picturesque; studies in a point of view. Archon Books.
  • Kaufmann, E. (1955). Architecture in the Age of Reason: Baroque and Postbaroque in England, Italy, and France. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=7u5PAAAAMAAJ
  • Korzus, B. (2004). Georges Louis Le Rouge: Un cartographe franco- allemand du XIIIe siècle. In V. Royet (Ed.), Inventaire du fonds français, graveurs du XVIIIe siècle. 15, Georges Louis Le Rouge : les jardins anglo-chinois (pp. 45–55). Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris), Connaissance et mémoires (Paris). http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb342944455
  • Landscape | Works of Art | RA Collection | Royal Academy of Arts. (n.d.). 10.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/landscape-2 adresinden erişildi.
  • Laugier, M.-A. (1755). An essay on architecture ; in which its true principles are explained ... Adorned with a frontispiece, designed by Mr. Wale, etc. [By Marc Antoine Laugier.]. T. Osborne & Shipton.
  • le Rouge, G.-L. (n.d.). Detail des nouveaux jardins a la mode. [1776-1787]. RBR F-2-3 LER. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, DC. 07.08.2022 tarihinde https://nrs.lib.harvard.edu/urn- 3:doak.reslib:10658946 adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyon, J. V. (2015). A Relic from the Cave of Pope”: Drawings of the Grotto in an Extra-Illustrated Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden in the Huntington Library. Huntington Library Quarterly, 78(3), 441–477.
  • Mack, M. (1969). The Garden and the City. The Garden and the City. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487576776/HTML
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497728
  • Martin, M. (2011). Dairy Queens : The Politics of Pastoral Architecture From Catherine De’ Medici to Marie-Antoinette (Issue Vol. 176). Harvard University Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN= 361667&lang=tr&site=ehost-live
  • Mondain-Monval, J. (1918). Soufflot, aa vie, son oeuvre, son esthétique (1713-1780). https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Un7SzgEACAAJ
  • Pope, A. (1731). Epistle to Burlington. London: Printed for L. Gilliver.
  • Pope, A., Croker, J. W., Elwin, W., & Courthope, W. J. (1871). The Works of Alexander Pope. London: J. Murray.
  • Projet pour le jardin anglo-chinois du Petit Trianon / par Antoine Richard, jardinier de la Reine| Gallica. (n.d.). 31.08.2022 tarihinde https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8442735d adresinden erişildi.
  • Robertson, J. (2005). The case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1990). İnsanlar Arasındaki Eşitsizliğin Kaynağı. Say Yayınları.
  • Starobinski, J. (2012). Özgürlüğün icadı 1700-1789 ve aklın amblemleri (H. Bayrı, Çev.; 1.basım). Metis Yayınları.
  • Symes, M. (2016). ENLIGHTENMENT, THE “NATURAL” GARDEN AND BROWN. Garden History, 44, 7–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44988363
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Architecture and the Enlightenment. In The Cambridge Companion to the French Enlightenment (pp. 184–198). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139108959.014 (09.03.2023)
  • Vue des jardins de Monceau | Paris Musées. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2022, from https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/vue-des-jardins-de-monceau#infos-principales

Aydınlanma Karşıtlığı: 18. Yüzyılda Mimarlık ve Pitoresk

Yıl 2023, , 272 - 306, 11.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1263742

