Araştırma Makalesi
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Alternative Food Networks and Civic Food Initiatives in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 33, 965 - 1005, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.976618

Öz

This article handles Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) which have emerged approximately in the last fifteen years in Turkey and discusses Civic Food Initiatives (CFIs) in a historical manner in Turkey. For this, study reviews AFS literature and presents spatial pattern of CFIs in Turkey. Thereby, an image of CFIs’ emergence dates, spatial distribution and agglomerations are exhibited. The data is collected through social media scanning, participatory observation, unstructured interviews and short contacts, internet sources and reports and other secondary sources. The data is collected between 2016 and 2020 and includes 80 initiatives. Results show that CFIs in Turkey points out spatial agglomerations. The location choices and qualities of the initiatives in Turkey support this and the location choices of the initiatives within the city have similar tendencies. Also, almost half of the initiatives emerging in Turkey are located in Istanbul and the other distribution is concentrated on the coastal line.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Alaboz, M. ve Yıldız Sarı, S. E. (2017). Gıda Toplulukları Çalıştayı Sonuç Raporu, Yeryüzü Derneği Yayınları- 6. 18 Ekim 2018 tarihinde https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9kr66xU_6faRG9KTklZNW5FLVU/view adresinden erişildi.
  • 2. Anderson, C. R., McDonald, W., Gardiner, J.-L., ve McLachlan, S. M. (2014). Navigating the fault lines in civic food networks. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 4 (3), 79–99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2014.043.009
  • 3. Aydın, Z. (2016). Çağdaş tarım sorunu ve yeni köylülük. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 43, 43-63.
  • 4. Bele, B., Norderhaug, A. ve Sickel, H. (2018). Localized Agri-Food Systems and Biodiversity. Agriculture, 8 (22).
  • 5. Bilali, H., E. (2019). Research on agro-food sustainability transitions: A systematic reviewof research themes and an analysis of research gaps. Journal of Cleaner Production, 221, 353-364.
  • 6. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) (2007) Profitability and Sustainability of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture. Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper. Roma, İtalya, FAO. 10 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://ruaf.org/assets/2019/11/Profitability-and-Sustainability.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • 7. Born B. ve Purcell M. (2006). Avoiding the Local Trap: Scale and Food Systems in Planning Research. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(2), 195-207.
  • 8. Bos, E. ve Owen, L. (2016). Virtual reconnection: The online spaces of alternative food networks in England, Journal of Rural Studies, 45, 1-14.
  • 9. Boğaziçi Mensupları Tüketim Kooperatifi (BÜKOOP) (2013, 10 Temmuz). Tüketim Kooperatifi Nedir? (BÜKOOP Toplantı Notları), Zehirsiz Ev.
  • 10. Cohen, N. ve Ilieva, R.T. (2015). Transitioning the food system: a strategic practice management approach for cities, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 17, 199-217.
  • 11. Corsi, A., Barbera, F., Dansero, E. ve Peano, C. (Der.). (2018). Alternative Food Networks. An Interdisciplinary Assessment. İsviçre: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • 12. Daigle, M. (2019). Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties. Journal of Peasant Studies, 46 (2), 297-315. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2017.1324423.
  • 13. Doğançayır, C. M. (2018). Umut Arşivi: Alternatif Gıda Mekanları Haritası, Beyond İstanbul, 3, 112-118.
  • 14. Doğançayır, C. M. ve Kocagöz, U. (2018). Alternatif Gıda İnisiyatifleriyle Söyleşi, Beyond İstanbul, 3,72-112.
  • 15. European Community of Consumer Co-operatives (EuroCoop) (2008). Consumer Cooperatives. 12 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://web.archive.org/web/20120325010525/http://www.eurocoop.org/dmdocuments/publication_report/ConsumerCooperatives08.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • 16. Fonte, M. (2008). Knowledge, Food and Place. A Way of Producing, a Way of Knowing. Sociologia Ruralis, 48(3), 200-222.
  • 17. Friedmann, H. (2005). From colonialism to green capitalism: social movements and emergence of food regimes. F. H. Buttel ve P. McMichael (Der.), New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development içinde (ss. 227-264), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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  • 19. Gopalan, C. (2001). Achieving household nutrition security in societies in transition: an overview. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10, 4-12.
  • 20. Grasseni, C. (2013). Beyond alternative food networks. Italy’s Solidarity Purchase Groups. Londra, Sydney, New Delhi, New York: Bloomsbury.
  • 21. Grauerholz, L. ve Owens, N. (2015). Alternative Food Movements. J. D. Wright (Der.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences içinde (ss. 566-572). Orlando: Elsevier.
