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Ruhr’un Öğrettikleri: Türkiye’nin Endüstriyel Kültürünün Korunması İçin Bir Model Olarak Dünya Mirası Zollverein

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 19, 474 - 496, 31.05.2016

Öz

Madencilik ve çelik endüstrileri yirminci
yüzyılın başlarında Avrupa ülkelerinin ekonomik kalkınmalarının belirleyicileri
olmuştur. Aslında, bu sektörler Endüstri Devrimi ile birlikte ekonomik kalkınma
ve kentleşmeyi temsil etmeye başlamıştır. Ancak, 1960ların sonlarından itibaren
yeni enerji kaynakları ve gelişen bilişim teknolojileri dünya ekonomisini
değiştirmiş ve ağır sanayi endüstri ülkeleri için önemini kaybetmiştir. Yine
de, endüstri lideri bu ülkeler, endüstri yapılarını ve onların alanlarını
kültürel varlıklar olarak korumaya karar vermişlerdir. Bu lider ülkelerden biri
olan Almanya, bütünüyle bir bölgeyi o dönemin tanığı olarak koruma altına alan
ilk ülke olmuştur.
Yirminci yüzyılda
kentleşen ve endüstrileşen Ruhr bölgesi, yüz binlerce işçinin bölgeyi terk etmesinden
sonra, 1988 yılında IBA Emscher Park Projesinin konusunu oluşturmuştur.
1989’dan itibaren proje, bu bölgedeki bozulmuş olan peyzajın yeniden
yapılandırılmasına odaklanmıştır. Ne yazık ki, yapılan kazılar ve dolgular
nedeniyle topografya büyük ölçüde zarar görmüştür ve orijinal haline geri dönüş
mümkün olmamıştır. Dolayısıyla, bu bölge için içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyıla
yönelik yeni bir model önerisi geliştirmek, endüstriyel kültürün ve bölgenin
kültürel kimliğinin altını çizmenin bir aracı olmuştur. Bu makale, 2010 yılında
“Avrupa Kültür Başkenti” ilan edilen Ruhr bölgesini, Türkiye’nin endüstriyel
alanlarının korunmasında bir model oluşturmasını sorgulamak amacıyla
endüstriyel kültürü ile tartışmaktadır. 1989 ve 1999 yılları arasında Ruhr bölgesinde
yapılanlar ve sonrasındaki yankıları pek çok ülkeye ilham vermiştir. Bu
nedenle, Ruhr modelinin diğer yerler ve politik ortamlar için uygulanabilirliği
bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır ve Internationale Bauausstellung
(International Building Exhibition - IBA) Emscher Park Projesi’nin felesefesi
ve Ruhr’daki etkileri Türkiye’deki muhtemel dönüşümlere ışık tutması amacıyla
Zeche Zollverein örneği üzerinden detaylandırılmaktadır.  

Kaynakça

  • Ballester, J. M. (ed.) (2001). The council of Europe and cultural heritage 1954 – 2000. Germany: Council of Europe Publishing.
  • Borgelt, C. & Jost, R. (2009). Zollverein world heritage site essen. Berlin: Stadtwandel Verlag.
  • Buchanan, A. (2014). The origins and the early days of the AIA Industrial Archaeology News, 169, 2-4.
  • Department of Urban Design and Land Use Planning, Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund (Eds.), (2008). International building exhibition Emscher Park. Essen Klartext: Verlag.
  • Durchholz, U. & Pfeiffer, M. (2008). Auf dem weg in die zukunft: Zollverein nach der stilllegung, Stiftung Zollverein (Hrsg.), Welterbe Zollverein. Essen: Klartext.
  • ERIH. (2016). About Erih. http://www.erih.net/service/topmenu/about-erih.html (Retrieved on 18th April 2016)
  • Halbwachs, M. (1980). The collective memory, Ditter, F. J. and Ditter, V. Y. (translator). New York: Harper and Row Colophon Books.
  • Hudson, K. (1979). World industrial archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ICOMOS & TICCIH. (2011). Joint ICOMOS – TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial. Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes. http://www.icomos.org/Paris2011/GA2011_ICOMOS_TICCIH_joint_principles_EN_FR_final_20120110.pdf (accessed on April 15, 2016)
  • Karabaic, M. (2013). Organizing industrial heritage in north Rhine-westphalia (nrw), Germany, TICCIH Congress 2012: The International Conservation for the Industrial Heritage Series 2, Chung Yuan Christian University, 285-88.
  • Labelle, J. M. (2001). Emscher Park, Germany — expanding the definition of a park, Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands, edited by David Harmon, Hancock, Michigan, The George Wright Society, 222-27.
  • Raines, A. B. (2011). Wandeldurch (industrie) kultur [change through (industrial) culture]: conservation and renewal in the Ruhrgebiet, Planning Perspectives, 26:2, 183-207.
  • Rix, M. (195) Industrial archaeology, The Amateur Historian, 2(8), 225-229.
  • Rossi, A. (1989). The architecture of the city. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press.
  • Seltmann, G. (2007). Renaissance of an industrial region: “internationale bauausstellung Emscher park” achievements and future model for others, RISS – Research Institute for Sustainability Studies, University of Osaka. http://www.riss.osaka-u.ac.jp/jp/events/point/P.Seltmann.pdf (Retrieved on 26th April 2016).
  • Slach, O., Rumpel, P., Boruta, T. (2011). Transferable impulses of IBA Emscher Park - Czech Perspective, 200-210. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 259822260 (Retriewed on 28th April, 2016).
  • Stiftung. (2016). Die stiftung industriedenkmalpflege und geschichtskultur. ‘Industriedenkmal-Stiftung’, http://www.industriedenkmal-stiftung.de/docs/41272833752_de.php (Retrieved on 18th April 2016)
  • Stilgenbauer, J. (2005). Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord – Duisburg, Germany, Places: A Forum of Environmental Design 17, No. 3: 7.