Öz

18. yüzyıl Aydınlanma dönemini inşa eden paradigmalar, birçok alanda eş zamanlı olarak gerçekleşir. Bu paradigmalar kavramların sınırlı içermelerle tartışıldığı, bilgi alanlarının disiplin rejimlerini üretmesine imkân vererek oldukça tanımlı bir çerçeve içinde ortaya konmalarına aracılık eder. Mimarlıkta epistemolojik söylemin inşası da benzer bir kavrayışla gerçekleşir. 18. yüzyılda arkeolojik alanların kazılmaya başlanması ve deniz aşırı seyahatlerin yapılması “başka” mimarlıkların farkına varılmasını sağlar. Ancak bu türden karşılaşmalar Antikite üzerine inşa edilen mimarlık bilgi alanının temellerini sarsar. Bu mimarlıkların belgelenmesi, durmadan çoğalan bilgi üretimini ve daha önce tartışılmamış pek çok konuyu kurumsal/kuramsal alanlarda da gündeme taşır. Verimli sayılabilecek hararetli tartışmalar yapılsa da bu karşılaşmalar kaçınılmaz olarak mimarlıkta paradokslar üreterek mevcut alışkanlıkları ve geleneksel söylemleri krize uğratır. Bu çalışma mimarlık içinde zaman-mekân paradoksu üretmiş ve bu nedenle anti-Aydınlanma olarak ifade edilebilecek durumlara neden olan örnekler etrafında şekillenir. Bu metinde yer alacak örnekler Alexander Pope, manzara bahçeleri ve folly özelinde bir tartışma yürütür. Sözkonusu örnekler Aydınlanma ideolojisi ile tutarlı bir alan olarak inşa edilmeye çalışılan mimarlığı, bütünüyle sterilize etmek için mimarlık tarihyazımında çok kısıtlı bir çerçevede konuşulmasına neden olur. Sözgelimi bu çalışmanın kuramsal altlığını oluşturan ve 18. yüzyıl mimarlık tarihyazımı içinde önemli bir yere sahip Pitoresk meselesi üzerine sayısız metin üretilmiş olsa da içindeki paradoksal durumlarla ilgili anlamlı tartışmalara pek rastlanmaz. Bu durum tesadüfi olmayacak biçimde mimarlığı belirli kurallar bütününün oluşturduğu bir alanda sınırlı bir bakışla görmeye neden olur. Oysa bu durumların da epistemolojisini anlamaya çalışmak, mimarlığı başka türlü konuşabilmenin yollarını aramak için oldukça önemlidir.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, J. (1712). Works of Nature and Art. The Spectetor, 414.
  • Ashfield, A., & de Bolla, P. (1996). The Sublime: A Reader in British Eighteenth-Century Aesthetic Theory. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511620409
  • Avcıoğlu, N. (2014). Turquerie ve Temsil Politikası, 1728-1876. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Batey, M. (1999). Alexander Pope: The poet and the landscape. Barn Elm Pub.
  • Braham, A. (1989). The architecture of the French Enlightenment. University of California Press.
  • British Museum. (n.d.). A View of the Celebrated Mr Pope's House, fronting the River Thames at Twickenham, 02.12.2021 tarihinde https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1875-0710-4930 adresinden erişildi.
  • Burke, E. (2008). Yüce ve Güzel Kavramlarımızın Kaynağı Hakkında Felsefi Bir Soruşturma. BilgeSu Yayıncılık.
  • Buttlar, A. v. (2003). İngiliz Bahçesi. In H. Sarkowicz (Ed.), Bahçelerin ve Parkların Tarihi (pp. 142–153). Dost Kitabevi.
  • Carmontelle, L. C. (1779). Jardin de Monceau, près de Paris, appartenant à S. A. S. Mgr. le duc de Chartres / (Texte et planches par Carmontelle) | Gallica. In 1779. 09.03.2023 tarihinde https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1066592n/f9.item# adresinden erişildi.
  • Cereghini, E. (2004). Les Jardins anglo-chinois à la mode, un recueil à l’image des nouveaux jardins du XIIIe siècle. In V. Royet (Ed.), Inventaire du fonds français, graveurs du XVIIIe siècle. 15, Georges Louis Le Rouge : les jardins anglo-chinois (pp. 56–75). Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris), Connaissance et mémoires (Paris). http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb342944455
  • Chambers, W. (1763). Plans, elevations, sections, and perspective views of the gardens and buildings at Kew. London : Printed by J. Habaerkorn; pub. for the author [etc.].
  • Chambers, W. (1772). A dissertation on oriental gardening /. In A dissertation on oriental gardening /. Printed by W. Griffin, printer to the Royal Academy: sold by him in Catherine-street, and by T. Davies ... : also by J. Dodsley ... Wilson and Nicoll ... J. Walter ... and P. Elmsley ...,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63968
  • Collins, P. (1998). Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 1750-1950. McGill-Queen’s University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt81093