  • 22. Guthman, J. (2008). Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practices. Cultural Geographies, 15(4), 431-447.
  • 23. Harris, E. (2009). Neoliberal subjectivities or a politics of the possible? Reading for difference in alternative food networks, Area, 41 (1), 55-63.
  • 24. Hazar-Kalonya, D., Ayalp, E., Karakaya Ayalp, E., Candan Demirkol, E., Özden, F., Yıldız, M.Y. vd. (2020). Korona günlerinde tarım ve gıda politikalarını yeniden düşünmek. İ., Olgun, S. Dinç, K. Çılgın ve E. Turgut (Der.), Spektrum 02 Tasarım Rehberleri, Pandemide ve Pot-Pandemide toplum ve mekan: görüşler, öngörüler, öneriler içinde (ss. 117-121).
  • 25. Henderson, E. (2010, Şubat). Community supported foods and farming. Urgenci Konferansında sunuldu. Kobe, Japonya. 6 Ocak 2021 tarihinde http://urgenci.net/csa-history/ sayfasından erişildi.
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Alternatif Gıda Ağları ve Türkiye’de Yurttaş Temelli Gıda İnisiyatifleri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 33, 965 - 1005, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.976618

Öz

Bu makale Türkiye’de yaklaşık son on beş yıldır örgütlenmekte olan, alternatif gıda ağları (AGA)’nı tarihsel olarak ele almakta ve Yurttaş Temelli Gıda İnisiyatifleri (YTGİ)’ni Türkiye ölçeğinde tartışmaktadır. Bu amaçla AGA yazını derlenmiş ve YTGİ’nin Türkiye’deki mekânsal örüntüsü ortaya konmuştur. Böylece hem mekânsal dağılım ve yığılmalar hem de ortaya çıkış tarihlerine göre inisiyatiflerin görünümü sunulmuştur. Keşifsel araştırmaya dayalı olarak kullanılan veri kaynakları; sosyal medya taramasına, katılımcı gözlem yöntemine, yapılandırılmamış görüşmelere ve kısa iletişimlere, internet üzerinden ulaşılabilen kaynaklara ve raporlara ve diğer ikincil veri kaynaklarına dayanmaktadır. Araştırma 2016-2020 yılları arasında toplanan verilere dayanarak 80 adet inisiyatifi kapsamına almıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları göstermiştir ki Türkiye’de YTGİ mekânsal olarak çeşitli yığılmalar biçiminde gelişme göstermiştir. Türkiye’de inisiyatiflerin yer seçimlerine ve niteliklerine bakıldığında bu durum karşılık bulmaktadır. Bunu, inisiyatiflerin kent içerisindeki yer seçimleri de desteklemektedir. Türkiye’de ortaya çıkan inisiyatiflerin neredeyse yarısının İstanbul’da bulunması ve diğer dağılımın da kıyılarda yoğunlaşmış olması çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu sonuçlardandır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Alaboz, M. ve Yıldız Sarı, S. E. (2017). Gıda Toplulukları Çalıştayı Sonuç Raporu, Yeryüzü Derneği Yayınları- 6. 18 Ekim 2018 tarihinde https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9kr66xU_6faRG9KTklZNW5FLVU/view adresinden erişildi.
  • 2. Anderson, C. R., McDonald, W., Gardiner, J.-L., ve McLachlan, S. M. (2014). Navigating the fault lines in civic food networks. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 4 (3), 79–99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2014.043.009
  • 3. Aydın, Z. (2016). Çağdaş tarım sorunu ve yeni köylülük. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 43, 43-63.
  • 4. Bele, B., Norderhaug, A. ve Sickel, H. (2018). Localized Agri-Food Systems and Biodiversity. Agriculture, 8 (22).
  • 5. Bilali, H., E. (2019). Research on agro-food sustainability transitions: A systematic reviewof research themes and an analysis of research gaps. Journal of Cleaner Production, 221, 353-364.
  • 6. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) (2007) Profitability and Sustainability of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture. Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper. Roma, İtalya, FAO. 10 Kasım 2020 tarihinde https://ruaf.org/assets/2019/11/Profitability-and-Sustainability.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • 7. Born B. ve Purcell M. (2006). Avoiding the Local Trap: Scale and Food Systems in Planning Research. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(2), 195-207.
  • 8. Bos, E. ve Owen, L. (2016). Virtual reconnection: The online spaces of alternative food networks in England, Journal of Rural Studies, 45, 1-14.
