Evaluation of Measures in Urban Areas for Vehicle Bomb Attacks in The Context of City-Building Relation with AHP Method

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 33, 1038 - 1064, 28.09.2021

Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy Berru İzel Gökgöz

https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.845743

Cited By: 1

Öz

Buildings and their surroundings, which are indispensable elements of the urban fabric, are seriously damaged by the city's attacks. Designers should consider the bomb risk to prevent the spread of damage and restore the damaged environment as soon as possible. In this study, it was determined that the damage to the structures depended on the characteristics of the explosion. The measures taken in the interaction between the city and the building, especially in vehicle bomb assaults, were then decided based on the literature research, which included standards from other nations and expert opinions. The subject experts evaluated these measures using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method from the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology. Thus, the evaluations, it was concluded that the most important criterion in these attacks in the city is Distance to Public Roads, and the least important criterion is Access to Other Risky Buildings. After the criterion weights were found, these criteria were applied on two train station samples by observation-based detection method. Finally, this study, which offers suggestions against the bomb attacks in the city within the scope of its structure and its environment, is important for laying the foundations of conscious society and safe urbanization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device Attacks, Urban Attacks, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Environment, Building Parcel

Kent - Yapı İlişkisi Bağlamında Araç Bomba Saldırılara Alınabilecek Önlemlerin AHP Yöntemi ile Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Kent içinde meydana gelen saldırılarda, kentsel dokunun vazgeçilmez unsurları olan yapılar ve yapıların çevreleri ciddi zararlar almışlardır. Hasarın yayılmasını önlemek ve hasar alacak çevrenin en kısa sürede eski haline getirmek için, bomba riskini göz önüne alan tasarımlar gerçekleştirmelidir. Bu çalışmada yapılar üzerinde oluşan hasarın, patlamanın hangi tür özelliklerine bağlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra farklı ülkelerin standartları ve uzman görüşlerini de içeren literatür taraması ışığında özellikle araç bomba saldırılarda kent ve yapı ilişkisi bağlamında alınabilecek önlemler belirlenmiştir. Bu önlemler Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) metodolojisinden Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) yönteminden yararlanılarak konunun uzmanları tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirmeler sonucunda kent içindeki bu saldırılarda en önemli kriter Kamu Yollarına Mesafe, en az öneme sahip kriterin ise Diğer Riskli Yapılara Erişim kriteri olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kriter ağırlıkları bulunduktan sonra bu kriterler gözleme dayalı tespit yöntemi ile iki tren istasyonu numunesi üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kent içindeki bombalı saldırılara karşı yapı ve çevresi kapsamında öneriler sunan bu çalışma, bilinçli toplum ve güvenli kentleşmenin temellerinin atılmasına yönelik önem teşkil emektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Araç Bomba Saldırılar, Kent İçi Bombalı Saldırılar, Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP), Çevre, Yapı Parseli