  • Fischer von Erlach, J. B. (1725). Entwurff einer historischen Architectur. [s.n.]. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.514481.39088008238313
  • Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (1995). Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği (O. Özügül, Çev.). Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Hays, D. (1999). Carmontelle’s Design for the Jardin de Monceau: A Freemasonic Garden in Late-Eighteenth-Century France. Eighteenth- Century Studies, 32(4), 447–462. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053927
  • Hirschfeld, C. C. L. 1742-1792. (2001). Theory of Garden Art (L. B. Parshall, Ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.
  • Hussey, C. (1967). The picturesque; studies in a point of view. Archon Books.
  • Kaufmann, E. (1955). Architecture in the Age of Reason: Baroque and Postbaroque in England, Italy, and France. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=7u5PAAAAMAAJ
  • Korzus, B. (2004). Georges Louis Le Rouge: Un cartographe franco- allemand du XIIIe siècle. In V. Royet (Ed.), Inventaire du fonds français, graveurs du XVIIIe siècle. 15, Georges Louis Le Rouge : les jardins anglo-chinois (pp. 45–55). Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris), Connaissance et mémoires (Paris). http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb342944455
  • Landscape | Works of Art | RA Collection | Royal Academy of Arts. (n.d.). 10.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/landscape-2 adresinden erişildi.
  • Laugier, M.-A. (1755). An essay on architecture ; in which its true principles are explained ... Adorned with a frontispiece, designed by Mr. Wale, etc. [By Marc Antoine Laugier.]. T. Osborne & Shipton.
  • le Rouge, G.-L. (n.d.). Detail des nouveaux jardins a la mode. [1776-1787]. RBR F-2-3 LER. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, DC. 07.08.2022 tarihinde https://nrs.lib.harvard.edu/urn- 3:doak.reslib:10658946 adresinden erişildi.
  • Lyon, J. V. (2015). A Relic from the Cave of Pope”: Drawings of the Grotto in an Extra-Illustrated Plan of Mr. Pope’s Garden in the Huntington Library. Huntington Library Quarterly, 78(3), 441–477.
  • Mack, M. (1969). The Garden and the City. The Garden and the City. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487576776/HTML
  • Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511497728
  • Martin, M. (2011). Dairy Queens : The Politics of Pastoral Architecture From Catherine De’ Medici to Marie-Antoinette (Issue Vol. 176). Harvard University Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN= 361667&lang=tr&site=ehost-live
  • Mondain-Monval, J. (1918). Soufflot, aa vie, son oeuvre, son esthétique (1713-1780). https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Un7SzgEACAAJ
  • Pope, A. (1731). Epistle to Burlington. London: Printed for L. Gilliver.
  • Pope, A., Croker, J. W., Elwin, W., & Courthope, W. J. (1871). The Works of Alexander Pope. London: J. Murray.
  • Projet pour le jardin anglo-chinois du Petit Trianon / par Antoine Richard, jardinier de la Reine| Gallica. (n.d.). 31.08.2022 tarihinde https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8442735d adresinden erişildi.
  • Robertson, J. (2005). The case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1990). İnsanlar Arasındaki Eşitsizliğin Kaynağı. Say Yayınları.
  • Starobinski, J. (2012). Özgürlüğün icadı 1700-1789 ve aklın amblemleri (H. Bayrı, Çev.; 1.basım). Metis Yayınları.
  • Symes, M. (2016). ENLIGHTENMENT, THE “NATURAL” GARDEN AND BROWN. Garden History, 44, 7–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44988363
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Architecture and the Enlightenment. In The Cambridge Companion to the French Enlightenment (pp. 184–198). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139108959.014 (09.03.2023)
  • Vue des jardins de Monceau | Paris Musées. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2022, from https://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/vue-des-jardins-de-monceau#infos-principales
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kent Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Figen Işıker 0000-0001-8789-1771

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Işıker, F. (2023). Aydınlanma Karşıtlığı: 18. Yüzyılda Mimarlık ve Pitoresk. İDEALKENT, 15(40), 272-306. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1263742