Çevrecilik Mekânı’nın Üretimi: Ekoturizm, Doğa Koruma ve Proje Alanları

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, liberal çevreciliğin mekânsal üretimini ortaya koymak ve Çevrecilik Mekânı olarak tanımlamaktır. Öncelikle, liberal çevreciliğe yöneltilen eleştirilere Henri Lefebvre’in geç kapitalizmdeki kent mekanın üretimi yaklaşımı entegre edilerek kuramsal bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Buna göre Çevrecilik Mekânı üç farklı örnek üzerinden incelenmiştir; ekoturizm, doğa koruma ve proje alanları. Ekoturizm Alanlarında yaşayan yerel halk hediyelik eşya dükkânı satıcısı veya günlük tur rehberine dönüşürken doğal ekosistemler tüketim toplumunun ihtiyaç ve kaygılarını tatmin eden turistik metalara dönüşmektedir. Liberal çevreci seçkinlerin soyut planlarına göre tasarlanan Doğa Koruma Alanlarında, ‘gerçek doğal yaşam’ şehirleşmeden ve endüstrileşmeden uzakta var olabilmektedir. Böylece dünyanın geri kalanındaki tüm ekosistemlerin yıkımı ve çöküşü gizlenebilmektedir. Doğa Koruma Projesi yürütülen alanlarda ise yerel halk ve diğer aktörler ilgi gruplarına indirgenmekte ve aynılaştırılmaktadır. Çevresel sorunlara karşılık kazan-kazan çözümleri sunan ve proje alanı soyutlamasına meşruiyet sağlayan bilimsel uzmanlar, doğayı yeniden tanımlamakta ve çeşitli kullanım bölgelerine ayırmaktadır.

Örnekler göstermektedir ki, liberal çevreciliğin soyutlaması kenttekine benzer biçimde doğayı ve toplumu aynılaştıran tahakkümcü bir mekân üretmektedir. Devlet, sermaye, medya ve çevreci sivil toplum kuruluşlarının birlikte hareket ettiği bu tahakküm sürecinde doğa vahşi, tehdit altında, güzel ve bölgelere ayrılmış biçimde tasarlanmaktadır. Turistik, koruma veya proje amaçlı olarak çevrecilik mekânlarına dönüştürülen doğal alanlarda yaşayan yerel halk ise satıcılara, tüketicilere, ziyaretçilere ve paydaşlara indirgenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevrecilik,Mekân,Ekoturizm,Toplumsal ekoloji,Doğanın şehirleşmesi

The Spatial Production of Environmentalism: Ecotourism Sites, Protected Areas and Conservation Project Fields

Öz

This paper aims to reveal the spatial production of liberal environmentalism and calls it with a new term, Space of Environmentalism. First, the critique of liberal environmentalism is integrated with production of urban space in late capitalism by Henri Lefebvre as a theoretical framework. Space of Environmentalism is analysed with three different examples as ecotourism site, protected area and conservation project field. Local people of ecotourism sites become a shop owner or a tour guide, while a natural ecosystem becomes a touristic commodity in order to satisfy needs and concerns of consumer society. In protected areas, liberal environmentalist elites impose their abstract plan that ‘real’ wild nature can sustain in a protected area remote from urbanization and industrialization in order to hide the consumption, destruction and the collapse of remaining ecosystems of the earth. Local people and other agents in conservation project field are homogenized and defined as stakeholders while nature is defined and bordered by scientific experts provide legitimization to win-win solutions to environmental threats.

These examples show that the abstraction of liberal environmentalism produces spaces that homogenize and dominate nature and society like cities. State, capital, media and environmental NGOs act together to impose these spaces where nature is presented as wild, beautiful, and threatened to satisfy liberal environmentalist concerns and needs of a consumer society. Nature becomes homogenized as touristic, protected or conserved spaces where local people are changed into sellers, consumers, visitors and stakeholders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Environmentalism,Space,Ecotourism,Social ecology,Urbanization of nature

Kaynakça

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