Kaynakça

• Booth, A., Welch, S. ve Johnson, D. R. (1976). Crowding and urban crime rates. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 11(3), 291-308. doi:10.1177/107808747601100301
• Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS]. (1969). IS 4991 (1968): Criteria for blast resistant design of structures for explosions above ground.
• Coaffee, J., Moore, C., Fletcher, D. ve Bosher, L. (2008). Resilient design for community safety and terror-resistant cities. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers—Municipal Engineer, 161(2), 103-110. doi:10.1680/muen.2008.161.2.103
• EGM. (2019). Patlatma kaynaklı etki hesap yöntemleri tasarım ve güçlendirme ilkeleri. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü İnşaat Emlak Dairesi Başkanlığı.
• Ergil, D. (1992). Uluslararası terörizm. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(3), 139-143. Eskew, E. ve Jang, S. (2012). Impacts and analysis for buildings under terrorist attacks, 37.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2003a). FEMA 427. Primer for design of commercial buildings to mitigate terrorist attacks. Washington, D.C.: DHS.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2003b). FEMA 426. Reference manual to mitigate potential terrorist attacks against buildings. U.S. Deparment of Homeland Security.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2003c). FEMA 428. Primer to design safe school projects in case of terrorist attacks. Washington, D.C.: DHS.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2007). FEMA 430. Site and urban design for security guidance against potential terrorist attacks. Washington, D.C.: DHS.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2011). FEMA 426 BIPS 06. Reference manual to mitigate potential terrorist attacks against buildings. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DHS/bips_06.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Gebbeken, N. ve Döge, T. (2010). Explosion protection—architectural design, urban planning and landscape planning. International Journal of Protective Structures, 1(1), 1-21. doi:10.1260/2041-4196.1.1.1
• Gebbeken, N., Warnstedt, P. ve Rüdiger, L. (2018). Blast protection in urban areas using protective plants. International Journal of Protective Structures, 9(2), 226-247. doi:10.1177/2041419617746007
• Gençtürk, T. (2012). Terör kavramı ve uluslararası terörizme farklı yaklaşımlar. Başkent Universitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, 11.
• General Services Administration (GSA). (2013). Alternate path analysis & design guidelines for progressive collapse resistance. http:// www.gsa.gov/portal/content/103205 adresinden erişildi.
• Glaeser, E. L. ve Shapiro, J. M. (2002). Cities and warfare: the impact of terrorism on urban form. Journal of Urban Economics, 51(2), 205-224. doi:10.1006/juec.2001.2262
• Gökgöz, B. İ., İleri̇soy, Z. Y. ve Soyluk, A. (2020). Acil durum toplanma alanlarının ahp yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (19), 935-945. doi:10.31590/ejosat.739544
• Hürriyet. (2014). 13 Aralık 2020 tarihinde Hürriyet: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/reyhanli-saniklari-hakim-karsisinda-25775623 adresinden erişildi.
• Intelligence and Security Committee. (2006). Report into the London terrorist attacks on 7 July 2005. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224690/isc_terrorist_attacks_7july_report.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Kang, K.-Y. ve Lee, K.-H. (2014). Vulnerability assessment model for cost efficient anti-terrorism design of super high-rise buildings. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 13(2), 413-420. doi:10.3130/jaabe.13.413
• Kang, K.-Y., Park, S.-Y., Heo, H., Lee, M.-S. ve Lee, K.-H. (2019). Development of the vulnerability assessment model of explosive terrorism in multi-use buildings. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 18(3), 170-179. doi:10.1080/13467581.2019.1614452
• Karlos, V., Larcher, M. ve Solomos, G. (2018). Review on soft target/public space protection guidance. Joint Research Centre. doi:10.2760/553545
• Lew, I. P. (2012). Planning ahead is critical to mitigating the potential of vehicle bombs., 5.
• NaCTSO. (2006). Counter terrorism protective security advice for shopping centres. London: NaCTSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/375143/Shopping_Centres_Reviewed.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• NaCTSO. (2008a). Counter terrorism protective security advice for commercial centres. London: NaCTSO.
• NaCTSO. (2008b). Counter terrorism protective security advice for hotels and restaurants. London: NaCTSO.
• NaCTSO. (2012). Protecting crowded places: design and technical issues. United Kingdom: London: NaCTSO.
• NaCTSO. (2014). Counter terrorism protective security advice for general aviation—revised 2014. London: NaCTSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/374665/aviation-security-reviewed.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS) (2018). Reducing the threat of improvised explosive device attacks by restricting access to explosive precursor chemicals. https://www.nap.edu/resource/5966/031577%20Key%20Recommendations%20Reducing%20Threat%20IED%20Attacks.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Öğünç, G. İ. (2019). Kent güvenliğinde araç bomba saldirisi tehdidi. Assam Uluslararasi Hakemli Dergi 13. Uluslararasi Kamu Yönetimi Sempozyumu Bildirileri Özel Sayısı, 18.
• Özçelik, N. (2016). Pkk ve bombalı araç saldırıları. SETA, (170), 24.
• Saaty, T. L. ve Kearns, K. P. (1985). Analytical planning: The organization of systems. International series in modern applied mathematics and computer science (1st ed.). Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
• Singapore Ministry of Home Affair. (2018). Guidelines for enhancing building security in Singapore. Security in Singapore. Singapore: Ministry of Home Affairs.
• Smilowitz, R. (2016, 14 Eylül). Designing buildings to resist explosive threats | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide. 28 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://www.wbdg.org/resources/designing-buildings-resist-explosive-threats adresinden erişildi.
• US Department of Defense. (2005). Ufc 3-340-02 structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions. Washington DC. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOD/UFC/ARCHIVES/ufc_3_340_02.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• US Department of Defense. (2007). Ufc 4-010-01 dod minimum antiterrorism standards for buildings. Washington DC. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=477613 adresinden erişildi.
• Yenimeram. (2015). 09 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde Yenimeram: https://www.yenimeram.com.tr/dunyadan-saldiriya-kinama-ve-tepkiler-150032.htm adresinden erişildi.