Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Bir Sanat Eseri Olarak Kent: Görsel Düzensizlik

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 10, 164 - 199, 30.09.2013

Öz

Kent ve planlama tarihi boyunca
şehrin kaosunu ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla çeşitli şehir düzenleri geliştirilmiştir.
Sanatsal kategoriler içerisinde kent yer almazken, kentte aranılan estetik
ölçütün şehirsel düzen ve dokudaki görsel düzenlilik olduğu iddia edilmektedir.
Bu araştırmada amaç tarih boyunca geliştirilen şehirsel düzenlerin
farklılıklarını belirlemek ve kentin estetik bir değer taşıyan sanat ürünü
olarak tezahürüne katkısını tespit etmektir. Araştırma sayısız düzen
çeşitlerinin özniteliklerinin analizine dayanır. Araştırma bulguları görsel
düzensizlik olarak görülen şehir düzenlerinin “yaşadığımız sanata” imkân
tanıması sebebiyle kentin sanat eseri algısını güçlendirdiğidir. Araştırmanın
en önemli sonuçlarından biri uyumlu biçimsel unsurların, emics ve etics
kanunlara ve bir parçası olduğu doğaya göre doğru ve uygun yerde olması
sonucunda ortaya çıkacak olan şey, fiziki anlamda görsel bir düzensizlik
tanımlasa bile “güzelleştiren bir güzellik” yarattığıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Arab City Cul-de-sacs in Medina district –Tunis [Fotograf]. (2010). Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_City_Cul-de-sacs_in_Medina_district_-Tunis.jpg
  • Ayverdi, E. H. (1973). Osmanlı Mimarisinde Fatih Devri: 885-886 (1451-1481) (c. 3). İstanbul: Baha Matbaası.
  • Barnett, J. (1987). The Elusive City : Five Centuries of Design, Ambition and Miscalculation. London: Herbert.
  • Beck, J. (2013). John Nolen and the Metropolitan Landscape. London; New York: Routledge.
  • Berleant, A. (1992). The Aesthetics of Environment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Berleant, A. (1997). Living in the Landscape: Toward an Aesthetics of Environment. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
  • Boyer, M. C. (1988). The Return of Aesthetics to City Planning. Society, (May/June), 49-56.
  • Caillebotte, G. (1877). Paris Street, Rainy Day [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Cansever, T. (1991). Mimarlık Mirasımız ve Kültürümüzün Geleceği. Kubbealtı Akademi Mecmûası, 20(2), 35.
  • Cansever, T. (1997). İslam'da Şehir ve Mimari. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Carlson, A. (2009). Nature and Landscape: an Introduction to Environmental Aesthetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Delt, L. T. (1909). Kairouan [Harita]. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.antiquaprintgallery.com/tunisia-kairouan-1909-map-62503-p.asp
  • Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. New York: Minton, Balch & Company.
  • Erzen, J. N. (2006). Çevre Estetigi. Ankara: Odtü Yayıncılık.
  • Esquema simplificado de la ubicación de las edificaciones en la zona arqueológica Guachimontones [Harita]. (2008). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guachimontones.gif
  • Estes, R. (2010). Broadway Bus Stop, Near Lincoln Center [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Ferdous, F. (2012). The Spatial Analysis and Morphological Evolution of the ‘Bazaar Streets’ and Urban Structure of Dhaka City. Urban Design International, 17(3), 206-220.
  • Filarete, S. J. R. (1965). Treatise on Architecture; Being the Treatise by Antonio di Piero Averlino, Known as Filarete. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Filipovitch, T. (2006). Beijing Plan [Harita]. Minnesota State University URSI 110--The City course. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://aytch.mnsu.edu/URBS110/Asia/China/Beijing %20plan.jpg
  • Gagnon, B. (2009). Houses in Park Güell designed by Antoni Gaudi, Barcelona, Spain [Fotograf]. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/park-guell-barcelona-catalonia-spain-high-res-stock-photography/128084294.
  • Gerster, G. (2009). The Shah Mosque in Esfahan, Iran 1978 [Fotograf]. Paradise Lost, Persia from Above. New York: Phaidon Press.
  • Griffin, W. B. (1914). Canberra Federal Capital of Australia Preliminary Plan [Harita]. Melbourne: Dept. of Home Affairs. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://nla.gov.au/ nla.map-gmod34.
  • Günther, K. (1993). The Sense of Appropriateness Application Discourses in Morality and Law. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press.
  • Habraken, N. J., ve Teicher, J. (1998). The Structure of the Ordinary : Form and Control in the Built Environment. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1975). Aesthetics : Lectures on Fine Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2004). The Philosophy of History. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
  • Hospers, J. “Philosophy of Art”. (2013). Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36433/philosophy-of-art.
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
  • Kanık, O. V. (1982). Bütün Şiirleri. Istanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Khan, I. M. (1982). Alternative Approach to the Redevelopment of Old Dacca. Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven.
  • Kostof, S. (1991). The City Shaped : Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Kostof, S. (1992). The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Kuntz, P. (1968). The Concept of Order. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Kwiotek, H. (2011). Cablecar on Nob Hill [Fotograf]. Time Out San Francisco. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.timeout.com/san-francisco/features/325/20-great-things-to-do-in-san-francisco.
  • Lampert, J. (2001). Why Is There No Category of the City Hegel's Aesthetics? British Journal of Aesthetics, 41(3), 312-324.