Learning From the Ruhr: The Case of the World Heritage Site Zollverein as a Model of Conserving Industrial Culture in Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 19, 474 - 496, 31.05.2016

Öz

The coal mining and
steel industries became determinants of European countries’ economic development
in the early twentieth century. In fact, these sectors came to represent
economic progress and urbanization with the Industrial Revolution. However,
beginning in the late 1960s, new energy sources as well as developing information
technologies altered the world economy, and heavy industry lost its importance
for industrial countries. Nevertheless, these countries, which had led in
industry, decided to conserve their industrial buildings and their sites as
cultural assets. Germany, one of the leading countries, was the first to
conserve an entire industrial region as evidence of a period. The Ruhr region,
which was highly urbanized and industrialized in the twentieth century, became
the subject of the IBA Emscher Park Project, in a search for solutions for the
obsolete forms of modernity. The IBA project was founded in 1988 after hundreds
of thousands of workers left the region. Soon after its establishment, in 1989,
the project addressed reconstructing the landscape. However, the topography had
been largely destroyed with the excavations and in-fills, and there was no way
of returning to the original landscape. Accordingly, proposing a new model for
this region for the new century became a tool of highlighting the industrial
culture and the cultural identity of the region. This paper discusses the Ruhr
region, which was pronounced “the Cultural Capital of Europe” in 2010 for its
industrial culture, as a model for conserving post- industrial sites in Turkey.
The work performed in the Ruhr region between the years 1989 and 1999 and its
repercussions today inspired many countries. Therefore, the philosophy of the
Internationale Bauausstellung (International Building Exhibition-IBA) Emscher
Park Project and its current impacts in the Ruhr is elaborated through the case
of Zeche Zollverein in order to shed light on possible transformations in
Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Ballester, J. M. (ed.) (2001). The council of Europe and cultural heritage 1954 – 2000. Germany: Council of Europe Publishing.
  • Borgelt, C. & Jost, R. (2009). Zollverein world heritage site essen. Berlin: Stadtwandel Verlag.
  • Buchanan, A. (2014). The origins and the early days of the AIA Industrial Archaeology News, 169, 2-4.
  • Department of Urban Design and Land Use Planning, Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund (Eds.), (2008). International building exhibition Emscher Park. Essen Klartext: Verlag.
  • Durchholz, U. & Pfeiffer, M. (2008). Auf dem weg in die zukunft: Zollverein nach der stilllegung, Stiftung Zollverein (Hrsg.), Welterbe Zollverein. Essen: Klartext.
  • ERIH. (2016). About Erih. http://www.erih.net/service/topmenu/about-erih.html (Retrieved on 18th April 2016)
  • Halbwachs, M. (1980). The collective memory, Ditter, F. J. and Ditter, V. Y. (translator). New York: Harper and Row Colophon Books.
  • Hudson, K. (1979). World industrial archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ICOMOS & TICCIH. (2011). Joint ICOMOS – TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial. Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes. http://www.icomos.org/Paris2011/GA2011_ICOMOS_TICCIH_joint_principles_EN_FR_final_20120110.pdf (accessed on April 15, 2016)
  • Karabaic, M. (2013). Organizing industrial heritage in north Rhine-westphalia (nrw), Germany, TICCIH Congress 2012: The International Conservation for the Industrial Heritage Series 2, Chung Yuan Christian University, 285-88.
  • Labelle, J. M. (2001). Emscher Park, Germany — expanding the definition of a park, Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands, edited by David Harmon, Hancock, Michigan, The George Wright Society, 222-27.
  • Raines, A. B. (2011). Wandeldurch (industrie) kultur [change through (industrial) culture]: conservation and renewal in the Ruhrgebiet, Planning Perspectives, 26:2, 183-207.
  • Rix, M. (195) Industrial archaeology, The Amateur Historian, 2(8), 225-229.
  • Rossi, A. (1989). The architecture of the city. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press.
  • Seltmann, G. (2007). Renaissance of an industrial region: “internationale bauausstellung Emscher park” achievements and future model for others, RISS – Research Institute for Sustainability Studies, University of Osaka. http://www.riss.osaka-u.ac.jp/jp/events/point/P.Seltmann.pdf (Retrieved on 26th April 2016).
  • Slach, O., Rumpel, P., Boruta, T. (2011). Transferable impulses of IBA Emscher Park - Czech Perspective, 200-210. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 259822260 (Retriewed on 28th April, 2016).
  • Stiftung. (2016). Die stiftung industriedenkmalpflege und geschichtskultur. ‘Industriedenkmal-Stiftung’, http://www.industriedenkmal-stiftung.de/docs/41272833752_de.php (Retrieved on 18th April 2016)
  • Stilgenbauer, J. (2005). Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord – Duisburg, Germany, Places: A Forum of Environmental Design 17, No. 3: 7.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşe Duygu Kaçar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaçar, A. D. (2016). Ruhr’un Öğrettikleri: Türkiye’nin Endüstriyel Kültürünün Korunması İçin Bir Model Olarak Dünya Mirası Zollverein. İDEALKENT, 7(19), 474-496.