  • 9. Boğaziçi Mensupları Tüketim Kooperatifi (BÜKOOP) (2013, 10 Temmuz). Tüketim Kooperatifi Nedir? (BÜKOOP Toplantı Notları), Zehirsiz Ev.
  • 10. Cohen, N. ve Ilieva, R.T. (2015). Transitioning the food system: a strategic practice management approach for cities, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 17, 199-217.
  • 11. Corsi, A., Barbera, F., Dansero, E. ve Peano, C. (Der.). (2018). Alternative Food Networks. An Interdisciplinary Assessment. İsviçre: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • 12. Daigle, M. (2019). Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties. Journal of Peasant Studies, 46 (2), 297-315. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2017.1324423.
  • 13. Doğançayır, C. M. (2018). Umut Arşivi: Alternatif Gıda Mekanları Haritası, Beyond İstanbul, 3, 112-118.
  • 14. Doğançayır, C. M. ve Kocagöz, U. (2018). Alternatif Gıda İnisiyatifleriyle Söyleşi, Beyond İstanbul, 3,72-112.
  • 15. European Community of Consumer Co-operatives (EuroCoop) (2008). Consumer Cooperatives. 12 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://web.archive.org/web/20120325010525/http://www.eurocoop.org/dmdocuments/publication_report/ConsumerCooperatives08.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • 16. Fonte, M. (2008). Knowledge, Food and Place. A Way of Producing, a Way of Knowing. Sociologia Ruralis, 48(3), 200-222.
  • 17. Friedmann, H. (2005). From colonialism to green capitalism: social movements and emergence of food regimes. F. H. Buttel ve P. McMichael (Der.), New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development içinde (ss. 227-264), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • 18. Geels, F., W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case study, Research Policy, 31(8-9), 1257-1274.
  • 19. Gopalan, C. (2001). Achieving household nutrition security in societies in transition: an overview. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10, 4-12.
  • 20. Grasseni, C. (2013). Beyond alternative food networks. Italy’s Solidarity Purchase Groups. Londra, Sydney, New Delhi, New York: Bloomsbury.
  • 21. Grauerholz, L. ve Owens, N. (2015). Alternative Food Movements. J. D. Wright (Der.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences içinde (ss. 566-572). Orlando: Elsevier.
  • 22. Guthman, J. (2008). Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practices. Cultural Geographies, 15(4), 431-447.
  • 23. Harris, E. (2009). Neoliberal subjectivities or a politics of the possible? Reading for difference in alternative food networks, Area, 41 (1), 55-63.
  • 24. Hazar-Kalonya, D., Ayalp, E., Karakaya Ayalp, E., Candan Demirkol, E., Özden, F., Yıldız, M.Y. vd. (2020). Korona günlerinde tarım ve gıda politikalarını yeniden düşünmek. İ., Olgun, S. Dinç, K. Çılgın ve E. Turgut (Der.), Spektrum 02 Tasarım Rehberleri, Pandemide ve Pot-Pandemide toplum ve mekan: görüşler, öngörüler, öneriler içinde (ss. 117-121).
  • 25. Henderson, E. (2010, Şubat). Community supported foods and farming. Urgenci Konferansında sunuldu. Kobe, Japonya. 6 Ocak 2021 tarihinde http://urgenci.net/csa-history/ sayfasından erişildi.
  • 26. Hermans, f., Van Apeldoorn, D., Stuvier, M. ve Kok, K. (2013). Niches and networks: explaining network evolution through niche formation process, Research Policy, 42, 613-623.
  • 27. Holloway, L., Cox, R., Kneafsey, M., Dowler, E., Venn, L. ve Tuomainen, H. (2010). Are you alternative? ‘Alternative’ food networks and consumers’ definitions of alterity. D. Fuller, A., E., G. Jonas ve R. Lee (Der.), Interrogating alterity: alternative economic and political spaces içinde (ss. 161-175). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • 28. Holloway, L., Cox, R., Venn, L., Kneafsey, M., Dowler, E. ve Tuomainen, H. (2006). Managing sustainable farmed landscape through ‘alternative’ food networks: A case study from Italy. The Geographical Journal, 172, 219–229.
  • 29. Holt, G. ve Amilien, V. (2007). Introduction: from local food to localised food, Anthropology of Food, Special Issue on Local Food Products and Systems. 16 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://aof.revues.org/405?lang=fr adresinden erişildi.
  • 30. Hutchens, A. (2009). Changing big business: The globalisation of the Fair Trade movement. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • 31. IFOAM (Uluslararası Organik Tarım Hareketi Federasyonu) (2008). Participatory Guarantee System. 16 Ocak 2021 tarihinde https://www.ifoam.bio/our-work/how/standards-certification/participatory-guarantee-systems#:~:text=%22Participatory%20Guarantee%20Systems%20(PGS),Official%20Definition adresinden erişildi.