  • L'Enfant, C. (1792). Plan of the City of Washington [Harita]. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg.
  • Lorenzetti, A. (1335). City by the Sea [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Map of Tenochtitlan [Harita]. (t.y.). American History Course: Conquering the Aztec Empire. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://aventalearning.com/content168staging/ 2008AmHistA/unit1/html/section_3_page_12.html
  • Mellaart, J. (1964). Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, 1963, Third Preliminary Report. Anatolian Studies, 14, 39-119.
  • Michel, A. (1887). Jean François Millet and the Late Exhibition of His Works at the Paris School of Fine Arts. The Connoisseur, 2(2), 55-76.
  • Morris, A. E. J. (1994). History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions. Harlow, Essex, England; New York: Longman Scientific & Technical : Wiley.
  • Nietzsche, F. N. F. S. D. (1997). The Birth of Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Painted City [Fotograf]. (2011). Apollo Mosaic Found in Rome Tunnel: Photos. Discovery News. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/apollo-mosaic-rome-archaeology-110729.htm.
  • Pikirayi, I. (2001). The Zimbabwe Culture : Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. Plan of Baghdad [Harita]. The Abbasid Caliphate. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/images/rndcity.jpg
  • Plan of Mohenjo Daro, c. 2600-2000 bce, Indus Valley civilization, Pakistan [Harita]. (2008). S. Helft. ARTH 101-910 European Art & Civilization before 1400, Lecture 4: Bronze Age India and China: University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/smr04/101910/Slide4.4.jpg.
  • Plan of Palma Nova [Harita]. Geometrical. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.anatomyofnorbiton.org/anatomy%20pages/geometrical.php.
  • Plan of Priene [harita]. Priene (Gullubahce). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.travellinkturkey.com/priene.html.
  • Plan of Timgad, Algeria, ca.100. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.tumblr.com/tagged /timgad.
  • Pounds, N. J. G. (2005). The Medieval City. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  • Ragon, M. (2010). Modern Mimarlık ve Şehircilik Tarihi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
  • Rapoport, A. (1982). The Meaning of the Built Environment: a Nonverbal Communication Approach. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Rapoport, A. (1984). Culture and the Urban Order. J. A. Agnew, J. Mercer ve D. E. Sopher (Ed.), The City in Cultural Context (s. 50-76). Boston: Allen & Unwin.
  • Rapoport, A. (1990). Systems of Activities and Systems of Settings. S. Kent (Ed.), Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space : an Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study (s. 9-20). Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sasaki, K. (2001). Beautifying Beauty. K. Sasaki (Ed.), The Great Book of Aesthetics XVth International Congress of Aesthetics, Japan 2001 (c.5, sy.). Tokyo; Japan: International Association of Aesthetics.
  • Sforzinda: Filarete's Ideal City. (2007). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.sforzinda.com/english/idealcity.html.
  • Smith, M. E. (2007). Form and Meaning in the Earliest Cities: A New Approach to Ancient Urban Planning. Journal of Planning History, 6(1), 3-47.
  • Smith, M. E. (2011). Defining Cities and Urbanism. Wide Urban World. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://wideurbanworld.blogspot.com/2011/11/defining-cities-and-urbanism-again.html.
  • Talen, E. (2002). Help for Urban Planning: The Transect Strategy. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3), 293-312.
  • Talen, E. (2005). New Urbanism and American Planning : the Conflict of Cultures. New York: Routledge.
  • Talen, E. (2013). Contradiction and Consensus in American Urbanism. Architectoni.ca, 2, 23-29.
  • Talen, E., ve Ellis, C. (2004). Cities as Art: Exploring the Possibility of an Aesthetic Dimension in Planning. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(1), 11-32.
  • The Ah Site: Plan of Larsa Houses [Harita]. Archaeological Map of City. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/classes/anth3/Ur_cityplan.jpg.
  • Topic, J. R. (2003). From Stewards to Bureaucrats: Architecture and Information Flow at Chan Chan, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 14(3), 243-274. Erişim: 27 Haziran 2013, http://chanchanarch.wikispaces.com/.
  • Vendel, O. (2001). Kahun - Home of the Workers [Harita]. Erişim: 27 Haziran 2013, http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/5egypt/5bildsidor/kahun.htm
  • Weigand, P. C. (1996). The Architecture of the Teuchitlan Tradition of the Occidente of Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica, 7(01), 91-101.
  • Weigand, P. C. (2010). The Evolution and Decline of a Core of Civilization: The Teuchitlan Tradition and the Archaeology of Jalisco. M. S. Foster ve S. Gorenstein (Ed.), Greater Mesoamerica: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mexico (s. 43-58). Utah: University of Utah Press.
  • Woodhouse, J. (2013). Church of San Francisco, looking up Recreo [Fotograf]. S. Flint. Living in: Cities Known for Art and Culture. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130319-living-in-cities-known-for-art-and-culture.
  • Zarzar, K. M. (2010). Innovation, Identity and Sustainability in H.P. Berlage’ Stock Exchange [Bildiri]. Generative Art Proceedings of the 13th International Conference Generative Art GA2010, Milan. Milano.
  • Zieger, J. R. (2010). Archaeological Map of Anghor Region [Harita]. The Comprehensive Angkor Brief Guide. Siem Riap, Cambodia. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, www.angkorguide.com.

