Kenti Şekillendirmek: İstanbul’da Üç Kentsel Olay

Öz

Başka hadiselerin ya da kazaların kaçınılmaz ya da belirlenmiş sonucu olmayan, tümüyle olumsal ya da beklenmedik bir şekilde ortaya çıkan ancak güncel kenti dönüştüren ve geleceğini şekillendirmede güç ve etki uygulayabilen kentsel olaylar hakkında ne düşünmeliyiz? Kentin morfolojisi ve yapılı çevresi yanı sıra kent sakinlerinin mekan algısında kırılmaya ve yeni bir konfigürasyona sebep olan mühim eylemleri ve olayları nasıl tespit edebilir ve açıklayabiliriz? Bu makale kentin modern döneminde belirleyici olan, kentin morfolojisini, kentte yaşayanların deneyimlerini ve kentin etnik-dini kompozisyonunu karşılıklı olarak kuran üç olayı tariflemekte ve incelemektedir. Makalenin temel argümanı, her ne kadar yaratıcı dinamikleri zorunlu olarak tutarlı bir kentsel sistem üretmek üzere işlemiyor olsa da, kentsel olayların bir araya gelerek ya da iç içe geçerek çağdaş/güncel kenti parçalayarak-yeniden birleştirerek yapılandırdıklarıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gecekondular,modernist mimari,milliyetçilik,kentsel olaylar,İstanbul

Shaping the City: Three Urban Events in Istanbul

Öz

What of contingent or unexpected urban events that are not the inevitable or determined outcome of other happenings or incidents, and yet transform the present city and exert their force and influence into the future? How might we identify and explicate crucial acts and developments that rupture and reconfigure the morphology and built environment of the city, as well as of its inhabitants’ perceptions of space? This paper describes and analyses three urban events in Istanbul that have become significant determining acts in the city’s modern period, co-constituting both the morphology of the city, the experiences of its inhabitants, and its ethnic/religious composition. The paper argues that urban events coalesce or entangle to part-assemble the contemporary city, even as their creative dynamics do not necessarily function to produce a coherent urban system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Shantytowns,modernist architecture,nationalism,urban events,Istanbul

Kaynakça

1. Akpinar, I. (2010). Istanbul’da modern bir Pay-i Taht: Prost planı çerçevesinde Menderes’in icraati. In Imparatorluk Baskentinden Cumhuriyetin Modern Ken-tine: Henri Prost’un Istanbul Planlamasi (1936-1951). Istanbul: Istanbul Arastirmalari Enstitusu.
2. Aktar, A. (2000). Varlık vergisi ve Türklestirme politikaları. Istanbul: Iletişim.
3. ----------. (2006) Turk milliyetciligi, gayrimuslimler ve ekonomik donusum. Istanbul: Iletişim.
4. Alexandris, A. (1983). The Greek minority of Istanbul and Greek-Turkish Relations 1918-1974. Athens: Centre for Asia Minor Studies.
5. Bachelard, G. (1994) [1958]. The poetics of space. Boston: Beacon Press.
6. Bektaş, C. (1996). Hosgörünün öteki adı: Kuzguncuk. Istanbul: Tasarım Yayın Grubu.
7. Bilsel, F. (2010). Henri Prost’un Istanbul planlamasi: Nazim planlar ve kentsel operasyonlarla kentin yapisal donusumu. In Imparatorluk Baskentinden Cumhuriyet’in Modern Kentine: Henri Prost’un Istanbul Planlamasi (1936-1951). Istanbul: Istanbul Arastirmalari Enstitusu.
8. Boer, R. (2015). Revolution in the event: The Problem of Kairos. Theory, Culture and Society 30, 2, 116-134.

9. Bozdoğan, S. (1994). Architecture, modernism and nation-building in Ke-malist Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, Spring 10, 37-55.
10. Cağaptay, S. (2006). Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: Who is a Turk? Oxon: Routledge.
11. Çaglar, A. (1990). The Greywolves as metaphor. In A. F. & N. S. (Eds.), Turkish State, Turkish Society, London: Routledge.
12. Das, V. (1995). Critical events: Anthropological perspective on contemporary India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Das, Veena ‘On singularity and the event: Further reflections on the ordinary’ [https://www.academia.edu/8237494/On_Singularity_and_the_Event_Further_Reflections_on_the_Ordinary]
13. Erder, S. (1996). Istanbul’a bir kent kondu: Ümraniye. Iletişim Yayınları: Istanbul.
14. Erman, T. (2001). The politics of squatter (Gecekondu) studies in Turkey: The changing representations of rural migrants in the academic discourse. Ur-ban Studies 38, 7, 983-1002.
15. ---------. (2012). Urbanization and urbanism. In M. H. & S. S. (Eds.) The Routledge handbook of modern Turkey, Abingdon: Routledge.
16. Getz D. and Page, S. (2016). Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events. New York: Routledge.
17. Gul, M. (2009). The emergence of modern Istanbul. Transformation and modernisa-tion of a city. London: I.B. Taurus.
18. Humphrey, C. (2008). Reassembling individual subjects: Events and decisions in troubled times. Anthropological Theory 8 (4), 357–380.
19. -------- (2014). Schism, event and revolution: The old believers of Trans-Baikalia. Current Anthropology 55 (10), 216–225.
20. Kapferer, B. (2015). Introduction. In L.M. and B. K. (Eds.) In the event. Toward an anthropology of generic moments. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
21. Karpat, K. (1976). The Gecekondu. Rural migration and urbanization. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
22. Keyder, Ç. (1987). State and class in Turkey. London: Verso.
23. ------ (1999). A tale of two neighbourhoods. In Ç. K. (Ed.), Istanbul between the global and the local. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
24. ------ (2005). Globalization and social Exclusion in Istanbul. International Jour-nal of Urban and Regional Research. 29, 1, 124-134.
25. Kolluoğlu-Kırlı, B. (2002). The play of memory, counter-memory: Building İzmir on Smyrna’s ashes. New Perspectives on Turkey 26, 1–28.
26. Mello, B. (2010). Communists and compromisers: Explaining divergences within Turkish labour activism, 1960-1980. European Journal of Turkish Studies 11, 1-21.
27. Mills, A. (2010). Streets of memory. Landscape, tolerance and national identity in Istanbul. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
28. Oran, B. (2003). The story of those who stayed: Lessons from Articles 1 and 2 of the 1923 Convention. In Renée Hirschon (Ed.), Crossing the Agean: An ap-praisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
29. Pamuk, Ş. (2012). Turkiye’nin 200 Yillik Iktisadi Tarihi. Istanbul: Turkiye Is Bankasi Kultur Yayinlari
30. Rabinow, P. (1989). French Modern: Norms and forms of the social environment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ------ (1996). Essays on the anthropology of reason. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
31. Sahlins, M. (1985). Islands of history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Sasanlar, B. (2006). A historical panorama of an Istanbul Neighbourhood: Cihangir from the late nineteenth century to the 2000s. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bogazici University).
33. Stewart, K. (2012). Precarity’s forms. Cultural Anthropology 27(3), 518-525.
34. Şenyapılı, T. (2004). Charting the voyage of squatter housing in urban spatial ‘Quadruped’. European Journal of Turkish Studies 1, 9-19.
35. Tekeli, I. (1992). Türkiye’de kentleşme yazılari. Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara.
36. Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, fields and metaphors: Symbolic action in human society. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.