  • 32. Ilbery, B. ve Maye, D. (2005). Alternative (shorter) food supply chains in specialist livestock products in the Scottish-English borders. Environment and Planning A, 37(5), 823-844.
  • 33. Ilbery, B., Watts, D., Simpson, S., Gilg, A., & Little, J. (2006). Mapping local foods: evidence from two English regions. British Food Journal, 108 (3), 213-225.
  • 34. Jarosz, L. (2000). Understanding agri-food networks as social relations. Agriculture and Human Values, 17, 279–283.
  • 35. Jarosz, L. (2008). The city in the country: Growing alternative food networks in Metropolitan areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 24, 231–244.
  • 36. Kadirbeyoglu, Z. ve Konya, N. (2017). Alternative Food Initiatives in Turkey. F. Adaman, B. Akbulut ve M. Arsel (Der.), Neoliberal Turkey and its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdogan içinde (ss. 2017-230). Londra: I.B. Tauris.
  • 37. Karakaya, E. (2016). Agro food system transitions? Exploring alternative agro food initiatives in İzmir, Turkey (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • 38. Karakaya Ayalp, E. (2020). Tarımsal Gıda Sistemleri Dönüşüyor mu? İzmir’de Alternatif Tarımsal Gıda İnisiyatifleri. Toplum ve Bilim, 153, 49-81.
  • 39. Kizos, T. ve Vakoufaris, H. (2011). Alternative Agri-Food Geographies? Geographic Indications in Greece. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 102, 220–235.
  • 40. Lawhon, M. ve Murphy, J.T. (2012). Socio-technical regimes and sustainability transitions: insights from political ecology, Progress in Human Geography, 36, 354-378.
  • 41. Lawson, L., (2005). City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • 42. Leitch, A. (2013). Slow Food and the Politics of 'Virtuous Globalization. C. Counihan ve P. van Esterik (Der.), Food and Culture: A Reader içinde (ss. 409-425). New York: Routledge.
  • 43. Levidow, L., (2015). European transitions towards a corporate-environmental food regime: agroecological incorporation or contestation? Journal of Rural Studies, 40, 1127-1155.
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  • 45. Marsden, T., Banks, J. ve Bristow, E., G. (2000). Food supply chain approaches: exploring their role in rural development. Sociologia Ruralis 40(4), 424–438.
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  • 48. Moragues-Faus, A. ve Morgan, K. (2015). Reframing the foodscape: the emergent World of urban food policy, Environment and Planning: Economy and Space, 47, 1558-1573.
  • 49. Muchnick, J. (2009, Mayıs). Localised agrifood systems: concept development and diversity of situations. Annual Meetings of the Agriculture, Food, and Human Values Society and the Association for the Study of Food and Society’de sunuldu, State College, Pensilvanya.
  • 50. Özden, F. (2020). Gıda Etiği Bağlamında Topluluk Destekli Tarım Modeli Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Biyoetik Dergisi, 7 (3), 84-98.
  • 51. Parot, J. (2015). AMAP, the French CSA model: Business as usual or social movement? Urgenci International Network Working Paper Series No. 2. 10 Ocak 2021 tarihinde http://urgenci.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PAROT_CASS_ARTICLE_2015.pdf adresinden erişildi.
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  • 66. Van der Ploeg, J., D., Jingzhong, Y. ve Schneider, S. (2012). Rural development through the construction of new, nested, markets: comparative perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39 (1), 133-173.
  • 67. Van der Ploeg, J., D., Renting, H., Brunori, G., Knickel, K., Mannion, J., Marsden, T., De Roest, K., Sevilla-Guzmán, E., ve Ventura, F. (2002). Rural development: from practices towards theory. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), 391-408.
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  • 69. Whatmore, S., Stassart, P. ve Renting, H. (2003). What's alternative about alternative food networks?. Environment and Planning A, 35, 389-391.
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  • 71. Yılmaz, F., Acar, S., Bilen Kazancık, L., Gültekin, L., Meydan, M.,C., Özsan, M.,E. ve Işık, M. (2019). İlçelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması, Araştırma Rapor Sayı: 2. Ankara: Kalkınma Ajansları Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emel Karakaya Ayalp 0000-0001-9469-9657

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakaya Ayalp, E. (2021). Alternatif Gıda Ağları ve Türkiye’de Yurttaş Temelli Gıda İnisiyatifleri. İDEALKENT, 12(33), 965-1005. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.976618