City as a Work of Art: Visual Irregularity

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 10, 164 - 199, 30.09.2013

Öz

Through the history of urban and city planning,
several urban orders were implicated in order to eliminate the chaos of city.
It is stated that the criteria of a city’s aesthetic is determined by the
visual regularity of urban order and pattern, whereas the city is not involved
in the classification of art. The purpose of this article is to determine the
differences of urban orders that appeared in the history of city planning and
to argue the contribution into the manifestation of the city as a work of art,
with an aesthetic value. This study depends on the analysis of the features of
various urban orders. The findings of the study is that the urban orders, seen
as a visual irregularity, strengthens perceive of the city as a work of art, on
account of enabling a “living art”. One of the main results of the research is
that the urban order which was constituted by the formal materials, located in
an appropriate place according to the emics and etics and also the nature, produces
“a beautifying beauty”, even it creates a visual irregularity.

Kaynakça

  • Arab City Cul-de-sacs in Medina district –Tunis [Fotograf]. (2010). Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_City_Cul-de-sacs_in_Medina_district_-Tunis.jpg
  • Ayverdi, E. H. (1973). Osmanlı Mimarisinde Fatih Devri: 885-886 (1451-1481) (c. 3). İstanbul: Baha Matbaası.
  • Barnett, J. (1987). The Elusive City : Five Centuries of Design, Ambition and Miscalculation. London: Herbert.
  • Beck, J. (2013). John Nolen and the Metropolitan Landscape. London; New York: Routledge.
  • Berleant, A. (1992). The Aesthetics of Environment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Berleant, A. (1997). Living in the Landscape: Toward an Aesthetics of Environment. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
  • Boyer, M. C. (1988). The Return of Aesthetics to City Planning. Society, (May/June), 49-56.
  • Caillebotte, G. (1877). Paris Street, Rainy Day [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Cansever, T. (1991). Mimarlık Mirasımız ve Kültürümüzün Geleceği. Kubbealtı Akademi Mecmûası, 20(2), 35.
  • Cansever, T. (1997). İslam'da Şehir ve Mimari. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
  • Carlson, A. (2009). Nature and Landscape: an Introduction to Environmental Aesthetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Delt, L. T. (1909). Kairouan [Harita]. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.antiquaprintgallery.com/tunisia-kairouan-1909-map-62503-p.asp
  • Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience. New York: Minton, Balch & Company.
  • Erzen, J. N. (2006). Çevre Estetigi. Ankara: Odtü Yayıncılık.
  • Esquema simplificado de la ubicación de las edificaciones en la zona arqueológica Guachimontones [Harita]. (2008). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guachimontones.gif
  • Estes, R. (2010). Broadway Bus Stop, Near Lincoln Center [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Ferdous, F. (2012). The Spatial Analysis and Morphological Evolution of the ‘Bazaar Streets’ and Urban Structure of Dhaka City. Urban Design International, 17(3), 206-220.
  • Filarete, S. J. R. (1965). Treatise on Architecture; Being the Treatise by Antonio di Piero Averlino, Known as Filarete. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Filipovitch, T. (2006). Beijing Plan [Harita]. Minnesota State University URSI 110--The City course. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://aytch.mnsu.edu/URBS110/Asia/China/Beijing %20plan.jpg
  • Gagnon, B. (2009). Houses in Park Güell designed by Antoni Gaudi, Barcelona, Spain [Fotograf]. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/park-guell-barcelona-catalonia-spain-high-res-stock-photography/128084294.
  • Gerster, G. (2009). The Shah Mosque in Esfahan, Iran 1978 [Fotograf]. Paradise Lost, Persia from Above. New York: Phaidon Press.
  • Griffin, W. B. (1914). Canberra Federal Capital of Australia Preliminary Plan [Harita]. Melbourne: Dept. of Home Affairs. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://nla.gov.au/ nla.map-gmod34.
  • Günther, K. (1993). The Sense of Appropriateness Application Discourses in Morality and Law. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press.
  • Habraken, N. J., ve Teicher, J. (1998). The Structure of the Ordinary : Form and Control in the Built Environment. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1975). Aesthetics : Lectures on Fine Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2004). The Philosophy of History. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
  • Hospers, J. “Philosophy of Art”. (2013). Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36433/philosophy-of-art.
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
  • Kanık, O. V. (1982). Bütün Şiirleri. Istanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Khan, I. M. (1982). Alternative Approach to the Redevelopment of Old Dacca. Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven.
  • Kostof, S. (1991). The City Shaped : Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Kostof, S. (1992). The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form Through History. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Kuntz, P. (1968). The Concept of Order. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Kwiotek, H. (2011). Cablecar on Nob Hill [Fotograf]. Time Out San Francisco. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.timeout.com/san-francisco/features/325/20-great-things-to-do-in-san-francisco.
  • Lampert, J. (2001). Why Is There No Category of the City Hegel's Aesthetics? British Journal of Aesthetics, 41(3), 312-324.
  • L'Enfant, C. (1792). Plan of the City of Washington [Harita]. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.jpg.
  • Lorenzetti, A. (1335). City by the Sea [Resim]. theArtWolf.com Online Art Magazine. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/cityscape-painting.htm.
  • Map of Tenochtitlan [Harita]. (t.y.). American History Course: Conquering the Aztec Empire. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://aventalearning.com/content168staging/ 2008AmHistA/unit1/html/section_3_page_12.html
  • Mellaart, J. (1964). Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, 1963, Third Preliminary Report. Anatolian Studies, 14, 39-119.
  • Michel, A. (1887). Jean François Millet and the Late Exhibition of His Works at the Paris School of Fine Arts. The Connoisseur, 2(2), 55-76.
  • Morris, A. E. J. (1994). History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions. Harlow, Essex, England; New York: Longman Scientific & Technical : Wiley.
  • Nietzsche, F. N. F. S. D. (1997). The Birth of Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Painted City [Fotograf]. (2011). Apollo Mosaic Found in Rome Tunnel: Photos. Discovery News. Erişim: 21 Haziran 2013, http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/apollo-mosaic-rome-archaeology-110729.htm.
  • Pikirayi, I. (2001). The Zimbabwe Culture : Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. Plan of Baghdad [Harita]. The Abbasid Caliphate. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/images/rndcity.jpg
  • Plan of Mohenjo Daro, c. 2600-2000 bce, Indus Valley civilization, Pakistan [Harita]. (2008). S. Helft. ARTH 101-910 European Art & Civilization before 1400, Lecture 4: Bronze Age India and China: University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/smr04/101910/Slide4.4.jpg.
  • Plan of Palma Nova [Harita]. Geometrical. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.anatomyofnorbiton.org/anatomy%20pages/geometrical.php.
  • Plan of Priene [harita]. Priene (Gullubahce). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.travellinkturkey.com/priene.html.
  • Plan of Timgad, Algeria, ca.100. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.tumblr.com/tagged /timgad.
  • Pounds, N. J. G. (2005). The Medieval City. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  • Ragon, M. (2010). Modern Mimarlık ve Şehircilik Tarihi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Rapoport, A. (1977). Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
  • Rapoport, A. (1982). The Meaning of the Built Environment: a Nonverbal Communication Approach. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Rapoport, A. (1984). Culture and the Urban Order. J. A. Agnew, J. Mercer ve D. E. Sopher (Ed.), The City in Cultural Context (s. 50-76). Boston: Allen & Unwin.
  • Rapoport, A. (1990). Systems of Activities and Systems of Settings. S. Kent (Ed.), Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space : an Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study (s. 9-20). Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sasaki, K. (2001). Beautifying Beauty. K. Sasaki (Ed.), The Great Book of Aesthetics XVth International Congress of Aesthetics, Japan 2001 (c.5, sy.). Tokyo; Japan: International Association of Aesthetics.
  • Sforzinda: Filarete's Ideal City. (2007). Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.sforzinda.com/english/idealcity.html.
  • Smith, M. E. (2007). Form and Meaning in the Earliest Cities: A New Approach to Ancient Urban Planning. Journal of Planning History, 6(1), 3-47.
  • Smith, M. E. (2011). Defining Cities and Urbanism. Wide Urban World. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://wideurbanworld.blogspot.com/2011/11/defining-cities-and-urbanism-again.html.
  • Talen, E. (2002). Help for Urban Planning: The Transect Strategy. Journal of Urban Design, 7(3), 293-312.
  • Talen, E. (2005). New Urbanism and American Planning : the Conflict of Cultures. New York: Routledge.
  • Talen, E. (2013). Contradiction and Consensus in American Urbanism. Architectoni.ca, 2, 23-29.
  • Talen, E., ve Ellis, C. (2004). Cities as Art: Exploring the Possibility of an Aesthetic Dimension in Planning. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(1), 11-32.
  • The Ah Site: Plan of Larsa Houses [Harita]. Archaeological Map of City. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/classes/anth3/Ur_cityplan.jpg.
  • Topic, J. R. (2003). From Stewards to Bureaucrats: Architecture and Information Flow at Chan Chan, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 14(3), 243-274. Erişim: 27 Haziran 2013, http://chanchanarch.wikispaces.com/.
  • Vendel, O. (2001). Kahun - Home of the Workers [Harita]. Erişim: 27 Haziran 2013, http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/5egypt/5bildsidor/kahun.htm
  • Weigand, P. C. (1996). The Architecture of the Teuchitlan Tradition of the Occidente of Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica, 7(01), 91-101.
  • Weigand, P. C. (2010). The Evolution and Decline of a Core of Civilization: The Teuchitlan Tradition and the Archaeology of Jalisco. M. S. Foster ve S. Gorenstein (Ed.), Greater Mesoamerica: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mexico (s. 43-58). Utah: University of Utah Press.
  • Woodhouse, J. (2013). Church of San Francisco, looking up Recreo [Fotograf]. S. Flint. Living in: Cities Known for Art and Culture. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130319-living-in-cities-known-for-art-and-culture.
  • Zarzar, K. M. (2010). Innovation, Identity and Sustainability in H.P. Berlage’ Stock Exchange [Bildiri]. Generative Art Proceedings of the 13th International Conference Generative Art GA2010, Milan. Milano.
  • Zieger, J. R. (2010). Archaeological Map of Anghor Region [Harita]. The Comprehensive Angkor Brief Guide. Siem Riap, Cambodia. Erişim: 23 Haziran 2013, www.angkorguide.com.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Methiye Gül Çöteli Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 10

Kaynak Göster

APA Çöteli, M. G. (2013). Bir Sanat Eseri Olarak Kent: Görsel Düzensizlik. İDEALKENT, 4(10), 164-199.